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Nfmu`ty jn Frts, MjhputdabIabdaiirdab fae ]mdiamis

Mdty MfhpusLjwfre ]triit

]linndi`e ]6 6RG

HF da Uimladmf` Mjhhuadmftdja

Hfstirs Edssirtftdja

Udt`i F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf`Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76stMiatury

Futljr Wjgirt Sjwirs

Efti Kfaufry 69, 7365

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ufg`i jn Mjatiats

Datrjeumtdja ............................................................................................... ........................................... 6

V6 ; Wimiat Uriaes da Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja .......................................................... .......... 6

V7 ; Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Kjuraf` Dhpfmt ............................................................. .......... 6

@dtirfturi Wivdiw ...................................................................................... ........................................... 7

Srj`jbui............................................................................................................................................ 7

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM) ............................................................... ................................ 5

Gdg`djhitrdms ......................................................................................... ........................................... >

Wisifrml Fpprjfml ..................................................................................................................... ........ 67

Sfrfedbh ................................................................ .................................................................. ....... 67

^f`dedty & Wi`dfgd`dty ....................................................................................... .............................. 67

Itldms ......................................................... ................................................................... .................. 67

Hitljej`jby .................................................................................................................................. 67

Hitljes ......................................................... ................................................................... .................. 6=

Eftf Mj``imtdja ........................................................................................................................ ....... 6=

Eftf Hfafbihiat ............................................................ ............................................................... 65

Eftf Faf`ysds Futljrs ............................................................. .................................................... 65

Eftf Faf`ysds Winiriamis ............................................................................................................ 65

Eftf Faf`ysds Mdtftdjas .......................................................... ..................................................... 65

Eftf Faf`ysds Kjuraf`s ............................................................................................. ................... 69

Eftf Faf`ysds Kjuraf`s - Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja .................................................................. ........ 69

Eftf Faf`ysds Rjre Nriquiamy .......................................................... ......................................... 6

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

IM Wisifrml Mdtftdjas ................................................................. ................................................... =3

IM Wisifrml Kjuraf`s ............................................................................ ......................................... =6

IM Wisifrml Ujpdms ........................................................ ............................................................... =6

Ndaf` Win`imtdjas .............................................................. ............................................................... =6

Gdg`djbrfply .............................................................. .................................................................. ....... ==Fppiaedx F ......................................................................... ............................................................... =9

Fppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtis ............................................................. ......................................... 95

Eftf Faf`ysds GdgIxmi` ........................................................... .................................................... 9>

Eftf Faf`ysds Hdmrjsjnt Ixmi` ........................................................... ......................................... 9>

Eftf Faf`ysds Futljrs ............................................................. .................................................... 97

Fppiaedx E ; Wisifrml Itldms Mlimo`dst ............................................................... ............................. >=

@dst jn Ufg`is

Ufg`i 6 ; Futljr Mjuat (F#) ]tftdstdms ................................................................................................... =9

Ufg`i 7 ; Hjst Srjeumtdvi Futljrs ................................................................ ......................................... =>

Ufg`i = ; Mdtftdja ]tftdstdms ................................................................. .................................................... =>

Ufg`i 5 ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist B]Ms (Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas) ......................................................... = ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist B]Ms/TS (Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie) ...................... 53

Ufg`i 2 ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist HMs/TS (Hfx Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie) ......................................... 53

Ufg`i < ; Kjuraf`s (sjrtie gy HMs)............................................................ ......................................... 57

Ufg`i 4 ; Dhpfmt Nfmtjr Faf`ysds njr Ldbl Mdtftdja Kjuraf`s ................................................................. 55

Ufg`i 63 ; Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja Mf`mu`ftdjas (IM Wisifrml ~ 7336-7367) .......................................... 52

Ufg`i 66 ; Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja Mf`mu`ftdjas (IM Wisifrml ~ Srdjr tj 7336) ...................................... 52

Ufg`i 67 ; Rjre Nriquiamy Faf`ysds - Udt`i Ndi`e - Rjre Mjuat 1 = .................................................... 54

Ufg`i 6= ; Rjre Nriquiamy Faf`ysds Fgstrfmt Ndi`e - Rjre Mjuat 1 76 ........................................... 93

Ufg`i 65 ; Rjre Nriquiamy Faf`ysds Futljr Feeriss Ndi`es - Rjre Mjuat 1 9 ................................ 96

Ufg`i jn Ndburis

Ndburi 6 ; Deif` Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja (]-slfpie Murvi) _Wimriftie nrjh Ndburi 5.= daHifsurdab

Fmfeihdm Wisifrml(Faers 7334, pp.=6=5)X .............................................................................. ........ 6>

Ndburi 7 ; ^jyfat Uixt Faf`ysds Ujj` (]dam`fdr & Wjmowi`` 7334) ....................................................... 6

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ndburi 5 ; Fvirfbi Futljr Mjuats (F#) gy Tifr ........................................................................... ........ =9

Ndburi 9 ; Auhgir jn Sfpirs gy Futljr Mjuat (F#) fae gy Tifr .......................................................... =9

Ndburi > ; Sfpirs Brjupie gy Mdtftdja Wfabis ............ .................................................................. ........ =2

Ndburi 2 ; Sfpirs Brjupie gy Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie (TS) Wfabis ............................................... =2

Ndburi < ; Sfpirs fae Mdtftdjas (F`` Kjuraf`s) .......................................................... .............................. 56Ndburi 4 ; Sfpirs fae Mdtftdjas (Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Kjuraf`) ............................................ 56

Ndburi 63 ; Sfpirs fae Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas (F`` Kjuraf`s) ............................................................ 56

Ndburi 66 ; Ajrhf`dzie (Hfx Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie)........................................................ ........ 56

Ndburi 67 ; Dhpfmt Nfmtjr Faf`ysds njr Ldbl Mdtftdja Kjuraf`s ~ @jb (EDN) x @jb ( #)............. ........ 59

Ndburi 6= ; Dhpfmt Nfmtjr Faf`ysds njr Ldbl Mdtftdja Kjuraf`s ~ KDN, ]DN fae #....................... ........ 5>

Ndburi 65 ; Grfenjre Edstrdgutdjas (Jgsirvie vs Deif`) njr Uwj Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM)

Wisifrml Eftfsits (Sri & Sjst 7336) ..................................................................................................... 5 ; Rjre Nriquiamy Faf`ysds - Fgstrfmt Ndi`e - Rjre M`jue ................................................... 93

Ndburi 62 ; Rjre Nriquiamy Faf`ysds - Futljr Feeriss Ndi`es - Rjre M`jue ..................................... 96

Ndburi 6< ; Ldbl-Nriquiamy Bijbrfpldm Uirhs da Futljr Feeriss Ndi`es Rjr`e Hfp ..................... 97

Ndburi 64 ; Ldbl-Nriquiamy Bijbrfpldm Uirhs da Futljr Feeriss Ndi`es Y]F Hfp ........................ 9=

Ndburi 73 ; ]mjpus ]ifrml ]ittdabs ........................................................................................................ 95

Ndburi 76 ; ]mjpus ]ifrml Wisu`ts ......................................................................................................... 95

Ndburi 77 ; RjO ]ifrml ]ittdabs .................................................................. ......................................... 99

Ndburi 7= ; RjO ]ifrml Wisu`ts Srdhfry Frtdm`is .............................................................................. 99

Ndburi 75 ; RjO ]ifrml Wisu`ts Mdtdab Frtdm`is .............................................................. ................... 99Ndburi 79 ; Hdmrjsjnt Ixmi` - Urfaspjsie Eftf ........................................................ .............................. 92

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Datrjeumtdja

Ajti; Da tlds pfpir, dhpjrtfat pjdats jr tirhs fri ihplfsdzie da gj`e.

Ulds pfpir feerissis tli nj``jwdab twj risifrml quistdjas;

V6.Rlft rimiat mlfabis wiri tliri da tli ndi`e jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja fs rin`imtie da

piir-rivdiwie fmfeihdm risifrml pug`dslie gitwiia 7336 fae 7367:

V7.Rlft wfs tli dhpfmt jn aiw piir-rivdiwie kjuraf`s ja tlds ndi`e:

V6 ; Wimiat Uriaes da Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM) fpp`dis mjhhuadmftdja tlijry tj iavdrjahiatf` dssuis.

Uli rfpde ihirbiami jn IM risifrml da tli `fti-twiatditl miatury mjdamdeie wdtl fa,

iajrhjus brjwtl da pug`dm fae hiedf fttiatdja edrimtie tjwfre _iavdrjahiatf` dssuisX

(S`ifsfat it f`. 7337, p.737). Ljwivir, da tli ndrst eimfei jn tli 76stmiatury, tli njmus ja

iavdrjahiatf` dssuis siihs tj lfvi sldntie tj jtlir prissdab dssuis, suml fs b`jgf` tirrjrdsh

fae imjajhdm turhjd`. Bdvia tlds `jss jn njmus, dt hdblt gi fssuhie tlft tli brjwtl jn IM

risifrml wju`e lfvi s`jwie. Ulds pfpir tists tlds fssuhptdja tlrjubl f qufatdtftdvi faf`ysds

jn rimiat pug`dmftdja triaes da IM risifrml. Hjri spimdndmf``y, D mj``imtie fae faf`yzie f

sfhp`i jn fmfeihdm frtdm`is pug`dslie jvir f twi`vi-yifr pirdje (7336-7367).

Ajti; Uli twi`vi yifr stuey pirdje wfs istfg`dslie njr tli nj``jwdab rifsjas. Uli privdjus

stuey ja tlds tjpdm (S`ifsfat it f`. 7337) mj``imtie eftf up tj 7333 fae tlirinjri dt siihie

`jbdmf` tj gibda mj``imtdab eftf da 7336. F`sj, fs tlds stuey wfs mjaeumtie da 736=, mjhp`iti

mdtftdja eftf wfs ja`y fvfd`fg`i up tj 7367. Ulisi twj nfmtjrs eitirhdaie tli stuey pirdje.

Bdvia tli fssuhptdja tlft IM risifrml ds std`` f shf`` gut ihirbdab ndi`e jn risifrml, dt siihs

`jbdmf` tj ixpimt tlft dt wju`e ajt suppjrt f `frbi mjhhuadty jn risifrmlirs. Ulirinjri, D

ixpimt tj sii ja`y f niw futljrs mjatrdgutdab hu`tdp`i frtdm`is tj tli gdg`djbrfpldm sfhp`i. Da

feedtdja, bdvia tlft IM risifrml prisuhis f mirtfda `ivi` jn pug`dm eigfti mjamiradab

iavdrjahiatf` dssuis, dt wju`e tiae tj gi mjamiatrftie da eihjmrftdm mjuatrdis, wldml

prjhjti `dgirf` vf`uis tlft suppjrt suml pug`dm eigfti. Ulirinjri, D ixpimt tlft tli hfkjrdty jn

IM risifrml wd`` jmmur da eivi`jpie mjuatrdis tlft lfvi f ldstjry jn iavdrjahiatf` eigfti.

V7 ; Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Kjuraf` Dhpfmt

Fs eismrdgie da tliSrj`jbui,prdjr tj 7336, IM risifrml wfs nrfbhiatie fhjab auhirjus

kjuraf`s. Uj feeriss tlds nrfbhiatftdja fae iamjurfbi briftir mj``fgjrftdja fhjab IM

risifrmlirs, S`ifsfat it f`. (7337) prjpjsie tli datrjeumtdja jn f eiedmftie IM risifrml

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

pug`dmftdja. ]ivirf` yifrs `ftir, twj aiw piir-rivdiwie IM kjuraf`s wiri datrjeumie fae

tlirinjri tlds simjae risifrml quistdja fttihpts tj bfubi tli dhpfmt jn tlisi aiw IM kjuraf`s.

Uj faswir tlds quistdja, D ixfhdai tli mdtftdja eftf triaes eurdab tli stuey pirdje (7336-

7367) njr fay mjaspdmujus innimts. Srdjr tj pirnjrhdab tlds faf`ysds, D ixpimtie tj sii fsdbadndmfat damrifsi da pfpir jutput eui tj tli `fuaml jn tli aiw IM kjuraf`s. Fa damrifsi da

futljr mj``fgjrftdja wfs f`sj ixpimtie, fs hifsurie gy fa damrifsi da tli auhgir jn futljrs

pir pfpir. Ndaf``y, D ixpimtie tj sii f mjasj`deftdja jn IM risifrml datj tli aiw IM kjuraf`s.

Uli ivdeiami prisiatie ja tlds tjpdm hfy prjvdei f pjdat jn eipfrturi njr nuturi gdg`djhitrdm

risifrml. Uj tlds pjdat, D lfvi ajt njuae fay sdhd`fr risifrml tlft feerissis tli dan`uiami jn f

aiw kjuraf` ja fa ihirbdab datiredsmdp`dafry ndi`e. Fs tlds quistdja hfy riprisiat fa

uaixp`jrie frif jn gdg`djhitrdm risifrml, dt mju`e lfvi grjfe fpp`dmftdjas njr nuturi

davistdbftdjas datj jtlir ihirbdab ndi`es fmrjss tli spimtruh jn fmfeihdm iaeifvjr.

@dtirfturi Wivdiw

Srj`jbui

Rld`i mjaeumtdab f pri`dhdafry surviy jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM) tjpdms eurdab

hy dadtdf` tlisds prjpjsf` davistdbftdjas, D iamjuatirie fa frtdm`i gy S`ifsfat it f`. (7337),

Uli @dtirfturi jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja. Ulds frtdm`i prjvdeis fa jvirvdiw jn tli

IM `dtirfturi gfsie ja f gdg`djbrfply mj``imtie usdab oiywjre sifrmlis jn sjmdf` smdiami

mdtftdja daeixis. Ysdab tlds gdg`djbrfply, tliy mjaeumtie f nriquiamy faf`ysds gy yifr, futljr,

kjuraf` fae oiywjre. Jai hfkjr ndaedab jn tlds frtdm`i wfs tli pliajhiaf` brjwtl da tli IM

ndi`e prdjr tj 7336. Ulds ndaedab daspdrie tli ndrst tlisds quistdja,V6 ; Wimiat Uriaes da

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja.

