a brief history of cartoons, comics & animation

Single-Framed CartoonsSingle-Framed Cartoons

Simple visual messages in one Simple visual messages in one frameframe

Three typesThree types::

CaricaturesCaricatures

EditorialEditorial

HumourousHumourous

Lascaux Cave Painting

2

Single-Framed Cartoons:

Caricatures

Word “caricature” from Italian caricare:

to load, to exaggerate by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics.

Egyptian ArtworkEgyptian Artwork

PompeiiLeonardo Da Vinci Caricatures 3

Single-Framed Cartoons

Caricatures

Annibale Carracci and Relatives

In Italian the word came from Annibale, Agostino and Ludovico Carracci who invented modern caricature in 1590

Annibale Carracci caricatures 1595 4

Single-Framed Cartoons

Caricatures - Antiportraits

Political caricature in 1600s

Louis XIV in France and Queen Anne in England called them "antiportraits”

Political cartoons played role in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era

Early Political Caricature5

Single-Framed Cartoons: Single-Framed Cartoons: Caricatures Caricatures

Analysis Requires Knowledge: William Pitt and Napoleon dividing the world between them

"Plumb Pudding in Danger", James Gillray, 1805

6

Features are exaggeratedFeatures are exaggerated

Need to know those in public eyeNeed to know those in public eye

7

Single-Framed Cartoons: Caricatures Single-Framed Cartoons: Caricatures

By Anthony Jenkins Globe & Mail

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/the-year-in-caricatures-by-anthony-jenkins/article6603555/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._House_caricature.jpg

https://www.flickr.com/photos/azrainman/5722032716/?rb=1

Al Hirschfeld

American caricaturist, known for simple Black and White satirical portraits of celebrities

Unique style

One of the most important and influential figures in contemporary caricature

Usually just simple black ink and lines on white background

Captured likeness with minimal lines.8

Single-Framed Cartoons: CaricaturesSingle-Framed Cartoons: CaricaturesAl Hirschfeld Al Hirschfeld (1903-2003) (1903-2003)

Editorial

Making a point!

9

Single-Framed Cartoons: EditorialSingle-Framed Cartoons: Editorial

William Hogarth:

Founder of English editorial cartoons about 1731

Published drawings showed living conditions with moral intent

Influenced many

10


William Hogarth: A Harlot's Progress

Benjamin Franklin

Revolution

Founder of American political cartooning

Benjamin Franklin's famous rallying cry for unity- Join or Die- a divided snake showing the colonies

Benjamin Franklin’s Call to Arms

11


James Gillray

Napoleon

England James Gillray lampooned King George III as "Farmer George" and Napoleon as "little boney"

Gillray became very famous and went insane

Early 1800s with lithography cartoons appeared more in magazines and newspapers

12


"Plumb Pudding in Danger", James Gillray, 1805

Napoleon once said that the English caricaturist James Gillray “did more than all the armies in Europe to bring me down.”

Thomas Nast

1862 Harper's hired Thomas Nast to cover the Civil war

Drawings improved morale and Lincoln said he had done much to preserve the union

Boss Tweed

Nast famous for campaign against corrupt politician William Tweed; Nast's 50 cartoons increased circulation They attempted to bribe Nast with $100,000 to study abroad

Boss Tweed – Gangs of New York 2002 DiCaprio movie

13


Boss TweedNast’s Santa

MagazinesMagazines

14


Respected humour magazine Illustrations

Punch 1841 Vanity Fair 1859

Canadian cartooning began Montréal 1849 with Punch in Canada. Modeled after its British Punch, Canadian Punch featured cartoons by John Henry Walker.

15

Single-Framed Cartoons: EditorialSingle-Framed Cartoons: EditorialCanadian MagazinesCanadian Magazines

Punch in Canada 1849

Canadian Illustrated News 1869

More successful was Canadian Illustrated News Montréal 1869 with work of many artists, cartoonists. One was the Frenchman Edward Jump, who specialized in caricatures of political figures. Jump worked on the paper from 1871 until 1873, when he left for the United States. Jump lampooned the nation's leaders.

Toronto Globe reporter, John Wilson Bengough, launched an irreverent cartoon weekly called Grip on May 24, 1873.

