a beryllium material test experiment at cern hiradmat ... · proton beam energy: 440 gev max....
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A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
P. Hurh1, B. Hartsell1, B. Zwaska1, K. Ammigan1, C. Densham2, A. Atherton2,M. Fitton2, J. O’Dell2, T. Davenne2, P. Loveridge2, O. Caretta2, S. Roberts3,
V. Kuksenko3, M. Calviani4, R. Losito4
1Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryBatavia, IL 60510, USA
2STFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
3University of OxfordOxford, OX1 3PH, UK
4CERNCH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
9th International Workshop on Neutrino Beams and InstrumentationSeptember 23-26, 2014
Fermilab
1 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Outline
Motivation and objectives of experiment
Overview of HiRadMat facility
Experimental specifications
Numerical simulations
Design overview and test matrix
Online instrumentation
Post-Irradiation-Examination (PIE) techniques
Experiment status and conclusions
2 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Motivation and objectives
Motivation: To help successfully design and reliably operate berylliumwindows and targets for future high intensity particle acceleratorfacilities, by identifying failure mechanisms of beryllium under highintensity beam conditions
Objectives+ explore the onset of failure modes of various beryllium grades under
controlled conditions at very high localized strain rates and temperatures
+ identify potential thermal shock limits of different beryllium grades
+ compare experimental measurements to highly non-lineardamage/failure numerical simulations for validation of material models
3 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Motivation and objectives
Motivation: To help successfully design and reliably operate berylliumwindows and targets for future high intensity particle acceleratorfacilities, by identifying failure mechanisms of beryllium under highintensity beam conditions
Objectives+ explore the onset of failure modes of various beryllium grades under
controlled conditions at very high localized strain rates and temperatures
+ identify potential thermal shock limits of different beryllium grades
+ compare experimental measurements to highly non-lineardamage/failure numerical simulations for validation of material models
3 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Motivation and objectives
Motivation: To help successfully design and reliably operate berylliumwindows and targets for future high intensity particle acceleratorfacilities, by identifying failure mechanisms of beryllium under highintensity beam conditions
Objectives+ explore the onset of failure modes of various beryllium grades under
controlled conditions at very high localized strain rates and temperatures
+ identify potential thermal shock limits of different beryllium grades
+ compare experimental measurements to highly non-lineardamage/failure numerical simulations for validation of material models
3 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Motivation and objectives
Motivation: To help successfully design and reliably operate berylliumwindows and targets for future high intensity particle acceleratorfacilities, by identifying failure mechanisms of beryllium under highintensity beam conditions
Objectives+ explore the onset of failure modes of various beryllium grades under
controlled conditions at very high localized strain rates and temperatures
+ identify potential thermal shock limits of different beryllium grades
+ compare experimental measurements to highly non-lineardamage/failure numerical simulations for validation of material models
3 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
CERN’s HiRadMat facility
Proton beam energy: 440 GeV
Max. intensity: 4.9×1013 ppp (288 bunches of 1.7×1011 ppb)
Pulse length: 7.2 µs
1σ beam radius: 0.1 - 2.0 mm
4 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
HiRadMat experimental area
3 experimental test stands
Remote installation of experimental tables
’Single-shot’ experiments with annual limit ∼1016 pot
5 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
HiRadMat target area
6 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experimental specifications
Investigate beryllium windows/cylinders response to
increasing proton beam intensityå 72, 144, 216, 288 bunches
varying window thicknesseså 0.25, 0.75, 2 mm
different beryllium grades/formså PF-60, S-65F (VHP), S-200F (VHP), S-200FH (HIP)
multiple beam pulseså 3 pulses of 144 bunches
elastic/plastic stress waveså edge strain/vibration measurements of slugs/cylinders
7 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experimental specifications
Investigate beryllium windows/cylinders response to
increasing proton beam intensityå 72, 144, 216, 288 bunches
varying window thicknesseså 0.25, 0.75, 2 mm
different beryllium grades/formså PF-60, S-65F (VHP), S-200F (VHP), S-200FH (HIP)
multiple beam pulseså 3 pulses of 144 bunches
elastic/plastic stress waveså edge strain/vibration measurements of slugs/cylinders
7 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experimental specifications
Investigate beryllium windows/cylinders response to
increasing proton beam intensityå 72, 144, 216, 288 bunches
varying window thicknesseså 0.25, 0.75, 2 mm
different beryllium grades/formså PF-60, S-65F (VHP), S-200F (VHP), S-200FH (HIP)
multiple beam pulseså 3 pulses of 144 bunches
elastic/plastic stress waveså edge strain/vibration measurements of slugs/cylinders
7 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experimental specifications
Investigate beryllium windows/cylinders response to
increasing proton beam intensityå 72, 144, 216, 288 bunches
varying window thicknesseså 0.25, 0.75, 2 mm
different beryllium grades/formså PF-60, S-65F (VHP), S-200F (VHP), S-200FH (HIP)
multiple beam pulseså 3 pulses of 144 bunches
elastic/plastic stress waveså edge strain/vibration measurements of slugs/cylinders
7 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experimental specifications
Investigate beryllium windows/cylinders response to
increasing proton beam intensityå 72, 144, 216, 288 bunches
varying window thicknesseså 0.25, 0.75, 2 mm
different beryllium grades/formså PF-60, S-65F (VHP), S-200F (VHP), S-200FH (HIP)
multiple beam pulseså 3 pulses of 144 bunches
elastic/plastic stress waveså edge strain/vibration measurements of slugs/cylinders
7 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Numerical simulations
MARS energy deposition calculation1
Beam σr = 0.3 mm selected to push beryllium specimens to its limit
Temperature jump ∼1050◦C for maximum intensity pulse
Close to beryllium melting temperature (1280◦C)
Expect thermal shock due to large temperature gradient in material
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 10−3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Radial temperature profileσ = 0.3 mm, Max. intensity pulse: 4.9 × 1013
Radius (m)
Tem
pera
ture
(° C)
1Hartsell, B., ”MARS energy deposition data for beryllium samples of HiRadMat experiment’, 2014.