Ulds frtdm`i f`sj daspdrie tli simjae tlisds quistdja,V7 ; Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja

Kjuraf` Dhpfmt.Srdjr tj 7336, IM risifrml wfs qudti nrfbhiatie, fs tliri wiri aj piir-

rivdiwie kjuraf`s eivjtie ixm`usdvi`y tj IM mjatiat, suml tlft ri`ivfat pfpirs wfs sprife

tlrjubljut f auhgir jn aja-IM spimdndm kjuraf`s. Uj feeriss tlds ndaedab, S`ifsfat it f`.

(7337) prjpjsie tli datrjeumtdja jn f aiw piir-rivdiwie kjuraf` eiedmftie tj tli

edssihdaftdja jn datiredsmdp`dafry IM risifrml. Uliy prjpjsie tlft suml f kjuraf` wju`e gi

giaindmdf`, fs dt wju`e, dhprjvi tli brjwtl, eivi`jphiat, fae edssihdaftdja jn IM risifrml

(S`ifsfat it f`. 7337, p.739). ]jja fntir tlds prjpjsf` wfs hfei, twj aiw IM kjuraf`s wiri

`fuamlie. Uli ndrst kjuraf`,Fpp`die Iavdrjahiatf` Ieumftdja fae Mjhhuadmftdja, wfs

datrjeumie da `fti 7337 gy f mjasjrtduh jn iavdrjahiatf` ieumftdja fae mjhhuadmftdja

fssjmdftdjas.6Uli simjae pug`dmftdja, stfrtie da 7335 fs fa faauf` prjeumtdja mf``ie tli

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Tifrgjjo, fae wfs `ftir ritdt`ieIavdrjahiatf`

6FIIM Ljhi Sfbi - lttp;//www.fiim.jrb/ (fmmissie 6.73.6=).

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Mjhhuadmftdja; F Kjuraf` jn Afturi fae Mu`turi, fae dts pug`dmftdja nriquiamy damrifsie tj

f qufrtir`y njrhft da 7332, wdtl gjtl damfraftdjas jn tlds pug`dmftdja uaeir tli fuspdmis jn tli

Datiraftdjaf` Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Fssjmdftdja (DIMF). 7

Ajti; ]dami kust jvir tldrty pirmiat jn tli rimjres da tli gdg`djhitrdm eftfgfsi (59 pfpirs datjtf`) fri nrjhIavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja, tli faf`ysds prisiatie lirida njmusis ja tlds

kjuraf`, rftlir tlfaFpp`die Iavdrjahiatf` Ieumftdja fae Mjhhuadmftdja, wldml ds

riprisiatie gy ja`y twj pfpirs da tli eftfgfsi.

Srdjr tj tli datrjeumtdja jn tlisi twj kjuraf`s, tli ndi`e wfs ajt tjtf``y wdtljut eiedmftie

pug`dmftdja jut`its. Njr ixfhp`i, tli gd-faauf` prjmiiedabs jn tli Mjaniriami ja

Mjhhuadmftdja fae tli Iavdrjahiat (MJMI) =mjatfda mj``imtdjas jn ri`ftie `dtirfturi da twj-

yifr damrihiats gfmo tj 6446. F mdtftdja tj f rimiat mjaniriami prjmiiedab mfa gi njuae da tli

gdg`djbrfply (]idtz it f`. 7363). F`tljubl fa faf`ysds jn tlisi mjaniriami prjmiiedabs wju`e

aj ejugt prjvdei vf`ufg`i dasdblts, tlds hftirdf` ds ajt edrimt`y mjhpfrfg`i wdtl tli risifrml

pirnjrhie gy S`ifsfat it f`. (7337), wldml njmusie ixm`usdvi`y ja piir-rivdiwie kjuraf`s, fae

ds tlirinjri dbajrie da tlds faf`ysds.

Ulds tlisds mfa gi mjasdeirie fa ixtiasdja jn tli wjro jn S`ifsfat it f`. (7337), ajt ja`y

gimfusi tlidr ndaedabs prjvdei tli ldstjrdmf` nrfhiwjro gildae tli twj tlisds quistdjas

prisiatie da tliDatrjeumtdja,gut f`sj gimfusi tlidr pfpir `ie hi tj fejpt f Gdg`djhitrdm

fpprjfml. Sirnjrhdab fa faf`ysds jn tli `dtirfturi usdab gdg`djhitrdm hitljes siihie fa

inndmdiat usi jn tdhi fae risjurmis. Hy dadtdf` p`fa wfs tj usi tli sfhi hitljej`jby fs

S`ifsfat it f`. (7337) fae sdhp`y ixtiae tlidr eftf sit. Ljwivir, eui tj hy uanfhd`dfrdty wdtl

stfaefre gdg`djhitrdm hitljes, tliri rihfdaie sjhi uamirtfdaty ribfredab tli ri`dfgd`dty fae

vf`dedty jn tlidr hitljej`jby. Nui`dab tlisi ejugts, jai `jabtdhi IM risifrmlir (Mfatrd``

7366), ixprissie lds mjamira pirsjaf``y fgjut tli mjhpriliasdviaiss jn tlidr eftf mj``imtdja

hitljes. Ulirinjri, dt siihie jn pfrfhjuat dhpjrtfami tlft D `ifra hjri fgjut gdg`djhitrdms

tj `fy f sj`de njuaeftdja jn uaeirstfaedab njr hy risifrml. Fs f risu`t, tli @dtirfturi Wivdiw

ds njmusie hjri ja hitljej`jby tlfa tli IM risifrml tjpdm dtsi`n.

Bdvia tli smfrmdty jn gdg`djhitrdm risifrml ja tli spimdndm tjpdm jn IM risifrml, f `dtirfturi

rivdiw wfs mjaeumtie wdtl f wdeir smjpi. Gisdeis tli pfpirs hiatdjaie da tliGdg`djhitrdms

sugsimtdja gi`jw, D lfvi f`sj mjasu`tie gdg`djhitrdm risifrml da ndi`es m`jsi`y ri`ftie tj IM.

Ulds wfs prueiat sdami gdg`djhitrdm risifrml tiaes tj gi ndi`e spimdndm, suml tlft risifrml da

ednniriat ndi`es ydi`es edssdhd`fr risu`ts (Siae`igury 733

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iavdrjahiatf` risifrml, D lfvi ja`y njuae tli nj``jwdab sjurmi tj efti, ei ]juzf &

Gfrgfstinfaj (7366), wldml ds std`` qudti datiristdab fae fpp`dmfg`i sdami dt feerissis fajtlir

nfst brjwdab iavdrjahiatf` ndi`e, afhi`y `dni-mym`i faf`ysds. Vuf`dtftdvi `dtirfturi, suml fs

tlft gy Sjpjnn (733>), wfs f`sj mjasu`tie da tli prjmiss jn tlds `dtirfturi rivdiw. Ulds hftirdf`

prjvdeie vf`ufg`i gfmobrjuae danjrhftdja, edvirbiat pirspimtdvis, fae, da biairf`, nuamtdjaie

fs f mjuatirwidblt tj tli pripjaeirfami jn qufatdtftdvi risifrml mjasu`tie? da jtlir wjres, dt

wfs usie njr tli purpjsi jn trdfabu`ftdja (Kdmo 6424).

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM)

Fs edsmussie da tliSrj`jbui,tli @dtirfturi Wivdiw njmusis ja Gdg`djhitrdms rftlir tlfa IM

risifrml. Uj suhhfrdzi, Gdg`djhitrdm hitljes wiri si`imtie da `diu jn f trfedtdjaf` `dtirfturi

rivdiw eui tj tdhi mjastrfdats fae pirsjaf` priniriami. Nurtlirhjri, dt wfs hy dadtdf` eisdri

tj fpprjfml tlds tjpdm da fa uagdfsie wfy, d.i., fs f edsdatiristie jutsdeir wdtljut f

prieitirhdaie jut`jjo. Ljwivir, fs tli @dtirfturi Wivdiw prjbrissie, dt siihie tlft f

pri`dhdafry davistdbftdja datj tli risifrml tjpdm wfs aimissfry njr tli eftf mj``imtdja plfsi jn

tli risifrml. Hjri spimdndmf``y, fs D wfs p`faadab tj mj``imt eftf usdab oiywjre sifrmlis jn

tli mdtftdja daeixis, D aiieie sjhi `jbdmf` gfsds tj njrhu`fti f `dst jn oiywjres. Liami, D

mjaeumtie f pri`dhdafry davistdbftdja jn tli IM sugkimt hfttir, sdhp`y fs f hifas jn

eivi`jpdab f oiywjre sifrml `dst. Da tli iae, D eimdeie tj usi f sdab`i oiywjre sifrml tirh

gfsie da pfrt ja tli eindadtdja tlft D eirdvi da tlds simtdja (sii tliDavdsdg`i Mj``ibis

sugsimtdja njr f hjri eitfd`ie edsmussdja jn tlds tjpdm). Uli edsmussdja tlft nj``jws

suhhfrdzis tli ndaedabs jn hy pri`dhdafry davistdbftdja jn IM.

Da lds tixtgjjoIavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja fae tli Sug`dm ]pliri, Mjx (7334), f

prjhdaiat futljrdty da IM, sugedvdeis tli ndi`e datj sivirf` sugtjpdms. Da tli `dst gi`jw, D lfvi

ri`fgi`ie Mjxs sugtjpdms, njr tli sfoi jn mjamdsiaiss, fae ribrjupie tlih datj tli nj``jwdab

sivia mftibjrdis gfsie upja tli fnndadty jn tlidr mjhhuadmftdja mjatixts;

6. Sjpu`fr Mu`turi & Briia Hfroitdab

7. Hiedf fae Kjuraf`dsh

=. ]jmdf` Hfroitdab & Fevjmfmy

5. Mj``fgjrftdja & Mjan`dmt Wisj`utdja

9. Sug`dm Sfrtdmdpftdja

>. Wdso Mjhhuadmftdja

2. Wlitjrdm fae Edsmjursi

Ulds `dst sljws tlft IM iamjhpfssis hfay njrhs jn mjhhuadmftdja tfodab p`fmi da vfrdjus

mjatixts (i.b., pug`dm lifrdabs, edrimt fmtdja, fae smlj`fr`y eigfti). Ulds `dst f`sj sljws tlft

IM biairf``y nj``jws tli sugedvdsdjas jn trfedtdjaf` mjhhuadmftdja tlijry wld`i jvir`fppdab

tli trfedtdjaf` sugkimt hfttir jn jtlir edsmdp`dais, suml fs sjmdf` smdiami, hfroitdab fae

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

pj`dtdms. Uli IM sugtjpdm `dst prisiatie fgjvi f`sj ihplfsdzis tli fpp`dmftdja jn vfrdjus

hjeis jn mjhhuadmftdja tj feeriss iavdrjahiatf` dssuis. Ulds ndaf` pjdat subbists fa

daliriat gdfs da tli n`jw jn smlj`fr`y wjro nrjh mjhhuadmftdja tlijry datj iavdrjahiatf`

prfmtdmi. Uj ridanjrmi tlds pjdat, dt wju`e siih iquf``y `jbdmf` tj sugedvdei tli ndi`e datj

sivia iavdrjahiatf` sugtjpdms. Uli nj``jwdab `dst prisiats jai pjssdg`i njrhu`ftdja;

6. M`dhfti Mlfabi

7. Sj``utdja Sriviatdja

=. Wisjurmi Wieumtdja

5. ]pimdis Ixtdamtdja

9. Iairby Sj`dmy

>. ]ustfdafgd`dty

2. Iavdrjahiatf` ]mdiami

Ulds aiw `dst siihs mjhpriliasdvi, gut dt ds f`sj qudti fgstrfmt fae tjpdmf`, wlirifs tli usi jn

mjamriti fmtdja wjres da tli dadtdf` sugtjpdm `dst (i.b., hfroitdab, fevjmfmy, mj``fgjrftdja, fae

edsmjursi) subbists tli dhpjrtfami jn edrimtie fmtdja tj tli ndi`e. Ulisi fmtdja wjres fri oiy,

sdami tliy rin`imt Mjxs vdiw tlft IM ds fa itldmf` fmtdvdty, f vdiw iamfpsu`ftie da tli quiry

mjatfdaie wdtlda tli tdt`i jn lds ldbl`y-mdtie pfpir; Afturi's Mrdsds Edsmdp`dais; Ejis

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Lfvi fa Itldmf` Euty: (Mjx 7332). Nrjh f`` jn tlds wi mfa

danir tlft IM risifrml ds ajt mjaeumtie da f vfmuuh gy edsdatiristie pfrtdmdpfats? dastife, dts

prjpjaiats sii dt fs f hifas jn hfodab f prfmtdmf` dhpfmt da tli wjr`e.

Ysdab tli `jbdm prisiatie fgjvi, D lfvi eirdvie tli nj``jwdab wjrodab eindadtdja jn IM;

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdjafpp`dis

mjhhuadmftdja tlijry tj iavdrjahiatf` dssuis.

Ulds eindadtdja lfs tli giaindt jn gidab gjtl mjamdsi fae mjhpriliasdvi. Njr dastfami, dt

dam`ueis ednniriat nrfhis jn riniriamis, suml fs pirsjaf`, datirpirsjaf`, mjrpjrfti, fae hfss

hiedf mjhhuadmftdja mjatixts. Dt f`sj iamjhpfssis tli nu`` rfabi jn virgf`, tixtuf`, fae

vdsuf` mjhhuadmftdja hjeis. Ulirinjri, tli nu``-rfabi jn mjhhuadmftdja tlijrdis fri

dam`ueie da tlds eindadtdja. Ulds eindadtdja ds f`sj njmusie ja tli itldmf` fspimt jn IM, sdami tli

prdhfry eitirhdafat njr `fgi`dab f pfrtdmu`fr dastfami, jr mftibjry, jn mjhhuadmftdja fs IM ds

da dts fpp`dmftdja tj iavdrjahiatf` dssuis. Uli virg fpp`dis siihs tj striabtlia tli itldmf`

fspimt jn tli eindadtdja, fs dt ihplfsdzis tli fmtdjas jn tli ndi`e, jvir hiri tlijrdis jr dssuis.