The first major English-Canadian humour magazine, Grip survived for 22 years

Bill Mauldin:

WWII: "Willie and Joe” and Civil Rights

16


Affecting attitude change

17


Herbert Block /Herblock

Civil Rights Era

Herb Block editorial cartoonist took on politically powerful

Herb Block responsible for coining the term McCarthyism to describe the senator's communist witch hunt

His drawing of shifty eyed Nixon became a symbol

Paul Conrad (1924-2010)

Rodney King Beating-

18


Michael Ramirez

Janet Jackson Superbowl incident, 2004

Controversial halftime show

later referred to as a “wardrobe malfunction”

“ Nipplegate” led to immediate crackdown and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting.

19


Humorous

Puck, 1871 and Judge, 1881

The New Yorker, 1925, Harold Ross

Charles Addams

Gary Larson

Art Spiegelman

20

Single-Framed Cartoons: HumourousSingle-Framed Cartoons: Humourous

21


Puck 1871 Judge 1881

(Harold Ross) Known for its cartoons and short humorous sketches

Rea Irvin created Eustace Tilley, a New York gentleman in early 19th century, for first cover. Tilley so popular that every February he appears on cover.

The New Yorker famous for its cartoons

Popular stereotype is cartoons punch lines so non sequitur that they are impossible to "get".

( inspired an episode of the sitcom Seinfeld.)

22


Eustace Tilley

The New Yorker, 1925

The New Yorker

Peter Steiner ,1993 The cartoon marks a notable

moment in the history of the Internet.

When he created it, Steiner attached no profound meaning to it!

“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog”

23


Gary Larson The Far Side

24


Multi-Framed Cartoons

Egyptian Paintings

Greek Vases

Japanese "Continuity Paintings”

Bayeux Tapestry, 1067

Flip Books

Comic strips historically from papyrus paintings in Egypt portraying scenes of wrestlers fighting;

Greek vases also had sequential drawings as well as Japanese paintings; novelty toys that simulated motion in 1500s inspired animators

230 foot long Bayeux Tapestry: William the Conqueror, Battle of Hastings

25

Multi-Framed CartoonsMulti-Framed Cartoons

Comic Strip Stamps26

Multi-Framed Cartoons: Comic StripsMulti-Framed Cartoons: Comic Strips

German Wilhelm Busch is called founder of modern comic strip for his comic Max and Moritz in 1865 newspaper

Wilhelm Busch: Max and Moritz

27


First colour comic strip Pulitzer's Sunday World 1895 Hogan's Alley by Richard Outcault

Social commentary about poor kids in tenements- Central character kid in a yellow shirt - The strip became known as The Yellow Kid of Hogan's Alley - the sensationalist tactics that journalists use to increase circulation were labeled “yellow journalism”

Showed class and racial tensions in new urban, consumer society.

A mischievous group of New York City kids from the wrong side of the tracks.

Richard Outcault – The Yellow Kid

28

Multi-Framed Cartoons: ComicsMulti-Framed Cartoons: Comics

Satire of Pulitzer and Hearst

29

Multi-Framed CartoonsMulti-Framed Cartoons

Leon Barritt 1998 editorial cartoon: Pulitzer and Hearst stirring up American public to go to war with Spain

Slapstick simplicity, detailed

characterization-Visual and verbal creativity

Widely praised by intellectuals and treated as serious art.

Krazy Kat described as surreal and violent,

Krazy Kat, undefined gender- antagonist Ignatz Mouse, Krazy Kat has unrequited love for Ignatz Mouse

Inspired artists like Chuck Jones and Tex Avery to create Bugs Bunny- equally absurd and violent - furthering the concept that violence resolves conflict

George Herriman‘s “Krazy Kat”

30

Multi-Framed Cartoons: ComicsMulti-Framed Cartoons: Comics

31

Action/Adventure Action/Adventure

Multi-Framed Cartoons: Comic StripsMulti-Framed Cartoons: Comic StripsBuck Rogers began 1928

32

Action/Adventure Action/Adventure

Dick Tracy began 1931 in Detroit Mirror


33

1950s-1960s and beyond - political and social satire 1950s-1960s and beyond - political and social satire


Walt Kelly’s Pogo

34

Max Gaines 1930s

Max Gaines credited with the introduction of the first comic book,

Funnies On Parade

Max’s 1933 comic was a compilation of newspaper "funnies" and given away as a promotion

Inexpensive and ”4 colour" graphics.

Even after the first comic book was sold on the newsstand (Famous Funnies #1 1934), the medium continued to rely on reprinted material.

Max Gaines –first comic book

Multi-Framed Cartoons: Comic BooksMulti-Framed Cartoons: Comic Books

35

Superman, 1938

Jerry Siegel and Joe Schuster were turned down at first with,

"We are in the market only for strips likely to have the most extra-ordinary appeal, and we do not feel Superman gets into this category.”