8 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Beam induced stress and strainTemperature and strain rate dependent Be strength material properties 2
LS-DYNA elastic-viscoplastic material model (MAT 106)3
2D axisymmetric LS-DYNA model showing effective total strain(4.9×1013 protons, ∆T = 1050 ◦C, 0.75 mm thick, beam centered on window)
6.017e-06 _
3.596e-03 _
7.186e-03 _
1.078e-02 _
1.437e-02 _
max displacement factor=25
Time = 7.1966e-006
LS-DYNA keyword deck by LS-PrePost
1.796e-02 _
2.155e-02 _
2.513e-02 _
2.872e-02 _
3.231e-02 _
3.590e-02 _
Fringe Levels
t = 7.2µs, Tmax ∼ 1050◦CEnd of pulse
3.255e-06 _
3.095e-03 _
6.186e-03 _
9.278e-03 _
1.237e-02 _
max displacement factor=25
Time = 0.249
LS-DYNA keyword deck by LS-PrePost
1.546e-02 _
1.855e-02 _
2.164e-02 _
2.473e-02 _
2.783e-02 _
3.092e-02 _
Fringe Levels
t = 0.25s, Tmax ∼ 25◦CEnd of cool-down
2Montoya, D., et al., Comportement dynamique d’une nuance de beryllium, Journal de Physique IV, 1991, vol. 1, pp. 27-34.3LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual, Volume II, Material Models, LSTC, 05/19/14 (r:5442).
9 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Surface deformation and plastic strain vs. intensity and thickness
50 100 150 200 250 3000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9x 10
−6
Permanent deformation vs. intensity(σ = 0.3 mm, after cool−down)
Intensity (bunches)
Out
−of
−pl
ane
disp
lace
men
t (m
)
t = 0.25 mmt = 0.75 mmt = 2 mm
Out-of-plane permanent surface deformation
50 100 150 200 250 3000
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Effective strain vs. intensity(σ = 0.3 mm, after cool−down)
Intensity (bunches)
Effe
ctiv
e to
tal s
trai
n (%
)
t = 0.25 mmt = 0.75 mmt = 2 mm
Maximum plastic strain
Literature data predicts failure at plastic strains ∼ 2% at RT- Be grade S-200F VHP4
4Chaouadi, R. et al., ”Tensile and fracture toughness test results of neutron irradiated beryllium”, ITER Task T23, 1997.