F`` tlisi mlfrfmtirdstdms mjrrispjae wi`` wdtl tljsi tlft D deiatdndie da tli dadtdf` sugtjpdm `dst,

wldml hfois hi mjandeiat da tli usi jn tlds eindadtdja.

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Gdg`djhitrdms

Gdg`djhitrdms ds jai jn sivirf` tirhs (i.b., Rigjhitrdms, ]mdiatjhitrdms, fae Danjrhitrdms)

fpp`die tj tli systihftdm stuey jn mjhhuadmftdja frtdnfmts usdab qufatdtftdvi hitljes.

Rigjhitrdms fpp`dis sdhd`fr hitljes tj tli stuey jn tli Datirait. ]mdiatjhitrdms slfris huml

wdtl Gdg`djhitrdms, gut mjastrfdas dtsi`n tj tli stuey jn smdiatdndm risifrml jutput fae ri`ftie

pj`dmy hfttirs? wlirifs Gdg`djhitrdms ds hjri n`ixdg`i da dts sugkimt hfttir, fs dt lfs f`sj giia

fpp`die da tli Luhfadtdis. ]mdiatjhitrdms mfa gi mjasdeirie f sug-edsmdp`dai jn Gdg`djhitrdms?

wld`i Danjrhitrdms ds usie fs fa uhgri``f tirh tlft sugsuhis f`` tlisi fssjmdftie ndi`es.

Da tli pfst, Gdg`djhitrdms lfs njmusie ja ]mdiami rftlir tlfa tli Luhfadtdis. Ulds ds ajt

sdhp`y f mjasiquiami jn fa fnndadty jn hitljes, d.i., qufatdtftdvi, gut f`sj eui tj dts ri`dfami

ja ]mdiami Mdtftdja Daeixis njr eftf. Uli nj``jwdab simtdja (sii]MD Eftfgfsis)prjvdeis f

grdin syajpsds tlft hfy i`umdefti tlds `fttir pjdat hjri m`ifr`y. Eispdti tlds gdfs, Gdg`djhitrdm

hitljes fri damrifsdab`y gidab fpp`die tj jtlir frifs jn risifrml, dam`uedab tli luhfadtdis.

Uli pjpu`frdty jn gdg`djhitrdm hitljes mfa `doi`y gi fsmrdgie tj dts ri`dfami ja jgkimtdvi

hitljes. Fs jai datrjeumtdja tj tli ndi`e stftis tlft, Gdg`djhitrdms turas tli hfda tjj` jn

]mdiami, qufatdtftdvi faf`ysds, _daX ja dtsi`n (Siae`igury 733 1

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Auhgirsf`jaimfa gi efabirjusgimfusi tliy lfvi tli fppifrfami jn gidab

futljrdtftdvi. Da tli nfmi jn stftdstdms, hfay edsmussdjas stjp.Fae tlft ds

uanjrtuafti; auhgirs dastife slju`e nui` edsmussdjas fae li`p d``uhdafti nifturis da

tli risifrml `faesmfpi tlft hdblt jtlirwdsi gi jvir`jjoie. Fae wlia tli purpjsi jn

pursudab qufatdtftdvi faf`ysds jn risifrml ds njr wdaejw erissdab jr tj prjvi tj

pj`dmyhfoirs, fehdadstrftjrs, jr nuaedab fbiamdis sjhitldab eimdeie upja ivia

ginjri tli eftf fri mj``imtie fae faf`yzie, suml innjrt wjros fbfdast tli trui bjf`

jn tli faf`ysds (Siae`igury 733

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

stfrt wdtl jai riniriami fae tlia hjvi njrwfre da tdhi tlrjubl f mlfda jn mdtdab frtdm`is tj

edsmjvir jtlir ri`ftie risifrml (Siae`igury 733

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ajti; Njr hjri sjurmis ri`ftie tj tli ldstjry jn Gdg`djhitrdms fae dts pjwir `fws, sii Ljje

fae Rd`sja (7336).

Mdtftdjas fae Winiriamis Ftjhdm Yadts jn Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds

Ljw ejis f mdtftdja ednnir nrjh f riniriami: B`azi` eindais tli ri`ftdjasldp gitwiia tlisi

twj tirhs (Gkurstrh 7366, p.64) nrjh tli pirspimtdvi jn tli risifrmlir, fs nj``jws;

riniriamisfri bdvia wld`i mdtftdjasfri rimidvie. Uli usi jn jai tirh jr tli jtlir ds f hfttir

jn pirspimtdvi? fs tliy fri rif``y twj sdeis jn tli sfhi mjda? sdami ejmuhiat\rimidvis f

mdtftdja nrjh ejmuhiat T, wlia Thfois riniriami tj\. Ulus, f`tljubl tlisi twj tirhs fri

ajt deiatdmf` da hifadab, tliy rinir tj tli sfhi uadt jn faf`ysds (d.i. ejmuhiat\) fae fri

tlirigy usie sjhiwlft datirmlfabifg`y njr tli rihfdaeir jn tlds edsmussdja.

Uj ridtirfti, iviry mdtftdja (jr riniriami) sdbadndis f mjbadtdvi ri`ftdjasldp gitwiia twj

ejmuhiats. Uli afturi jn tlds ri`ftdjasldp mfa gi hfadnj`e, fs dt eipiaes ja tli datiatdjas jn

tli risifrmlir fs ixprissie wdtlda tli risifrml pfpir. Fs ]hdtl (64

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Gdg`djhitrdms da Mjatixt

Winiriamis fri mjatfdaie wdtlda risifrml frtdm`is fae tlisi frtdm`is lfvi giia priejhdafti`y

pug`dslie da piir-rivdiwie risifrml kjuraf`s. Da tura, risifrml kjuraf`s mjatfda vfrdjus typis

jn danjrhftdja wdtlda tlidr pfbis. ]jhi typis mjatfda vf`ufg`i danjrhftdja, afhi`y, ribu`fr

edsmjviry fmmjuats, grdin mjhhuadmftdjas (ajtis), fae rivdiw frtdm`is, wld`i hiitdab

fgstrfmts (biairf``y ajt huml mdtie), `ittirs tj tli iedtjr (jntia ixprissdjas jn jpdadja), fae

mjrrimtdja ajtdmis biairf``y ej ajt. (Siae`igury 7336,64>=) fs mdtie gy @divrjuw 64673). Da tlds eindadtdja, smdiatdsts fri

uaeirstjje tj gi i`dti risifrmlirs ihgieeie wdtlda njrhf` dastdtutdjas. Da rifmtdja tj tlds

njrhu`ftdja, @divrjuw (6477) ei-ihplfsdzie tli strumturf` fspimts gy rieindadab tli

tirh nrjh f mjhhuadmftdja pirspimtdvi, fs f sit jn danjrhf` mjhhuadmftdja ri`ftdjas fhjab

smdiatdsts jr jtlir smlj`frs wlj slfri f spimdndm mjhhja datirist jr bjf`.

Da fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi, tli datirist jr bjf` hust ri`fti tj tli sugkimt hfttir upja wldml tli

risifrml mjhhuadty ds njmusie. Njr ixfhp`i, mlihdsts siio tj uaeirstfae mlihdstry,

plysdmdsts plysdms, fae `dabudsts `fabufbi. Da tura, IM risifrmlirs siio tj uaeirstfae (fae

fpp`y) IM. Fmmjredab tj tlds `jbdm, D hust mjam`uei tlft davdsdg`i mj``ibis mfa gi deiatdndie

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sj`i`y gy tlidr mjrrispjaedab risifrml tjpdm? fae dn f`` risifrmlirs da f spimdndm ndi`e fri

hihgirs jn tli sfhi davdsdg`i mj``ibi, tlia tliri fri aj risifrmlirs wdtl tli sfhi datirist

wlj fri ajt f`sj hihgirs jn tli sfhi davdsdg`i mj``ibi. Ulirinjri, njr fay bdvia risifrml

tjpdm tliri ds ja`y f sdab`i mjrrispjaedab risifrml mjhhuadty. Da jtlir wjres, tliri hust

f`wfys gi f 6;6 rftdj gitwiia tli auhgir jn davdsdg`i mj``ibis fae f`` fmtdvi risifrml tjpdms.

]dami D lfvi ajw istfg`dslie tlft tli risifrml tjpdm ds tli prdhfry nfmtjr da tli eindadtdja jn

fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi, D wju`e hjedny @divrjuws eindadtdja gy rihjvdab tli tirh f sit jn

danjrhf` mjhhuadmftdja ri`ftdjas, sdami tlisi ri`ftdjasldps siih `doi fa damdeiatf`

gyprjeumt jn tli pursudt jn tli risifrml bjf`. Jn mjursi, tj nuamtdja hjst innimtdvi y, fa

davdsdg`i mj``ibi riqudris nriquiat mjhhuadmftdja gitwiia dts hihgirs? gut tlisi

mjhhuadmftdja ri`ftdjas siih `doi fa uaaimissfry pfrt jn tli eindadtdja. Njr dastfami, dt ds

ifsy tj dhfbdai f mfsi wliri f smdiatdst jr smlj`fr lfs aj mjatfmt wdtl jtlir hihgirs jn f

risifrml mjhhuadty fae yit std`` hfafbis tj mjatrdguti tj tli risifrml tjpdm.

Fmmjredab tj @divrjuws eindadtdja, ja`y smdiatdsts fae smlj`frs fri pirhdttie hihgirsldp

da davdsdg`i mj``ibis. D fssuhi tlft ja`y murriat fae njrhir prjnissdjaf` risifrmlirs fri

i`dbdg`i njr daeumtdja. Dt f`sj siihs uam`ifr ljw jai wju`e hifsuri tli slfrie `ivi` jn

datirist jr bjf`-siiodab da f mj``imtdja jn risifrmlirs. Ulisi tirhs fri qudti vfbui fae ajt

jpirftdjaf`. D fssuhi liri tlft f risifrmlir hust lfvi summissnu``y pug`dslie ft `ifst jai

risifrml pfpir ja f tjpdm, tj gi i`dbdg`i njr hihgirsldp da fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi.

Da tli primiedab pfrfbrfpls, D fmmiptie sjhi pfrts jn @divrjuws eindadtdja jn fa davdsdg`i

mj``ibi fae rikimtie jtlir pfrts. Da dts p`fmi, D prjpjsi tli nj``jwdab rivdsie eindadtdja;

Fa davdsdg`i mj``ibids f mjhhuadty jn prjnissdjaf`

risifrmlirs tlft lfvi pug`dslie risifrml ja tli sfhi tjpdm.

Fmmjredab tj tlds eindadtdja, tli mjhhuadty jn IM risifrmlirs njrhs fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi.

D wd`` ajw edsmuss tli ri`ftdjasldp gitwiia fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi fae dts fssjmdftie pug`dslierisifrml. Fs D lfvi f`rifey istfg`dslie, fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi fae dts risifrml tjpdm njrh fa

dasipfrfg`i uadja. Eui tj tlds, f oiywjre sifrml da tli fmfeihdm `dtirfturi njr f spimdndm

risifrml tjpdm hust ritura f sifrml risu`t tlft rin`imts tli `dtirfturi jn tli mjrrispjaedab

davdsdg`i mj``ibi. Mjasiquiat`y, tli danjrhftdja mjatfdaie wdtlda tli hitfeftf jn suml f

gdg`djhitrdm sfhp`i mfa gi usie tj eismrdgi tli mlfrfmtirdstdms jn tli davdsdg`i mj``ibi tlft

prjeumie dt. Dt ds njr tlds rifsja tlft f sifrml njr tli tirh iavdrjahiatf` mjhhuadmftdjada

piir-rivdiwie fmfeihdm kjuraf`s slju`e `jbdmf `y ritura fa fmmurfti sfhp`i jn pfpirs nrjh

tli IM risifrml mjhhuadty. Y`tdhfti`y, dt ds upja tlds tlijritdmf` gfsds tlft D kustdny tli eftf

mj``imtdja hitljej`jby datrjeumie da tli simtdja tlft nj``jws.

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Wisifrml Fpprjfml

Uli biairf` fpprjfml ds f pjsdtdvdst jai wdtl f pfrtdmu`fr ri`dfami ja gdg`djhitrdm hitljes. Ft

dts mjri, gdg`djhitrdms davj`vis tli fpp`dmftdja jn stftdstdmf` faf`ysds tj fmfeihdm `dtirfturi.

F`jab tli wfy, D wfs budeie gy `ifedab risifrmlirs da tli ndi`e, suml fs Iubiai Bfrndi`e, tlinjuaeir jn tli D]D Rig jn Oajw`iebi (Bfrndi`e 6426? Bfrndi`e 64

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

ndburis wiri f`sj mriftie tj fde da tli faf`ysds fae prisiatftdja jn ndaf` risu`ts. Ulisi vdsuf`

fdes mfa gi njuae daFppiaedx F.Uli nj``jwdab twj sjurmis wiri nuaefhiatf` tj tli eisdba,

iximutdja fae faf`ysds jn tli fpp`die hitljej`jby; S`ifsfat it f`. (7337) fae Faers (7334).

Ft tli stfrt jn tlds faf`ysds, D ljpie tj utd`dzi hjri fevfamie gdg`djhitrdm hitljes, suml fsmj-riniriami, mj-mdtftdja, fae sjmdf` aitwjro faf`ysds. ^dsuf`dzftdja hitljes suml fs hu`td-

edhiasdjaf` nfmtjr faf`ysds hfppdab hdblt f`sj lfvi giia fevfatfbijus. Uli pfpir gy

^frbfs-Vuisfef it f`. (7334) prjvdeis f suhhfry jn tli fpp`dmftdja jn vdsuf`dzftdjas tj

gdg`djhitrdm davistdbftdjas. Yanjrtuafti`y, tliri wfs sdhp`y ajt iajubl tdhi tj fpp`y tlisi

timladquis, gut tli sdhp`i stftdstdmf` faf`ysds prisiatie lirida std`` ydi`eie rjgust risu`ts.