United Features responded that Superman was "a rather immature piece of work."


36

Superman, 1938

DC Comics (Detective Comics) began in 1937. Max Gaines began Action Comics and bought the strip and signed them

Were told to rewrite parts within 3 weeks for 13 page story and paid them $10 a page.

Joe Shuster lived in Toronto until 10 yrs old; had worked for The Star and used it as the inspiration, paper was the Daily Star in earliest Superman stories.

Metropolis skyline was inspired not by Cleveland, where he lived, or New York, but by Toronto.

Movie Directors Learned Filmmaking


37

Multi-Framed Cartoons: Comic BooksMulti-Framed Cartoons: Comic BooksCanadian Comics

1941 Nelvana of the Northern Lightsby Adrian Dingle. Nelvana fought the Axis Powers, super villains, spies

1942 Johnny Canuck by Leo BachleCanuck fought Hitler and evil doers

38

“Seduction of the Innocents” written by Frederic Wertham-waged war on comics unwholesome elements

1948, some of the comic publishers formed the Association of Comic Magazine Publishers

Attack on Comics 1940s/50s Comic Code Authority


William Gaines: MAD Magazine, 1954

Mad converted to a magazine format to escape the censor's knife

39

Art Spiegelman's MAUS, 1987

Spiegelman narrates the story of his father’s life in the Holocaust as well as his own as a second generation affected by it

A graphic novel defined as a fictional story presented in comic-strip format and presented as a book

Multi-Framed Cartoons: Graphic NovelsMulti-Framed Cartoons: Graphic Novels

40

Frank Miller’s Sin City, 2005hard-boiled detective story-neo-noir

comic

Multi-Framed Cartoons: Graphic NovelsMulti-Framed Cartoons: Graphic Novels

Harvey Pekar’s American Splendor, 2003

The stories concern the everyday life of Pekar and his job as file clerk

41

Multi-Framed Cartoons: MangaMulti-Framed Cartoons: Manga

Japanese "Manga"

Manga is a Japanese term that can be translated as "whimsical sketches”

42

The Magic Lantern 1675

Christiaan Huygens and father Athanasius

An early slide projector.

The user projected images on glass onto a screen by moving

them in front of a flame

Multi-Framed Cartoons: AnimationMulti-Framed Cartoons: Animation

43

Praxinoscope 1882

Emile Reynaud

Assistant Emile Cohl provided the drawings


Reynaud opened first theatre in 1882

44

Emile Cohl 1907

Credited with the starting point of animation in film.

Fantasmagorie


45

George Melies

Trip to the Moon, 1902

Mieles was magician and pioneer of film-used early trick ideas, multiple exposures

Trip to the Moon was hugely successful but not financially…it was heavily pirated!


46

Winsor McCay

Little Nemo 1911, Gertie 1914

Winsor claimed he invented animated cartoon, inspired by flippers


Little Nemo

Gertie

47

Max Fleisher(1883-1972)

The Tantalizing Fly 1919

Pioneer in animated cartoons

Characters Betty Boop, Koko the Clown, Popeye, and

Superman

Responsible for a number of technological innovations

Fleischer, brother Dave & Lee De Forest made the first

cartoon with sound, Oh Mabel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_the_Clown

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1940s_cartoons)

48

Walt Disney

Snow White & Beauty and the Beast


1928 Steamboat WillieFirst fully synchronized

soundtrack

49

Chuck Jones & Tex Avery Chuck Jones & Tex Avery

Looney Tunes - Merry Melodies

Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck,

Road Runner, Wile E Coyote


50

Hanna and BarberaHanna and Barbera The Flintstones 1960-66

Imitated “The Honeymooners”

Primetime

Most financially successful network animated franchise for 3 decades (until The Simpsons)

The Jetsons 1962-1987

“The Jetsons' world is our world: explosive technological advances, entrenched bourgeois culture, a culture of enterprise that is very fond of the good life.” Jeffrey Tucker


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker

51

Jay Ward Jay Ward (1920-1989(1920-1989)


“The Simpsons created an audience for prime time animation that had not been there for many years…as far as I’m concerned they

basically reinvented the wheel” Seth McFarlane

“The Simpsons created an audience for prime time animation that had not been there for many years…as far as I’m concerned they

basically reinvented the wheel” Seth McFarlane

2014, According to international box-office count, Frozen is now the highest

grossing animated film of all time.

2001 ‘s Shrek won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated

Feature

a brief history of cartoons, comics & animation

Education