10 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Dynamic response of Be cylinders
Elastic/plastic strain response at the edge of the cylinder
Beryllium slugs: R = 20 mm, L = 30 mm
Beam incident at r/R = 0.9 (2 mm from edge)
Strain and temperature gages mounted on cylinder edge
Temperature plot showing beam location
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 10−4
−2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18x 10
−5Axial (z) strain on outer edge of cylinder (R = 20 mm)
Beam centered at r/R = 0.9
Time (s)
Str
ain
(m/m
)
36 bunches144 bunches288 bunches
Axial strain
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x 10−4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6x 10
−3Circumferential (y) strain on outer edge of cylinder (R = 20 mm)
Beam centered at r/R = 0.9
Time (s)
Str
ain
(m/m
)
36 bunches144 bunches288 bunches
Circumferential strain
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.2520
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cylinder edge temperature profile (R = 20 mm)Beam center at r/R = 0.9
Time (s)
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
36b72b144b216b288b
Temporal edge temperature
11 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Design overviewOverall layout5
Main features of test rig
Double containment
Vertical lift table
Optical viewports
Pumping port and filter
Quick-disassembly system
5Atherton, A. et al., ”HRMT24 Experiment: test rig design”, HiRadMat update meeting presentation, September 12th, 2014
12 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Design overview
Containment box5
Dimensions ∼ 0.60 m × 0.35 m × 0.30 m
13 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Design overview
Interior layout5
14 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Test matrix
Û Total proton on target∼2.0×1014
15 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Online instrumentation
Strain gages: positioned on beryllium slugs to measure
å axial strainå circumferential strain
Laser Doppler Vibrometer: to measure radial surfacevibrations/displacements of slugs
RTD sensors: to measure temporal temperature on surface of slugs
Camera: to monitor any unforeseen events during the experiment
à Experimental data from strain gages, LDV and RTD sensors willhelp validate numerical simulations
16 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Online instrumentation
Strain gages: positioned on beryllium slugs to measure
å axial strainå circumferential strain
Laser Doppler Vibrometer: to measure radial surfacevibrations/displacements of slugs
RTD sensors: to measure temporal temperature on surface of slugs
Camera: to monitor any unforeseen events during the experiment
à Experimental data from strain gages, LDV and RTD sensors willhelp validate numerical simulations
16 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Online instrumentation
Strain gages: positioned on beryllium slugs to measure
å axial strainå circumferential strain
Laser Doppler Vibrometer: to measure radial surfacevibrations/displacements of slugs
RTD sensors: to measure temporal temperature on surface of slugs
Camera: to monitor any unforeseen events during the experiment
à Experimental data from strain gages, LDV and RTD sensors willhelp validate numerical simulations
16 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Online instrumentation
Strain gages: positioned on beryllium slugs to measure
å axial strainå circumferential strain
Laser Doppler Vibrometer: to measure radial surfacevibrations/displacements of slugs
RTD sensors: to measure temporal temperature on surface of slugs
Camera: to monitor any unforeseen events during the experiment
à Experimental data from strain gages, LDV and RTD sensors willhelp validate numerical simulations
16 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Post Irradiation Examination (PIE)
PIE at University of Oxford
Profilometer/AFM: to measure permanent surface out-of-planedisplacementsEBSD: pre-irradiation mapping of grain structure and possiblypost-irradiation localized deformation/crack analysisSEM: surface evolution analysis3D FIB-SEM: 3D analysis of crack morphology
Atomic Force Microscopy Profilometer system
Electron Backscatter Diffraction
17 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Summary of measurements
3 Dynamic vibration and strain response
3 Temporal temperature profile
3 Out-of-plane plastic deformation profile
3 Crack/failure detection and fracture surface morphology
3 Localized deformation due to grain orientation
3 Camera to capture unforeseen events
18 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experiment status
Experiment proposal submitted in March 2014
Proposal preliminary acceptance: June 2014
Scientific and technical board review: Oct 2014
Potential beam time for experiment: Spring 2015
Conclusions
Exploratory study to probe damage mechanism of beryllium
Compare damage mechanism and response of different berylliumgrades
Identify any primary failure mode for the various grades/conditions
Attempt to benchmark macro-scale simulations and material strengthmodels with experimental measurements
19 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experiment status
Experiment proposal submitted in March 2014
Proposal preliminary acceptance: June 2014
Scientific and technical board review: Oct 2014
Potential beam time for experiment: Spring 2015
Conclusions
Exploratory study to probe damage mechanism of beryllium
Compare damage mechanism and response of different berylliumgrades
Identify any primary failure mode for the various grades/conditions
Attempt to benchmark macro-scale simulations and material strengthmodels with experimental measurements
19 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experiment status
Experiment proposal submitted in March 2014
Proposal preliminary acceptance: June 2014
Scientific and technical board review: Oct 2014
Potential beam time for experiment: Spring 2015
Conclusions
Exploratory study to probe damage mechanism of beryllium
Compare damage mechanism and response of different berylliumgrades
Identify any primary failure mode for the various grades/conditions
Attempt to benchmark macro-scale simulations and material strengthmodels with experimental measurements
19 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experiment status
Experiment proposal submitted in March 2014
Proposal preliminary acceptance: June 2014
Scientific and technical board review: Oct 2014
Potential beam time for experiment: Spring 2015
Conclusions
Exploratory study to probe damage mechanism of beryllium
Compare damage mechanism and response of different berylliumgrades
Identify any primary failure mode for the various grades/conditions
Attempt to benchmark macro-scale simulations and material strengthmodels with experimental measurements
19 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility
Experiment status
Experiment proposal submitted in March 2014
Proposal preliminary acceptance: June 2014
Scientific and technical board review: Oct 2014
Potential beam time for experiment: Spring 2015
Conclusions
Exploratory study to probe damage mechanism of beryllium
Compare damage mechanism and response of different berylliumgrades
Identify any primary failure mode for the various grades/conditions
Attempt to benchmark macro-scale simulations and material strengthmodels with experimental measurements
19 / 19A beryllium material test experiment at CERN HiRadMat facility