Hitljes

Eftf Mj``imtdja

Eftf mj``imtdja prjmiieie jvir twj rjuaes da Nigrufry fae Kuai 736=, fs eismrdgie da tli ndrst

twj sugsimtdjas jnFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtis.Gjtl tdhis, D pirnjrhie tli sfhi

oiywjre sifrml njr ejmuhiats wdtlda tli Rig jn Oajw`iebi5(RjO) fae ]mjpus9ja`dai

mdtftdja eftfgfsis. Uli oiywjre sifrml wfs f tjpdmf` sifrml njr tli tirh iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdjawdtlda tli ejmuhiat tdt`i, fgstrfmt, fae oiywjre (d.i. sugkimt m`fssdndmftdja)

ndi`es jn ifml mdtftdja eftfgfsi. Da gjtl eftfgfsis, D nd`tirie tli risu`ts gy pug`dslie efti (prdjr

tj 736=), gut ajt gy ejmuhiat typi, fae sfvie tli sifrml quirdis njr nuturi usi fae riniriami.

Uli kustdndmftdja njr tli oiywjre sifrml hitlje prisiatie fgjvi ds tli prihdsi tlft tli

gjuaefrdis jn tli IM risifrml tjpdm mfa gi eindaie gy tli prisiami jn f oiy tjpdm plrfsi

wdtlda tli `dtirfturi. Da jtlir wjres, D fssuhi tlft tli oiywjre sifrml tirh iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdjaeindais tli gjuaefrdis jn tlds risifrml tjpdm wdtlda tli mdtftdja eftfgfsis.

]ii tli iae jn tliDavdsdg`i Mj``ibissugsimtdja jn tli@dtirfturi Wivdiwnjr hy frbuhiat

suppjrtdab tlds vdiw. D f`sj edsmuss tlds tjpdm da tliEftf Mj``imtdjasugsimtdja jn tli

Wisu`ts.

Uli rftdjaf`i njr usdab twj mdtftdja eftfgfsis (]mjpus fae RjO) mfa gi suhhfrdzie gy tli

risifrml hjttj jai eftfgfsi ds ajt iajubl (Hfyr & Yhstttir 7332, p.2). Ulds hjttj

summdamt`y iamfpsu`ftis tli ihpdrdmf` ndaedabs tlft fay pfrtdmu`fr mdtftdja sifrml da f sdab`i

eftfgfsi ydi`es ja`y 53% jn f`` ri`ivfat mdtftdjas.

Ysdab twj mdtftdja eftfgfsis slju`e damrifsi tli ydi`e fgjvi 53%, wdtl tli damrifsie ydi`e

() eitirhdaie gy tli jvir`fp gitwiia tli twj eftfgfsis fmmjredab tj tli nj``jwdab njrhu`f;

5lttp;//fpps.wigjnoajw`iebi.mjh(fmmissie gy dastdtutdjaf` `jbda ja hu`tdp`i eftis)9lttps;//www.smjpus.mjh/ljhi.ur`(fmmissie gy dastdtutdjaf` `jbda ja hu`tdp`i eftis)

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

8(3.5 7)(6 + 7 =)

6 + 7 + 7 =

wliri 6fae 7riprisiat tli auhgir jn rimjres mj``imtie nrjh tli twj mdtftdja eftfgfsis

fae wliri =riprisiats tli auhgir jn eup`dmfti rimjres gitwiia 6fae 7.

Eftf Hfafbihiat

Nj``jwdab ifml rjuae jn eftf mj``imtdja, D ixfhdaie tli eftf njr mjasdstiamy, ei`itie

drri`ivfat rimjres fae hirbie eup`dmfti rimjres. ]ivirf` mjpdis jn tli mj``imtie eftf wiri f`sj

ritfdaie da tli jrdbdaf` ixpjrt njrhfts njr rieuaefamy. Uli eftf m`ifasdab prjmieuri wfs

mjaeumtie usdab [jtirj>riniriami hfafbihiat sjntwfri fae tlds eftfgfsi wfs ixpjrtie tj f

sprifesliit njr eftf faf`ysds.

Eftf Faf`ysds Futljrs

Eftf faf`ysds gibfa wdtl f njmus ja futljr mj``fgjrftdja, fs hifsurie gy tli auhgir jn

futljrs pir frtdm`i, f hitrdm tlft D rinir tj fs tli futljr mjuat (F#). Uli tjtf`, hiedfa, fae

stfaefre eivdftdja jn tli futljr mjuat (F#) ds sljwa daUfg`i 6.Uli nriquiamy edstrdgutdja

wfs tlia fssihg`ie fae p`jttie da pdi mlfrt njrhft, fs sljwa daNdburi =.Uli fvirfbi futljr

mjuats (F#) pir pfpir pir yifr fri prisiatie da gfr mlfrt njrh daNdburi 5wdtl f `daifr triae

`dai fae dts iquftdja. Uli edstrdgutdja jn pfpirs gy futljr mjuat (F#) fae gy yifr ds prisiatie

fs f =E gfr mlfrt daNdburi 9.Uli hjst prjeumtdvi futljrs fri `dstie daUfg`i 7.

F edsmussdja jn tlds faf`ysds ds prisiatie da tliFutljrs - Mj``fgjrftdja,Futljrs

Srjeumtdvdty,faeFutljrs - Bijbrfplysugsimtdjas jn tliWisu`ts.

Eftf Faf`ysds Winiriamis

Aj faf`ysds wfs pirnjrhie ja tlds eftf, fs D mju`e ajt ndae f sudtfg`i sjntwfri tjj` (sii

ri`ftie edsmussdja daEftf Faf`ysds GdgIxmi`daFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtis).

Eftf Faf`ysds Mdtftdjas

>]iilttp;//www.zjtirj.jrb/njr hjri eitfd`s.

Ajti; ]iiFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtis njr eitfd`s.

Ajti; ]iiFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtis njr eitfd`s.

Ajti; ]iiFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtisnjr eitfd`s.

Ajti; ]iiFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtisnjr eitfd`s.

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Eftf faf`ysds mjatdauie wdtl mdtftdja mjuats. Uli nj``jwdab hitrdms wiri mf`mu`ftie;

Hfx Mdtftdjas (HMs) Hjst mdtftdjas (usdab idtlir ]mjpus jr RjO mdtftdja mjuats)

HMs pir Tifrs Sug`dslie (HMs/TS) - Hfx Mdtftdjas (HMs) edvdeie gy tli auhgirjn yifrs sdami pug`dmftdja (TS8736=-ST).

Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdja (B]Ms) fae B]Mspir Tifrs Sug`dslie (B]Ms/TS)

]tftdstdms wiri tlia mf`mu`ftie ja tlisi hitrdms (siiUfg`i =). Uli eftf wfs tlia brjupie datj

vf`ui rfabis fae p`jttie (siiNdburi >faeNdburi 2). Uli tjp smjrdab frtdm`is njr ifml hitrdm

fri sljwa fsUfg`i 5,Ufg`i 9,Ufg`i >,faeUfg`i 2.

Aixt, D pripfrie sivirf` mlfrts tj faf`yzi tlisi hitrdms jvir tdhi. Uli ndrst twj mlfrts sljw

tli auhgir jn pfpirs (# Sfpirs), HMs fae HMs/TS njr iviry yifr jn tli stuey pirdje. Uli

ndrst mlfrt (siiNdburi

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

tlft tliy f`sj fpp`y tj IM risifrml. Da tli prjmiss jn eivi`jpdab tlds vdiw fae ginjri fpp`ydab

tli hitljes tlft nj``jw, D mjasu`tie tli nj``jwdab riniriamis (@idhoul`ir 64>2? Buptf it f`.

6442? Hfyr & Yhstttir 7332? Admj`fdsia & Lkr`fae 7332), wldml edsmuss gjtl tlijritdmf`

fae prfmtdmf` fspimts jn tli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja. D prjmiie gy eismrdgdab tli biairf` hitlje

davj`vie da eirdvdab f Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja fae tlia edsmuss hy spimdndm fpp`dmftdja jn tlds

hitlje.

Uli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja ds eirdvie fmmjredab tj tli nj``jwdab biairf` hitlje, fs prisiatie

daHifsurdab Fmfeihdm Wisifrml(Faers 7334, pp.=6=5). Njr fay bdvia risifrml tjpdm, f

`dtirfturi sifrml ds ndrst mjaeumtie tj prjeumi f sugkimt-spimdndm gdg`djbrfply. F `dst jn kjuraf`s

ds tlia mjhpd`ie nrjh tlds gdg`djbrfply wdtl kjuraf`s rfaoie da fsmiaedab jreir gy tli

nriquiamy jn jmmurriami. Ulds rfaodab ds f`sj rinirrie tj fs kjuraf` prjeumtdvdty. Kjuraf`s

wdtl iquf` nriquiamy rfaodabs (d.i. prjeumtdvdty) fri tlia brjupie fae tlidr frtdm`i mjuats

suhhie. Muhu`ftdvi frtdm`i tjtf`s fri tlia mf`mu`ftie gy fsmiaedab kjuraf` rfaodabs. Aixt, tli

kjuraf` rfaodabs (`jb x-fxds) fri p`jttie fbfdast tli muhu`ftdvi frtdm`i tjtf s (`daifr y-fxds) tj

rivif` tli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja njr tli mj``imtie gdg`djbrfply. Da tli deif` mfsi, p`jttdab tli

Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja wd`` rivif` fa ]-slfpie murvi, fs sljwa da Ndburi 5.= daHifsurdab

Fmfeihdm Wisifrml(Faers 7334, pp.=6=5), fae fs rip`dmftie da Ndburi 6 gi`jw.

Ndburi 6 ; Deif` Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja (]-slfpie Murvi)

_Wimriftie nrjh Ndburi 5.= daHifsurdab Fmfeihdm Wisifrml(Faers 7334, pp.=6=5)X

Uj ridtirfti, Ndburi 6 sljws tli muhu`ftdvi frtdm`i tjtf`s gy eimrifsdab kjuraf` prjeumtdvdty.

Fs f sipfrfti gut ri`ftie pfrt jn Grfenjres hitlje, tli rfaoie kjuraf` `dst ds edvdeie datj fa

daeitirhdafti gut shf`` auhgir jn zjais wdtl ifml zjai mjatfdadab fa iqudvf`iat auhgir jn

frtdm`is. Kjuraf`s jn iquf` prjeumtdvdty fri fssdbaie tj tli sfhi zjai. Uli zjai mjatfdadab tli

hjst prjeumtdvi kjuraf`s ds mf``ie tli mjri zjai. Ulds zjai ds deiatdndie da tli gjttjh-`int

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

pjrtdja jn Ndburi 6 wdtl f s`jw`y damrifsdab s`jpi ja tli ]-slfpie murvi. Fmmjredab tj

Grfenjres hitlje, tli auhgir jn kjuraf`s da tli aja-mjri zjais (zjais 6,7,=,...) mfa gi

fpprjxdhftie gy f rftdj jn 6;o;o7; wliri o iquf`s tli auhgir jn kjuraf`s da zjai 6 edvdeie

gy tli auhgir jn kjuraf`s da tli mjri zjai, wld`i sugsiquiat zjais mjatfda o tdhis fs hfay

kjuraf`s fs primiedab zjais. Uli aja-mjri zjais jmmupy tli rihfdaeir jn tli murvi, gibdaadab

wdtl tli hdee`i-ribdja, wldml ixldgdts f aifr `daifr s`jpi, fs ajtie ja Ndburi 6. Uli tfd` jn tli

]-slfpie murvi hdrrjrs tli mjri zjai, fs dt ixldgdts f s`jw`y eimrifsdab s`jpi. Rlia

ixfhdadab tli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja, dt ds dhpjrtfat tj rihihgir tlft tli kjuraf` rfaodabs ja

tli x-fxds usi f `jbfrdtlhdm smf`i, sj tlft tli wdetl jn tli mjri zjai ds ixfbbirftie da

mjhpfrdsja wdtl aja-mjri zjais.

Njr tlds pfpir, D mjhputie fae mjhpfrie tli stftdstdmf` ndtaiss jn tli mj``imtie eftf tj tli deif`

Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja eismrdgie fgjvi. D f`sj pirnjrhie tli sfhi faf`ysds ja tli kjuraf`

rfaodab eftf tfgu`ftie da Ufg`is 6 fae 7 jn Uli @dtirfturi jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja

(S`ifsfat it f`. 7337, p.736). F`tljubl tliy usie hu`tdp`i oiywjres tj mjhpd`i f

mjhpriliasdvi eftf sit, wld`i D mjhpd`ie f `dhdtie eftfsit usdab f sdhp`i tjpdmf` sifrml,

tlisi fri tli ja`y twj pfpirs ja tli tjpdm jn IM tlft slfri f gdg`djhitrdm fpprjfml. Eispdti

tlidr ednniriamis, dt wfs ljpie tlft f mjhpfrdsja jn tli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdjas eirdvie nrjh

tlisi twj edspfrfti eftf sits hdblt std`` prjvi dastrumtdvi. Njr ixfhp`i, dn tliri wfs f

mjasj`deftdja jn tli IM `dtirfturi sdami 7333, tlds hdblt gi ivdeiat gy f gittir ndt tj f

Grfenjre edstrdgutdja da tli hjri rimiat eftf. Da feedtdja, sdami hfturi frifs jn risifrml lfvi

giia sljwa ihpdrdmf``y tj edstrdguti kjuraf` frtdm`is da f Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja, dt nj``jws tlft

tli ri`ftdvi hfturdty jn fa ihirbiat ndi`e (suml fs IM) hdblt gi istdhftie gy dts ndtaiss tj tli

Grfenjre edstrdgutdja. Ulds sfhi ndtaiss hdblt f`sj suppjrt tli m`fdh tlft IM ds f uadndie ndi`e

jn risifrml (d.i., fa davdsdg`i mj``ibi), fs D frbui da tliDavdsdg`i Mj``ibissugsimtdja jn tli

@dtirfturi Wivdiw.

