a brief history of time - web.physics.ucsb.eduweb.physics.ucsb.edu/~tt/origins14/lecture12.pdf · a...
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A brief history of time
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From last time: Augustine and time
• Time as the dramatic marker of being human • Several ways to conceptualize time: • The ‘time-lessness’ of God • The time of humans ‘thrown’ in time, something that cannot be
fully comprehended and that connects the inside/outside • The measuring of time does NOT mean understanding time, but
as humans this is an important thing to do • Today: let us talk about measuring time, a distinctively
HISTORICAL question
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Starting to measure time: the sun clocks (starting since around 3500 BCE)
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Athanasius Kircher’s sunclock
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11th Century in China: Su-Sung’s clock (waterclock)
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14th century Europe: church-clocks, mechanical, no minutes
Clock in the Salisbury Cathedral, 1386
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Galileo and Huygens: the study of the pendulum
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Christian Huygens and the pendulum clock (ca. 1650s)
• The pendulum swings left and right, and as it swings, it turns a wheel with teeth. The turning wheel turns the hour and minute hands on the clock
• On the first pendulum clocks, the pendulum used to swing a lot (about 50 degrees). As pendulum clocks were improved, the pendulum swung a lot less (about 10 to 15 degrees)
• The first pendulum clock with external batteries was developed around 1840. By 1906, the batteries were inside the clock
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Pendulum clock
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Pocket-Watch: 17th century Netherlands
• Pieter Claesz (ca 1597-1660), ‘Vanitas’
• Willem van Aelst, (ca 1627-post 1683), still life
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So…
• So far we have seen the linear, measurable time of the clock
• However, Europeans for many centuries lived under a different time, the cyclical time of the Church (this is your first reading)!
• These ‘times’ coexisted in Europe through the Middle Ages and the early modern times, and then the time of the clock started to take over the time of the Church
• Industrial revolution a key moment in that (this is your second reading)!
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Conclusions • From Augustine’s reflections on time: • Time as the dramatic marker of being human • Time is fundamentally impossible to comprehend, but… • It can be measured! • History of measuring time • ‘Measurable’ time supersedes the cyclical time of the Church • In a sense, time is a HUMAN creation • Relationship between human and technology as an important
aspect of the ‘history of time’ • Another aspect of the modern history of ‘measuring’ time…ELI!