Uj eirdvi tli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja njr gjtl tlisi eftfsits, D usie tli hitlje eismrdgie da

mlfptir 5 jnHifsurdab Fmfeihdm Wisifrml(Faers 7334, pp.=5=2). Ulds hitlje fpp`dis tli

hftlihftdmf` hjei`s eirdvie gy @idhoul`ir (64>2) fae (Ibbli fae Wjussifu 64, 6443 fs

mdtie da Faers 7334). Uli spimdndm prjmieuris fae mf`mu`ftdjas fri `dstie daFppiaedx M ;Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja Eirdvftdja.Uli jutput nrjh stips 6-63 fri rimjreie daUfg`i 63fae

Ufg`i 66.Uli mlfrt pripfrie da stip 66, dsNdburi 65.Ulisi risu`ts fri edsmussie da tli

Kjuraf`s Grfenjre Edstrdgutdjasugsimtdja jnWisu`ts.

Da aja-deif` Grfenjre Edstrdgutdjas, d.i., tljsi eirdvie nrjh fmtuf` eftf, tliri fri twj pjssdg`i

typis jn edvirbiami nrjh tli deif` edstrdgutdja, tli kjuraf` frtdm`is mfa idtlir gi m`ustirie da

tjj niw kjuraf`s (d.i., jvirmjamiatrftie) jr smfttirie jvir tjj hfay kjuraf`s (d.i., jvired`utie),

fae tlisi innimts hfy gi prisiat sdhu`tfaijus`y wdtlda ednniriat sibhiats jn tli edstrdgutdja.

Da tli mjri zjai, tlisi eivdftdjas daedmfti wlitlir tli sugkimt ndi`e ds sirvie gy tjj hfay

(jvired`utie) jr tjj niw (jvirmjamiatrftie) mjri kjuraf`s. Da aja-mjri zjais, tlisi eivdftdjas

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

daedmfti tli ixtiat fae hfaair da wldml ri`ivfat risifrml ds edspirsie da aja-mjri kjuraf`s.

Njr ihirbdab ndi`es, tli jgsirvie Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja hfy ednnir nrjh tli deif` njr hu`tdp`i

rifsjas dam`uedab dasunndmdiat/ixmissdvi auhgir jn mjri kjuraf`s, f `fmo jn istfg`dslie

mjhhuadmftdja mlfaai`s, mjhpitdtdja (rftlir tlfa mjjpirftdja) gitwiia risifrmlirs, jr jtlir

aja-iqud`dgrduh mjaedtdjas. Yanjrtuafti`y, eui tj tli mjhp`ix afturi jn tli pliajhiaf, tli

slfpi jn tli jgsirvie Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja mfa ja`y ldat ft uaeir`ydab mfusis.

Eftf Faf`ysds Rjre Nriquiamy

Nj``jwdab tli primieiat sit gy S`ifsfat it f`. (7337), D pirnjrhie f wjre nriquiamy faf`ysds

ja tli mj``imtie gdg`djbrfpldm hitfeftf. Ulds faf`ysds wfs mjaeumtie ja tlrii eftf ndi`e typis;

Udt`is (UD), Fgstrfmts (FG) fae Futljr Feerissis (FF6/7). Ya`doi tli privdjus stuey gy

S`ifsfat it f`. (7337), tli Oiywjres (OR) eftf ndi`e wfs ajt faf`yzie? fs tli hfkjrdty jn

rimjres lfe au`` vf`uis njr tlds ndi`e fae tli vf`dedty jn tli ixdstdab oiywjres wfs uaoajwa.

Uixt faf`ysds wfs mjaeumtie usdab fa ja`dai tixt faf`ysds tjj` mf``ie ^jyfat (]dam`fdr &

Wjmowi`` 7334), fs sljwa da Ndburi 7 gi`jw. Ulds tjj` wfs si`imtie njr dts mjst (nrii), ifsi jn

fmmiss (ja`dai), datudtdvi usir-datirnfmi, fae fguaefami jn vdsuf`dzftdjas.2

Ndburi 7 ; ^jyfat Uixt Faf`ysds Ujj` (]dam`fdr & Wjmowi`` 7334)

Uli risu`ts jn tlds tixt faf`ysds fri prjvdeie ja f sipfrfti pfbi njr ifml eftf ndi`e typi;

Udt`is (UD);Ufg`i 67faeNdburi 69 Fgstrfmts (FG);Ufg`i 6=faeNdburi 6>

Futljr Feerissis (FF6/7); Ufg`i 65faeNdburi 62

Ulds faf`ysds ds edsmussie da tliRjre Nriquiamysugsimtdja jnWisu`ts.

Eftf Faf`ysds Bijbrfpldm Faf`ysds

Jami tli Futljr Feeriss wjre nriquiamy faf`ysds wfs mjhp`iti, D eimdeie tj tfoi tli

faf`ysds f stip nurtlir fae bij`jmfti tli hjst nriquiat bijbrfpldm tirhs. Uli ndrst stip da tlds

2Fa datrjeumtdja tj tlds tjj` ds fvfd`fg`i Clttp;//lirhiaiutd.mf/vjyiur.Uli `dst jn fvfd`fg`ivdsuf`dzftdjas fri prjvdeie Clttp;//lirhiaiutd.mf/vjyiur/tjj`s.

Ajti; ]iiFppiaedx G ; Hitljej`jby Ajtisnjr eitfd`s.

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

faf`ysds davj`vie bijpfrsdab tli sfhi tixt daput nd`i D lfe faf`yzie privdjus`y usdab ^jyfat.

Njr tlds purpjsi, D usie fajtlir ja`dai tjj`, tli Iedagurbl Bijpfrsir

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

sugsimtdja jn tli@dtirfturi Wivdiw.Ulds eftf mj``imtdja strftiby ds ednniriat nrjh tli

ixlfustdvi hitljej`jby prisiatie gy S`ifsfat it f`. (7337), fs tliy sjublt tj mjhpd`i f

ri`ftdvi`y mjhpriliasdvi fae systihftdm fmmjuat jn tli `dtirfturi jn iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdja (p644). D lfvi pursuie tli jppjsdti mjursi gy ei`dgirfti`y mj``imtdab f

`dhdtie eftfsit jn pfpirs tlft fri ixp`dmdt`y ri`ftie tj IM risifrml. Ulds fpprjfml wfs

mjandrhie da prfmtdmi? fs dt fmldivie f 49% rfti jn fmmurfmy? wdtl ja`y idblt frtdm`is edsmfreie

eui tj tlidr drri`ivfami, fs mjhpfrie wdtl f ndaf` sfhp`i sdzi jn 659 frtdm`is. Fs 92 jn tlisi

vittie rimjres wiri prisiat da gjtl mdtftdja eftfgfsis (RjO fae ]mjpus), D istdhfti tlft tli

tjtf` auhgir jn IM pfpirs tlft hiit tli oiywjre sifrml mrdtirdf slju`e gi da tli rfabi jn 793

pfpirs. Edvdedab tli sfhp`i sdzi gy tlds tjtf` pjpu`ftdja istdhfti risu`ts da fa istdhftie ydi`e

jn 9). Ulds gdfs tiaes tj ixm`uei pfpirs

pug`dslie da `fabufbis jtlir tlfa Iab`dsl. Uli RjO lfs f`sj giia mrdtdmdzie njr dts, `dhdtie

mjvirfbi jn ihirbdab datiredsmdp`dafry ndi`es wldml ej ajt lfvi f m`ifr mjri gimfusi

risifrml frtdm`is da tlisi ndi`es fri pug`dslie da f wdei rfabi jn kjuraf`s (]trjthfaa & [lfj

7363, p.649). ]dami IM `doi`y nf``s uaeir tli mftibjry jn ihirbdab datiredsmdp`dafry ndi`es

tlds hfy f`sj gi f mjatrdgutdab nfmtjr. Eispdti tlisi hdssdab rimjres, risifrml lfs sljwa tlft

tli ri`ftdvi mjhp`itiaiss jn f sugkimt spimdndm gdg`djbrfply ejis ajt sdbadndmfat`y fnnimt sjhi

gdg`djhitrdm fttrdgutis (Rd`sja 644

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

aixt pfdr jn ndburis prisiat tlds sfhi futljr mj``fgjrftdja eftf, wdtl tli feeie edhiasdja jn

tdhi.Ndburi 5sljws fa drribu`fr damrifsi (sii ejttie triae `dai) da yifr`y fvirfbi futljr

mj``fgjrftdja (d.i. futljr mjuat)? wld`iNdburi 9rivif`s f hfroie damrifsi da hu`td-futljrie

pfpirs jvir tli stuey pirdje.

Futljrs Srjeumtdvdty

Futljr prjeumtdvdty wfs ndrst datrjeumie fs f edhiasdja jn faf`ysds da tliEftf Faf`ysds

Futljrssugsimtdja jnHitljes.F `dst jn tli hjst prjeumtdvi futljrs ds sljwa daUfg`i 7 da

eismiaedab jreir gy auhgir jn frtdm`is pug`dslie fae gy l-daeix. Uliri siihs tj gi f ldbl-

mjrri`ftdja gitwiia tlisi twj hitrdms wdtl tli tjp prjeumdab futljrs f`sj lfvdab ldbl l-daeix

smjris. Ulisi risu`ts sljw tlft tli tjp tlrii hjst prjeumtdvi futljrs ja`y mjatrdgutie tlrii

frtdm`is tj tli eftf sfhp`i? wld`i ja tli aixt tdir, 6= futljrs mjatrdgutie kust twj frtdm`is ifml.

Ulisi frtdm`i mjuats fri sdbadndmfat`y `jwir tlfa tljsi ripjrtie gy S`ifsfat it f`. (7337, p.73=

- Ufg`i =) wdtl hfay hjri futljrs mjatrdgutdab hjri tlfa tlrii frtdm`is. Da feedtdja, tliri

siihs tj gi aj jvir`fp gitwiia tli futljrs `dstie da tlft pfpir fae hdai. Ulisi

damjasdstiamdis hfy gi fmmjuatie njr gy, tli `frbi auhgir jn frtdm`is da tli rdso-ri`ftie

kjuraf`s (S`ifsfat it f`. 7337, p.737), sdami tlisi kjuraf`s ej ajt ejhdafti hy eftf sfhp`i tj

tli sfhi ixtiat. @jjodab ft futljr fnnd`dftdjas daUfg`i 7,ixfmt`y lf`n (< jn 6>) jn tlisi

futljrs fri fssjmdftie wdtl Yadvirsdty Mjhhuadmftdja Eipfrthiats. Uli futljr ft tli tjp jn

tlds `dst (Grfaeia Kjlasja) ds fssjmdftie wdtl f aja-prjndt risifrml jrbfadzftdja.63Uli

rihfdadab sivia futljrs fri fssjmdftie wdtl Yadvirsdty Iavdrjahiatf` Srjbrfhs.

Futljrs - Bijbrfply

Da tirhs jn bijbrfpldm `jmftdja, futljr feeriss hfps wiri pripfrie, fs edsmussie da tliEftf

Faf`ysds Bijbrfpldm Faf`ysdssugsimtdja jnHitljes.Uli `dst jn tjp prjeumdab futljrs

daUfg`i 7sljws tlft ixfmt`y 29% (67 jn 6>) futljrs fri `jmftie da tli Y]F wdtl tli

rihfdaeir da Birhfay, Fustrf`df, fae ]pfda. Uli Y] futljrs da tlds tfg`i tiae tj gi `jmftie da

tli Rist (MF, MJ, HU, AH, JW, U\, YU), wdtl ja`y tlrii `jmftie da tli Ajrtlifst (HD, AM,

AL). Ulisi sfhi bijbrfpldm triaes wiri ripiftie da tli hfps prjeumie nrjh tli tixt faf`ysds

jn Futljr Feeriss eftf njr f`` futljrs.Ndburi 6

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

lf`n jn tli mjuatry. Ft tli datiraftdjaf` `ivi`, hjri futjmrftdm fae/jr eivi`jpdab mjuatrdis

hfy ajt njstir tli mjaedtdjas njr IM risifrml da pfrtdmu`fr, jr risifrml da biairf`. Dt ds f`sj

trui tlft tli mdtftdja eftfgfsis fri gdfsie tjwfres kjuraf`s pug`dslie da Iab`dsl. Ljwivir, tlds

gdfs hfy ajt gi uakustdndie eui tj gjtl tli ri`ftdvi qufatdty fae quf`dty jn suml smlj`frsldp.

Mdtftdjas - ]tftdstdms

Uli aixt edhiasdja tj ixfhdai, fntir IM futljrsldp, fri IM mdtftdja pfttiras. Fs eismrdgie da

tliHitljessimtdja, D mj``imtie mdtftdja eftf nrjh ]mjpus, RjO fae Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr. D tlia

mjastrumtie vfrdjus hitrdms tj fde da gjtl frtdm`i fae kjuraf` `ivi` mjhpfrdsjas jn tli mdtftdja

eftf, ajrhf`dzie fae tlia vf`deftie tlisi hitrdms.

Uli ndrst sit jn mdtftdja stftdstdms, dam`ueis rfw mdtftdja mjuats (HMs fae B]Ms) fae

ajrhf`dzie mdtftdja mjuats (HMs/TS fae B]Ms/TS) wldml fri gjtl suhhfrdzie daUfg`i =.

Sifrsja Mjrri`ftdja Mjinndmdiats (r) njr gjtl pfdrs jn mdtftdja hitrdms wiri da tli rfabi jn 3.

B]Ms/TS, f rftdj jn 6;7.97. Da gjtl mfsis, tli Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr mdtftdja ndburis hjri tlfa

ejug`ie tli mdtftdja ndburis jgtfdaie nrjh tli stfaefre ]MDs (]mjpus fae RjO). Uli

mf`mu`ftie B]M tj HM rftdjs prisiatie fgjvi mjrri`ftis wi`` wdtl privdjus risifrml (Hilj &

Tfab 7332, fs mdtie gy Lfrzdab 733-63) wdtl f `ivi`dab

jnn da tli `fst tlrii mdtftdja rfabis (66-69, 6>-73 fae 173). Njr tlisi `fst tlrii mdtftdja rfabis

fae da tirhs jn HMs, tli pfpirs da tlisi rfabis ifml mj``imtie njur tj ndvi mdtftdjas. Njr

B]Ms, tli njurtl (66-69) fae ndntl (6>-73) mdtftdja rfabis dam`ueie idblt fae sivia pfpirs

rispimtdvi`y, wld`i tli sdxtl rfabi (173) fmtuf``y damrifsie tj dam`uei 62 pfpirs. Ulds `fst

stftdstdm ds sdhp`y eui tj tli jvir 7;6 rftdj jn B]Ms tj HMs, fs eismrdgie da eitfd` da tli

privdjus pfrfbrfpl, wdtl pfpirs da tli `jwir mdtftdja rfabis (>-73) da tirhs jn HMs gidab

puslie up datj tli ldblist mdtftdja rfabi (173) da tirhs jn B]Ms. Uli ldblist mdtie IM pfpirs,

fs sjrtie gy B]Ms fae HMs, fri prjvdeie daUfg`i 5faeUfg`i 9.

Ndburi 2ds sdhd`fr tjNdburi >,ljwivir tli mdtftdja rfabis riprisiat tdhi ajrhf`dzie vf`uis

(HMs/TS fae B]Ms/TS). Fs wdtlNdburi >,tli hfkjrdty jn pfpirs rimidvie aj mdtftdjas ft f``,

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

>7 da tirhs jn HMs (5=%) fae 54 da tirhs jn B]Ms (=5%). Da tirhs jn HMs/TS, tliri ds f

rfpde eim`dai da tli auhgir jn pfpirs da ifml rfabi nrjh f ldbl jn 5< (==%) jn pfpirs da tli

06.3 rfabi tj f `jw jn zirj da tli 0>.3 rfabi, wdtl f s`dblt uptdmo da tli `fst rfabi (18>.3)

wdtl sdx pfpirs. Uli B]Ms/TS eftf nj``jws tli sfhi biairf` pfttira fs tli HMs/TS eftf, gut

tli pfpir mjuats fri hjri drribu`fr. Uli ndaf` rfabi (18>.3) riprisiats ldbl`y mdtie IM pfpirs,

fs sjrtie gy B]Ms/TS daUfg`i >fae HMs/TS daUfg`i 2.Da gjtl tfg`is, frtdm`is pug`dslie

da tli sfhi yifr fri mjeie wdtl tli sfhi mj`jr da tli ST mj`uha. Da tlisi tfg`is, tliri fri aj

frtdm`is pug`dslie prdjr tj 733>, wldml siihs tj daedmfti tlft hjri rimiat frtdm`is lfvi f

ldblir dhpfmt tlfa j`eir frtdm`is. Ljwivir, tlds mjam`usdja hfy gi prihfturi gfsie ja tli

frbuhiat mjatfdaie ft tli iae jn tli aixt sugsimtdja.

Mdtftdjas - Hitrdms x Udhi

Uli aixt sit jn risu`ts ixfhdai IM mdtftdja triaes yifr gy yifr jvir tli stuey pirdje. Ulds sit

jn risu`ts prjvdeis hjri eitfd`s mjamiradab tli rfw fae ajrhf`dzie mdtftdja mjuats prisiatie

da tli primiedab pfrfbrfpls. Ulisi risu`ts f`sj feeriss tli simjae risifrml quistdja,

ispimdf``y da tirhs jn tliIavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdjakjuraf`, wldml `fuamlie da 7332.

Ndburi ), wdtl 9.7

pfpirs pir yifr ja fvirfbi. Ulds ds nj``jwie gy f viry sdbadndmfat damrifsi da tli `fst sdx yifrs

(7332-7367) wdtl aifr`y njur tdhis fs hfay pfpirs pug`dslie, 64.3 pfpirs pir yifr. Edvdedab

tli rftdj gitwiia tlisi twj fvirfbi faauf` pfpir jutputs (64.3/9.78=.>

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

prisuhi tlft tli damrifsi da pfpir jutput da tlisi jtlir kjuraf`s ds ri`ftie tj tli `fuaml jn tli

aiw IM kjuraf`. Uli aiw IM kjuraf` hfy lfvi lfe f pjsdtdvi dan`uiami ja risifrmlirs da

jtlir ndi`es jr pirlfps tli pfpirs dt rikimtie sdhp`y njuae tlidr wfy datj tlisi jtlir kjuraf`s.

Wibfre`iss, tlisi risu`ts subbist f strjab mjrri`ftdja gitwiia tli datrjeumtdja jn tli aiw IM

kjuraf` fae tli brjwtl jgsirvie da pfpir jutput da tli fst sdx yifrs jn tli stuey pirdje (7332-

7367). Ulds risu`t wfs njrimfst da tli edsmussdja ri`ftie tj tli simjae risifrml quistdja, sii

V7 ; Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Kjuraf` Dhpfmtda tliDatrjeumtdja.

Fs sljwa daNdburi pirdje mjrrispjaes tj tli damrifsi da IM pfpir jutput. Datiristdab`y, da 7332, < gy 7367. Uli pifo da 7334 ds fmmjuatie njr gy f sdab`i frtdm`i, Hiedf

@ibdtdhfmy Fae Mjrpjrfti Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja, wldml riprisiats tli ldblist

mdtie frtdm`i da tli eftfgfsi wdtl f tjtf` jn 6=> B]Ms, fs sljwa daUfg`i 5.

Uli ajrhf`dzie mdtftdja hitrdms (HMs/TS fae B]Ms/TS) ti`` f ednniriat stjry.Ndburi

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

damrifsdab vf`uis njr FJK. Ljwivir, tli `fttir triae, d.i., eimrifsdab vf`uis njr tli aiw IM

kjuraf`, daedmftis tlft dt ds da f ejwawfre spdrf` jn drri`ivfamy njr rifsjas uaoajwa. Fs stftie

privdjus`y, f ednniriat njrh jn davistdbftdja wju`e gi riqudrie tj eitirhdai mfusf` vfrdfg`is.

Kjuraf`s - Hitrdms

Aixt, wi hjvi tj tli davistdbftdja jn mdtftdja pfttiras ft tli kjuraf`-`ivi`.Ufg`i

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

muhu`ftdvi pfpir mjuat rifmlis 7>9, d.i. pfst kjuraf` rfao 66, ixfmt`y wliri tli muhu`ftdvi

kjuraf` mjuat (r3) iquf`s 73. Da tli mjri zjai, tli muhu ftdvi pfpir mjuats fri s`dblt`y ldblir

tlfa wju`e gi ixpimtie da tli ndrst niw kjuraf` rfaos fae tlia s`dblt`y `jwir tlfa tli deif` da

tli rihfdaeir jn tli mjri zjai. Uli muhu`ftdvi pfpir mjuats da tli aja-mjri zjai fri f`sj

s`dblt`y `jwir tlfa tli deif` Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja priedmts. Ulds pfttira daedmftis tlft prdjr tj

7336 tli IM `dtirfturi wfs jvirmjamiatrftie da tli tjp tlrii kjuraf`s;Wdso Faf`ysds,

Datiraftdjaf` Kjuraf` jn Hfss Ihirbiamdis fae Edsfstirs, fae tliKjuraf` jn Mjhhuadmftdja.

Njr tli pirdje fntir 7336, tli mj``imtie eftf prisiatie da tli ndburi (g`ui) edvirbis nrjh tli

deif` Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja (briia) wdtlda tli mjri zjai. Njr tlds eftf sit tli mjri zjai

ixtiaes tj tli tldre eftf pjdat (kjuraf` rfao 8 =) wliri tli muhu`ftdvi pfpir mjuat rifmlis 92.

]dami tli tjtf` auhgir jn frtdm`is da hy eftf sit (659) ds huml `iss tlfa tli tjtf` auhgir jn

frtdm`is da tli eftf sit mj``imtie gy S`ifsfat it f`. (639). Da feedtdja, ua`doi tli privdjus

eftf sit, tli muhu`ftdvi pfpir mjuats fri ldblir tlfa tli deif` Grfenjre edstrdgutdja njr tli

nu`` ixtiat jn tli mjri zjai fae up tj kjuraf` rfao 9, wliri tli twj murvis hiit. Ulds pfttira

daedmftis tlft fntir 7336, tli IM `dtirfturi wfs jvirmjamiatrftie da tli tjp njur kjuraf`s;

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja, ]mdiami Mjhhuadmftdja,Kfpfa Ufppd Kjuraf`, fae tli

Datiraftdjaf` Mjhhuadmftdja Bfzitti. Ulds risu`t daedmftis tlft tliri hfy gi rjjh njr tli

datrjeumtdja jn fajtlir mjri IM kjuraf` tj edstrdguti tli kjuraf` frtdm`is da f hjri deif`

edstrdgutdja. F sdhd`fr mjam`usdja wfs rifmlie da f ritrjspimtdvi Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja

faf`ysds jn tli ndi`e jn Danjrhitrdms (Hfyr & Yhstttir 7332). Da tlds mfsi, dt wju`e prjgfg`ygi gist tj wfdt njr tli ndi`e tj hfturi tj tli pjdat wliri f aiw kjuraf` ds aimissfry, rftlir tlfa

sdhp`y pjssdg`i.

Rjre Nriquiamy

Uli ndaf` edhiasdja jn faf`ysds davj`vis wjre nriquiamdis da frtdm`i tdt`is fae fgstrfmts. Uli

futljr feeriss risu`ts wiri prisiatie privdjus`y da tliFutljrs - Bijbrfplysugsimtdja, sj

tliy fri ajt edsmussie da tlds sugsimtdja. Uli wjre nriquiamy faf`ysds wfs mjaeumtie

nj``jwdab tli prjmieuris jut`daie daEftf Faf`ysds Rjre Nriquiamy.Uli risu`ts jn tli

tdt`i ndi`e faf`ysds fri sljwa daUfg`i 67faeNdburi 69,wld`i tli risu`ts jn tli fgstrfmt ndi`e

faf`ysds fri prjvdeie daUfg`i 6=faeNdburi 6>.Uli wjre m`jues sljwa da tli ndburis

dam`uei f`` tli tirhs da tli tfg`is, fs tliy fri gfsie ja tli sfhi wjre nriquiamy faf`ysds, fae

fri dam`ueie liri fs vdsuf` fdes.

Uli ldbl-nriquiamy wjre `dsts sljwa daUfg`i 67faeUfg`i 6=lfvi 6< wjres da mjhhja,

dam`uedab tli nj``jwdab sivia wjres, wldml fri f`` wdtlda tli tjp 63 wjres da gjtl tfg`is;

mlfabi, m`dhfti, danjrhftdja, hiedf, pug`dm, risifrml, fae stuey. Fs tlisi sivia wjres fri

tljsi hjst `doi`y tj gi njuae da gjtl frtdm`i tdt`is fae fgstrfmts, tliy wju`e siih tj riprisiat

tli hjst mjhhja mjamipts da tli mj``imtie gdg`djbrfply. Uli iavdrjahiatf` tirh m`dhfti

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

mlfabifmmjuats njr tli hfkjrdty jn dastfamis jn tli twj mjastdtuiat tirhs, d.i., m`dhftifae

mlfabi, fs dt ds njuae da 66 tdt`is (7 tdhis da tli fgstrfmts, fae =7 tdhis,

dt ds prindxie gy tli tirh iavdrjahiatf`. Uli mjhhja wjres iairby, hfafbihiat, aiwfae

smdiamijmmur wdtl rjubl`y tli sfhi nriquiamy (=5-=4 tdhis) da tli fgstrfmts, fs sljwa da

Ufg`i 6=.Uli `fst twj mjhhja wjres rdsofae sustfdafgd`dtylfvi tli `jwist nriquiamy jn

tli 6< hjst mjhhja wjres.

D ajw mjhpfri tli wjre nriquiamy risu`ts wdtl sdhd`fr danjrhftdja nrjh S`ifsfat it f`. (7337,

p.735, Ufg`i 5 ). Mjhpfrdab tli wjres njuae da frtdm`i tdt`is, tliri fri 64 aiw wjres daUfg`i

67dam`uedab; m`dhfti, mlfabi, mjrpjrfti, mrdsds, risifrml, iairby, ripjrtdabfae wfsti.

Ulisi aiw wjres hfy rin`imt rdsdab triaes da IM risifrml. ]dhd`fr`y, idblt wjres fri hdssdab

nrjhUfg`i 67;sjmdf`, afturi, mjhhuadty, mjvirfbi, imj`jbdmf`, pj`dmy, lif`tl, fae hfss.

Ulisi wjres hfy rin`imt nfedab triaes da IM risifrml.Ufg`i 67mjatfdas 69 wjres damjhhja wdtl tli privdjus stuey gy S`ifsfat it f`. (7337, p.735, Ufg`i 5 ). Uli nj``jwdab

tlrii mjhhja wjres ixpirdiamie tli `frbist rfao damrifsi; stuey(+6=), hfafbihiat(+4),

fae danjrhftdja(+9). Uli nj``jwdab njur mjhhja wjres ixpirdiamie tli `frbist rfao

eimrifsi; rdso(-76), eivi`jphiat(-69), smdiami(-6=) fae aiws(-66). Ulisi hjvihiats da

wjre-nriquiamy rfaodab hfy f`sj pjdat tj rdsdab fae nfedab triaes da IM risifrml.

F`tiraftdvi`y, sjhi jn tlisi risu`ts hdblt f`sj gi ixp`fdaie gy ednniriamis da tli eftf

mj``imtdja hitljej`jbdis. Njr ixfhp`i, tli `frbi eimrifsi da tfg`i rfao njr tli tdt`i wjre rdso,

mfa gi ixp`fdaie gy tli briftir auhgir jn frtdm`is (5

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Mjam`usdjas

IM Wisifrml

Uli tjpdm jn tlds tlisds pfpir ds Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml da tli 76stMiatury.

Fs eindaie da tli@dtirfturi Wivdiw,Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM) fpp`dis

mjhhuadmftdja tlijry tj iavdrjahiatf` dssuis. D lfvi sljwa tlft IM risifrml ds f rfpde`y

brjwdab ndi`e prfmtdmie gy fa datiredsmdp`dafry mjhhuadty jn fmfeihdms ja f b`jgf` smf`i. Uli

njrihjst pug`dmftdjas dam`uei tli prjmiiedabs jn tli gd-faauf` Mjaniriami ja Mjhhuadmftdja

fae tli Iavdrjahiat (MJMI)66faeIavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja; F Kjuraf` jn Afturi fae

Mu`turi, wdtl tli `fttir pug`dmftdja gidab f hfkjr njmus jn tlds pfpir.

Gdg`djhitrdms

Gdg`djhitrdm hitljes fri qufatdtftdvi da afturi fae mfa tlirinjri gi fpp`die mjhpriliasdvi`y,

mjhp`ihiatfrd`y fae dhpfrtdf``y. Gdg`djhitrdm stuedis f`sj ri`y ja fmmurfti eftf sjurmis,

mjrrimt faf`ysds fae datirpritftdja, fae fa fuediami wdtl sunndmdiat auhirfmy tj datirprit tli

risu`ts. Njr hjri ja tlds tjpdm sii tliGdg`djhitrdmssugsimtdja jn tli@dtirfturi Wivdiw.

Ulds pfpir `ivirfbie Gdg`djhitrdm hitljes da fa faf`ysds jn IM risifrml frtdm`is mj``imtie

nrjh tli ]mjpus fae Rig jn Oajw`iebi mdtftdja eftfgfsis. Ulisi hitljes wiri si`imtie da

`diu jn pirnjrhdab f trfedtdjaf` `dtirfturi rivdiw, fs eismrdgie da tli datrjeumtdja tj tli

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja (IM)sugsimtdja jn tli@dtirfturi Wivdiw.

IM Wisifrml Eftf

Fs eismrdgie da tliEftf Mj``imtdjasugsimtdja jnWisu`ts,tli si`imtie oiywjre sifrml

hitlje fmldivie f 49% rfti jn fmmurfmy fae fa istdhftie ydi`e jn 9

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

IM Wisifrml Brjwtl

Eurdab tli stuey pirdje (7336-7367), IM risifrml briw rfpde`y fs hifsurie gy tli damrifsi da

tjtf` pfpir jutput. Uli fvirfbi faauf` brjwtl rfti njr tlds pirdje wfs =6%, wldml ds aifr`y

deiatdmf` tj tli =7% faauf` rfti jn brjwtl nrjh 64-7332, fae tlia

s`jwie nrjh 733

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

pfpirs `iaes mrieiami tj tlds ajtdja. Ulds risu`t f`sj nu`nd``s tli ixpimtftdja tlft ja`y f niw

futljrs wju`e mjatrdguti hu`tdp`i frtdm`is, fs hiatdjaie da tli edsmussdja ri`ftie tj tli ndrst

risifrml quistdja (V6 ; Wimiat Uriaes da Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja).

Bijbrfpldm futljrsldp pfttiras fri prisiatie fae ixp`fdaie da tliFutljrs - Bijbrfply

sugsimtdja jnWisu`ts.Uli hfkjrdty jn IM futljrs fri `jmftie da tli Yadtie ]tftis fae

prdhfrd`y da wistira ]tftis, fs sljwa daNdburi 64.Fs sljwa daNdburi 6.Mjavirsi`y, ja`y 6= IM frtdm`is (4% jn tjtf`) rimidvie hjri

tlfa tia mdtftdjas (HMs), fs sljwa daUfg`i 9.Uli tdhi ajrhf`dzie mdtftdja hitrdms (HMs/TSfae B]Ms/TS) edsp`fy f sdhd`fr pfttira tj tli rfw mdtftdja mjuat hitrdms. Ulisi risu`ts fri ajt

uaixpimtie fs tliy mjanjrh tj tli ajrhf` soiwie pfttira njr gdg`djhitrdm eftf, fs edsmussie

da tliSjwir @fws Gdg`djhitrdm Eftf Edstrdgutdjas sugsimtdja jn tli@dtirfturi Wivdiw.

Uli ldblist smjrdab frtdm`is da tirhs jn B]Ms/TS fae HMs/TS, fri sljwa daUfg`i >fae

Ufg`i 2rispimtdvi`y. Dt siihs tlft hjri rimiat frtdm`is lfvi f ldbl dhpfmt, fs hifsurie gy

tli faauf`dzie rfti gy wldml tlisi frtdm`is fmmrui mdtftdjas, sdami tliri fri aj frtdm`is

pug`dslie prdjr tj 733> da tlisi twj tfg`is.Ndburi

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

erjppdab tj f `jw jn kust 2% gy 7366. Ulds subbists tlft tli quf`dty jn kjuraf` mjatiat f`sj

erjppie eurdab tli ndrst sdx yifrs jn pug`dmftdja fae/jr tli kjuraf` sunnirie nrjh pjjr

hfafbihiat jr eim`dadab datirist eurdab tlds pirdje. Ulds rfpde`y eim`dadab mdtftdja dhpfmt njr

tli aiw IM kjuraf` ds fa uaixpimtie risu`t tlft wfrrfats nurtlir stuey.

IM Wisifrml Kjuraf`s

Mdtftdja hitrdms wiri f`sj usie tj faf`yzi kjuraf` dhpfmt, fs eismrdgie da tliKjuraf`s -

Hitrdmssugsimtdja jn tliWisu`ts.Uli aiw IM kjuraf` (Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja) ds

tli tjp kjuraf` da tirhs jn tjtf` mdtftdjas wdtl 6=5 HMs, fs sljwa daUfg`i

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Drjadmf``y, jvir tli pfst niw yifrs, D lfvi `ifraie huml hjri fgjut Gdg`djhitrdm hitljes

tlfa tli Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja tjpdm, sdami tli@dtirfturi Wivdiwwfs njmusie ja

tlds hitljej`jby. D f`sj `ifraie tlft mjhpd`dab fmmurfti eftfsits ds gjtl vdtf` fae `fgjrdjus

wjro. Gisdeis tlds, D `ifraie tlft fevfamie gdg`djhitrdm hitljes, suml fs mj-mdtftdja faf`ysds,

fri jut jn rifml njr ajvdmi risifrmlirs suml fs hysi`n, eui tj tli stiip `ifradab murvi

davj`vie fae tli `fmo jn nuamtdjaf` sjntwfri tjj`s.

Nrjh f pirsjaf` pirspimtdvi, D njuae tlft D aiie tdblt eife`dais tj fmldivi hfxdhuh

prjeumtdvdty, d.i., tlft D tiae tj prjmrfstdafti dn bdvia tli mlfami. F`tljubl D iakjy risifrml

fae faf`ysds, D eds`doi fmfeihdm wrdtdab eui tj tli rdbde njrhfttdab riqudrihiats fae jtlir

mjaviatdjas. Da tirhs jn hy prjnissdjaf` prfmtdmi, D mfaajt sii huml vf`ui da tlds tlisds wjro,

ua`iss D pursui fmfeihdm wrdtdab, wldml ds ua`doi`y. @jjodab njrwfre, D fh std`` datiristie da

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja fae Eftf Faf`ysds fs twj pjssdg`i mfriir pftls. Ulds tlisds

wjro hfy std`` prjvi vf`ufg`i dn D eimdei tj pursui jai jn tlisi jptdjas da tli nuturi.

0 =7 1

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Gdg`djbrfply

Faers, Faf (7334). Hifsurdab Fmfeihdm Wisifrml; Ljw tj Yaeirtfoi f Gdg`djhitrdm ]tuey. Jxnjre;

Mlfaejs Sug`dsldab.

Gfraitt, Bijrbi F., it f`. (7366). Mdtftdjas fhjab mjhhuadmftdja kjuraf`s fae jtlir edsmdp`dais; Faitwjro faf`ysds. ]mdiatjhitrdms, 4.

Gkurstrh, Sitir (7366). Ja tli Ysi jn Gdg`djhitrdms njr Ejhfda Faf`ysds; F stuey jn tli Fmfeihdm

Ndi`e jn Sj`dtdmf` ]mdiami da Iurjpi. _Ja`daiX.HF @dgrfry fae Danjrhftdja ]mdiami, Eipfrthiat jn F@H,

Yppsf`f Yadvirsdty. Fvfd`fg`i nrjh;lttp;//uu.edvf-pjrtf`.jrb/shfsl/rimjre.ksn:pde8edvf7;575>94.

Mfatrd``, K. B. (7366). Eipfrthiat Life, Mjhhuadmftdja ]tuedis, Ajrtlira Hdmldbfa Yadvirsdty.

Iavdrjahiatf` mjhhuadmftdja risifrml triaes. 2 Kuai. Sirsjaf` mjhhuadmftdja gy ihfd`.

Mjx, W. (7334). Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja fae tli Sug`dm ]pliri. ]FBI Sug`dmftdjas.

Mjx, Wjgirt (7332). Afturi's "Mrdsds Edsmdp`dais"; Ejis Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Lfvi fa Itldmf`

Euty: Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja-f Kjuraf` jn Afturi fae Mu`turi, 6 (6), 9-73.

Ei Gi``ds, Admj`f (7334). Gdg`djhitrdms fae Mdtftdja Faf`ysds. ]mfrimrjw Sriss.

Ei ]juzf, Mrdstdaf Bjhis fae Gfrgfstinfaj, Wfnfi` Bfrmdf (7366). Oajw`iebi ednnusdja fae

mj``fgjrftdja aitwjros ja dni mym`i fssisshiat. Uli Datiraftdjaf` Kjuraf` jn @dni Mym`i Fssisshiat, 6>

(>), 9>6-9>.

Bfrndi`e, I. (64

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

@idhoul`ir, Niredafae N. (64>2). Uli Grfenjre Edstrdgutdja.Kjuraf` jn Ejmuhiatftdja, 7= (=), 642-

732.

@divrjuw, @ifl F. (64 (9), >69->7

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Fppiaedx F

Ufg`i 6 ; Futljr Mjuat (F#) ]tftdstdms

726 UJUF@

6.%

9 = 7.6%

> = 7.6%

Ndburi 5 ; Fvirfbi Futljr Mjuats (F#) gy Tifr

Ndburi 9 ; Auhgir jn Sfpirs gy Futljr Mjuat (F#) fae gy Tifr

6.79

6.93

6.3

7.39

6.5

7336 7337 733= 7335 7339 733> 7332 733< 7334 7363 7366 7367

3

7

5

>

7332 733< 7334 7363 7366 7367

6 7 = 5 9 >

6

95%7

7=%

=66%

5

7%

Ndburi = ; Futljr Mjuat (F#) Edstrdgutdja

0 =9 1

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ufg`i 7 ; Hjst Srjeumtdvi Futljrs

Futljr Auhgir

jn

Frtdm`is

l-daeix Fnnd`dftdja Mdty ]tfti Mjuatry

Kjlasja,

Grfaeia G. = 66 Eimdsdja Wisifrml Iubiai JW Y]F

Sitirsja,

Ufr`f Wfd = 4

Uixfs F fae H Yadvirsdty, Eipfrthiat jn

Rd`e`dni fae Ndslirdis ]mdiamis

Mj``ibi

]tftdja U\ Y]F

Hd`stida,

Uihf = 5

Yadvirsdty jn Aiw Hixdmj, Eipfrthiat jn

Mjhhuadmftdja fae Kjuraf`dsh F`guquirqui AH Y]F

Wiusswdb, N. 7 9 Sjtsefh Dastdtut nur O`dhfnj`bianjrsmluab Sjtsefh - Birhfay

Lfrt, Sld`dp

]j`jhja 7 5

Yadvirsdty Hdmldbfa Faa Frgjr, Eipfrthiat

jn Mjhhuadmftdja ]tuedis Faa Frgjr HD Y]F

Iaeris,

Efadi``i 7 5

Yadvirsdty jn Ytfl, Eipfrthiat jn

Mjhhuadmftdja ]f`t @foi Mdty YU Y]F

Siip`is,

Kiaadnir F. 7 =

Ytfl ]tfti Yadvirsdty, Eipfrthiat jn

@fabufbis, Sld`jsjply, fae ]piiml

Mjhhuadmftdja @jbfa YU Y]F

@jeldf, ].O. 7 =

Yadvirsdty jn ]jutl Fustrf`df, Miatri njr

Fmmjuatdab, Bjvirafami fae ]ustfdafgd`dty Fei`fdei Fustrf`df

Mfrja,

Wjsihfry H. 7 7

Yadvirsdty jn Aiw Lfhspldri Eurlfh,

Eipfrthiat jn Lif`tl Hfafbihiat fae

Sj`dmy Eurlfh AL Y]F

M`froi,

Urfmy`ii 7 6

Mf`dnjradf ]tfti Yadvirsdty, Eipfrthiat jn

Mjhhuadmftdja - MF Y]F

Gisi`,

Wdmlfre 7 6

Mf`dnjradf Sj`ytimladm ]tfti Yadvirsdty, ]fa

@uds Jgdspj, Mjhhuadmftdja ]tuedis

Eipfrthiat

]fa @uds

Jgdspj MF Y]F

]prfda, @ifl 7 6

Yadvirsdty jn Mj`jrfej ft Gju`eir,

Eipfrthiat jn Mjhhuadmftdja Gju`eir MJ Y]F

]mlwfrzi,

]tivi 7 6

Yadvirsdty jn Hjatfaf, Eipfrthiat jn

Mjhhuadmftdja ]tuedis Hdssju`f HU Y]F

Odasi``f,

Rd``dfh K. 7 6 Ajrtl Mfrj`daf ]tfti Yadvirsdty Wf`idbl AM Y]F

Sdidrj, M. 7 6

Yadvirsdefe Futajhf ei Hferde,

Eipfrtfhiatj ei Imj`jbdf Hferde - ]pfda

Efz, H. K. 7 6

Yadvirsdefe Futajhf ei Hferde,

Eipfrtfhiatj ei Imj`jbdf Hferde - ]pfda

Ufg`i = ; Mdtftdja ]tftdstdms

Hfx Mdtftdjas (HMs) Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas (B]Ms) 8 B]Ms / HMs

659 MJYAU JN Hfx Mdtftdjas 659 MJYAU JN B]Ms

966 ]YH jn Hfx Mdtftdjas 66=7 ]YH jn B]Ms

=.97 F^IWFBI jn Hfx Mdtftdjas 2..5= ]UEI^ jn Hfx Mdtftdjas 69.7= ]UEI^ jn B]Ms 7.=2

HMs/TS B]Ms/TS 8 B]Ms / HMs

659 MJYAU JN HMs / TS 659 MJYAU JN B]Ms / TS66< ]YH jn HMs / TS 74> ]YH jn B]Ms / TS

3. ]UEI^ jn HMs / TS =.47 ]UEI^ jn B]Ms / TS 7.> ; Sfpirs Brjupie gy Mdtftdja Wfabis

Ndburi 2 ; Sfpirs Brjupie gy Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie (TS) Wfabis

54

5=

76

7

92

6=

5

9

5

3 63 73 =3 53 93 >3 23

3 jr AF

6-9

>-63

66-69

6>-73

173

# JN SFSIW]

MDUFUDJA]

Hfx Mdtftdjas (HMs)

Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas (B]Ms)

54

77

=3

6>

5

66

7

66

>7

5

3 63 73 =3 53 93 >3 23

3 jr AF

06.3

07.3

0=.3

05.3

09.3

0>.3

18>.3

# JN SFSIW]

MDUFUDJA]/TS

HMs / TS B]Ms / TS

0 =2 1

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ufg`i 5 ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist B]Ms (Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas)

Udt`i ST Kjuraf`

Mdtie Gy

(]mjpus)

Udhis Mdtie

(RjO)

Hfx

Mdtftdjas

(HMs) HMs / TS

Bjjb`i

]mlj`fr

Mdtftdjas

(B]Ms) B]Ms / TS

Hiedf ibdtdhfmy fae mjrpjrfti iavdrjahiatf` mjhhuadmftdja 7334

Fmmjuatdab

Jrbfadzftdjas fae

]jmdity

=> =7 => 4.33 6=4 =5.29

Uli sjnt sdei jn imjeisdba 733>Kjuraf` jn M`ifair

Srjeumtdja57 7< 57 >.33 29 63.26

Nrjh Iavdrjahiatf` Mfhpfdbas tj Fevfamdab tli Sug`dm Edf`jb;

Iavdrjahiatf Mjhhuadmftdja njr Mdvdm Iabfbihiat7363

Iavdrjahiatf`

Mjhhuadmftdja6< 6= 6< >.33 5> 69.==

Mjrpjrfti iavdrjahiatf` ripjrtdab hiedf; F mfsi njr tli Rjr`e Rdei

Rig7335

I`imtrjadm Briia

Kjuraf`67 67 6.== =4 5.==

Ivf`uftdab tli innimts jn deij`jby ja pug`dm uaeirstfaedab jn m`dhfti

mlfabi smdiami; Ljw tj dhprjvi mjhhuadmftdja fmrjss deij`jbdmf`edvdeis:

7363Sug`dm Yaeirstfaedab

jn ]mdiami 6< 6= 6< >.33 =7 63.>2

Ljw stfaefre ds stfaefredzie HAM b`jgf` iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdja:7332

Kjuraf` jn Gusdaiss

Itldms4 4 4 6.93 =7 9.==

Sirnjrhdab Mrdtdmf` Datirruptdjas; ]tjrdis, Wlitjrdmf` Daviatdja, fae tli

Iavdrjahiatf` Kustdmi Hjvihiat7336

Ristira Kjuraf` jn

Mjhhuadmftdja62 6= 62 6.57 =7 7.>2

Fa ixp`jrftdja jn mjrpjrfti fttdtueis tj tli sdbadndmfami jn

iavdrjahiatf` danjrhftdja njr stfoilj`eirs733=

Mjrpjrfti ]jmdf`

Wispjasdgd`dty fae

Iavdrjahiatf`

Hfafbihiat

73 73 7.33 74 7.43

Iavdrjahiatf hfafbihiat fmmjuatdab; F mfsi stuey risifrml ja

daajvftdvi strftiby733>

Kjuraf` jn Gusdaiss

Itldms63 < 63 6.5= 7< 5.33

Mjasuhir dan`uiami ja datirait-gfsie mjrpjrfti mjhhuadmftdja jn

iavdrjahiatf` fmtdvdtdis; Uli YO njje simtjr7339 Grdtdsl Njje Kjuraf` 4 4 6.6= 79 =.6=

Ixp`jrdab timladmf` fae mu`turf` fppif`s da strftibdm rdso mjhhuadmftdja;

Uli Niraf`e rfeduh mfsi733= Wdso Faf`ysds 4 2 4 3.43 79 7.93

]tipwdsi iavdrjahiatf` prjeumt eim`frftdjas; tia ]HI mfsi stuedis 733 6.>3 76 7.63

Jai jr Hfay: Uli Dan`uiami jn Ipdsjedm fae Ulihftdm M`dhfti Mlfabi

Nrfhis ja Sj`dmy Sriniriamis fae Daedvdeuf` Gilfvdjr Mlfabi7366

]mdiami

Mjhhuadmftdja9 5 9 7.93 73 63.33

0 =< 1

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ufg`i 9 ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist HMs (Hfxdhuh Mdtftdjas)

Udt`i ST Kjuraf`

Mdtie Gy

(]mjpus)

Udhis Mdtie

(RjO)

Hfx

Mdtftdjas

(HMs) HMs / TS

Bjjb`i

]mlj`fr

Mdtftdjas

(B]Ms) B]Ms / TS

Uli sjnt sdei jn imjeisdba 733>Kjuraf` jn M`ifair

Srjeumtdja57 7< 57 >.33 29 63.26

Hiedf ibdtdhfmy fae mjrpjrfti iavdrjahiatf` mjhhuadmftdja 7334

Fmmjuatdab

Jrbfadzftdjas fae

]jmdity

=> =7 => 4.33 6=4 =5.29

Afturi's "Mrdsds Edsmdp`dais"; Ejis Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Lfvi fa

Itldmf` Euty:7332

Iavdrjahiatf`

Mjhhuadmftdja74 74 5..33 5> 69.==

Ivf`uftdab tli innimts jn deij`jby ja pug`dm uaeirstfaedab jn m`dhfti

mlfabi smdiami; Ljw tj dhprjvi mjhhuadmftdja fmrjss deij`jbdmf`

edvdeis:

7363Sug`dm Yaeirstfaedab

jn ]mdiami6< 6= 6< >.33 =7 63.>2

Sirnjrhdab Mrdtdmf` Datirruptdjas; ]tjrdis, Wlitjrdmf` Daviatdja, fae tli

Iavdrjahiatf` Kustdmi Hjvihiat7336

Ristira Kjuraf` jn

Mjhhuadmftdja62 6= 62 6.57 =7 7.>2

Mjhhuadmftdab fdr quf`dty danjrhftdja; Ixpirdhiatf` ivf`uftdja jn

f`tiraftdvi njrhfts733= Wdso Faf`ysds 6> 6> 6> 6.>3 76 7.63

Mjrpjrfti iavdrjahiatf` ripjrtdab hiedf; F mfsi njr tli Rjr`e Rdei

Rig7335

I`imtrjadm Briia

Kjuraf`67 67 6.== =4 5.==

Mjhhuadmftdja, hiedf fae iavdrjahiat; Ujwfres rimjaaimtdab risifrml

ja tli prjeumtdja, mjatiat fae sjmdf` dhp`dmftdjas jn iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdja

7366

Datiraftdjaf`

Mjhhuadmftdja

Bfzitti

67 67 >.33 76 63.93

Udppdab Sjdat Njriwfradabs da M`dhfti Mlfabi Mjhhuadmftdja; ]jhi

Dhp`dmftdjas jn fa Ihirbdab Uriae733 Kjuraf` jn GusdaissItldms

63 < 63 6.5= 7< 5.33

]tipwdsi iavdrjahiatf` prjeumt eim`frftdjas; tia ]HI mfsi stuedis 733 ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist B]Ms/TS (Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie)

Udt`i ST Kjuraf`

Mdtie Gy

(]mjpus)

Udhis Mdtie

(RjO)

Hfx

Mdtftdjas

(HMs) HMs / TS

Bjjb`i

]mlj`fr

Mdtftdjas

(B]Ms) B]Ms / TS

Hiedf ibdtdhfmy fae mjrpjrfti iavdrjahiatf mjhhuadmftdja 7334

Fmmjuatdab

Jrbfadzftdjas fae

]jmdity

=> =7 => 4.33 6=4 =5.29

Bj briia! ]lju`e iavdrjahiatf` hissfbis gi sj fssirtdvi: 7367 Kjuraf` jn Hfroitdab 7 7 7.33 6> 6>.33

Nrjh Iavdrjahiatf` Mfhpfdbas tj Fevfamdab tli Sug`dm Edf`jb;

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja njr Mdvdm Iabfbihiat7363

Iavdrjahiatf`

Mjhhuadmftdja6< 6= 6< >.33 5> 69.==

Uli sjnt sdei jn imjeisdba 733>Kjuraf` jn M`ifair

Srjeumtdja57 7< 57 >.33 29 63.26

Ivf`uftdab tli innimts jn deij`jby ja pug`dm uaeirstfaedab jn m`dhfti

mlfabi smdiami; Ljw tj dhprjvi mjhhuadmftdja fmrjss deij`jbdmf`edvdeis:

7363

Sug`dm Yaeirstfaedab

jn ]mdiami 6< 6= 6< >.33 =7 63.>2

Mjhhuadmftdja, hiedf fae iavdrjahiat; Ujwfres rimjaaimtdab risifrml

ja tli prjeumtdja, mjatiat fae sjmdf` dhp`dmftdjas jn iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdja

7366

Datiraftdjaf`

Mjhhuadmftdja

Bfzitti

67 67 >.33 76 63.93

Srjhdsmujus mjrrjgjrftdja fae m`dhfti mlfabi trfas`ftdja; F mfsi stuey

nrjh tli Hfrslf`` Ds`faes7367

B`jgf` Iavdrjahiatf

Mlfabi-Luhfa fae

Sj`dmy Edhiasdjas

> 5 > >.33 63 63.33

Jai jr Hfay: Uli Dan`uiami jn Ipdsjedm fae Ulihftdm M`dhfti Mlfabi

Nrfhis ja Sj`dmy Sriniriamis fae Daedvdeuf` Gilfvdjr Mlfabi7366

]mdiami

Mjhhuadmftdja9 5 9 7.93 73 63.33

Ufg`i 2 ; Frtdm`is wdtl Ldblist HMs/TS (Hfx Mdtftdjas / Tifrs Sug`dslie)

Udt`i ST Kjuraf`

Mdtie Gy

(]mjpus)

Udhis Mdtie

(RjO)

Hfx

Mdtftdjas

(HMs) HMs / TS

Bjjb`i

]mlj`fr

Mdtftdjas

(B]Ms) B]Ms / TS

Hiedf ibdtdhfmy fae mjrpjrfti iavdrjahiatf mjhhuadmftdja 7334

Fmmjuatdab

Jrbfadzftdjas fae

]jmdity

=> =7 => 4.33 6=4 =5.29

Nrjh Iavdrjahiatf` Mfhpfdbas tj Fevfamdab tli Sug`dm Edf`jb;

Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja njr Mdvdm Iabfbihiat7363

Iavdrjahiatf`

Mjhhuadmftdja6< 6= 6< >.33 5> 69.==

Uli sjnt sdei jn imjeisdba 733>Kjuraf` jn M`ifair

Srjeumtdja57 7< 57 >.33 29 63.26

Ivf`uftdab tli innimts jn deij`jby ja pug`dm uaeirstfaedab jn m`dhfti

mlfabi smdiami; Ljw tj dhprjvi mjhhuadmftdja fmrjss deij`jbdmf`

edvdeis:

7363Sug`dm Yaeirstfaedab

jn ]mdiami6< 6= 6< >.33 =7 63.>2

Mjhhuadmftdja, hiedf fae iavdrjahiat; Ujwfres rimjaaimtdab risifrml

ja tli prjeumtdja, mjatiat fae sjmdf` dhp`dmftdjas jn iavdrjahiatf`

mjhhuadmftdja

7366

Datiraftdjaf`

Mjhhuadmftdja

Bfzitti

67 67 >.33 76 63.93

Srjhdsmujus mjrrjgjrftdja fae m`dhfti mlfabi trfas`ftdja; F mfsi stuey

nrjh tli Hfrslf`` Ds`faes7367

B`jgf` Iavdrjahiatf

Mlfabi-Luhfa fae

Sj`dmy Edhiasdjas

> 5 > >.33 63 63.33

0 53 1

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F Gdg`djhitrdm Faf`ysds jn Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Wisifrml njr tli 76st Miatury

Ndburi < ; Sfpirs fae Mdtftdjas (F`` Kjuraf`s)

Ndburi 4 ; Sfpirs fae Mdtftdjas (Iavdrjahiatf` Mjhhuadmftdja Kjuraf`)

Ndburi 63 ; Sfpirs fae Bjjb`i ]mlj`fr Mdtftdjas (F`` Kjuraf`s)

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