A Beginner’s Guide to Fruit Tree, Fruiting Vine and Nut Tree

Identification

Compiled by William Allison, Dec 2012

About this guide: This is designed to be a source for referencing information on

identifying several types of fruit and nut trees that are common and easily harvested in the City

of Portland. While there are many useful tools for identifying a tree, we have used a set of

characteristics to describe these trees and vines that should make it possible to identify a tree or

vine in any season; Description, Bark Appearance, Leaf Appearance, Twig Appearance, Leaf

Structure, Flowers/Bloom and, Fruit. This guide attempts to provide information about the trees

and vines mentioned that will be applicable in different seasons. As you attempt to identify a

tree or a vine, do not limit yourself to using only the characteristics described here, there are

many indicators. The twigs and the bark are the most useful indicators to become familiar with,

because they are present year round. In the spring and in the summer, the leaves, flowers and

fruits will be outstanding and readily observed indicators for most.

Throughout this guide, words that are highlighted (e.g. dioecious) can be found in the

glossary of terms.

Image: Texas Tree Trails

Image: Texas Tree Trails

Apple ‘Malus Domestica’ Common varieties include: Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious,

Granny Smith, Gravenstein, Liberty, McIntosh, Pink Lady, Red Delicious

Description: Mature Size 15-25 ft high;

1-2 ft. diameter; generally poor (form),

with twisted trunks and low branching;

spur shoots are prominent. When un-

pruned, numerous sucker shoots form

along trunk and in crown.

Bark Appearance: Variable, generally

smooth when young, later thin and scaly.

Twig Appearance: Moderate in

thickness, brown to gray, rapid growth

usually gray hairy, generally many spur

shoots; buds plump ovate, gray hairy.

Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple,

elliptical to ovate, 1 1/2 to 3 inches,

pinnately veined, finely serrated,

sometimes borne on spur shoots, green

above and paler, white pubescent below

and on the petiole.

Flowers/Blooms: Perfect, showy, may

be white to red in color, with 5 petals for

each flower; appear in the spring, usually

in umbels.

Fruit: Pomes of various sizes and color

(cultivar dependent) ranging from yellow

to red when ripe in the fall. 1

1. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID.

Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and

Environmental Conservation.

Image: Seiler, Jensen,

Niemiera, and Peterson. VT

Tree ID

Image: Seiler, Jensen,

Niemiera, and Peterson. VT

Tree ID, Date?

Image: Seiler, Jensen,

Niemiera, and Peterson. VT

Tree ID

European Pear ‘Pyrus Communis’ Common varieties include: Bartlett, Bosc, Comice, D-Anjou, Red Bartlett

Description: Typically quite upright

and conical with very narrow branch

angles.

Bark Appearance: Gray-brown to

reddish brown, becoming grayish

brown with shallow furrows and flat-

topped scaly ridges.

Twig Appearance: Glossy brown to

reddish brown, medium in texture,

spur shoots present; terminal buds

are medium in size (less than 1/4

inch), conical to dome shaped, and

may be lightly hairy.

Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple,

ovate with a finely serrated margin, 1

to 4 inches in length, shiny green

above, paler and dull below.

Flowers/Blooms: Clusters of showy

white flowers (each 1/2 to 3/4 inch

across) appearing before or with the

leaves.

Fruit: A large edible pome (3 to 4

inches), pear-shaped.2

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

2. Peterson. VT Tree ID. Virginia Tech

Department of Forest Resources and

Environmental Conservation.

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Asian Pear ‘Pyrus serotina, Pyrus Pyrofilia, Pyrus Calleryana’

Common varieties include: Hosui, Shinseiki, and Fujitsu

Description: The sand pear is larger than

most kinds of pear trees, reaching as high

as 40 ft (12 m), with a rounded crown

that may spread 20 feet (6 m) or more

across. 3 A small, erect, sometimes spiny

deciduous tree reaching 9-15 m in

height.4

Bark Appearance: see photo on right

Twig Appearance: see photo on right

Leaf Structure: see photo on right

Flowers/Blooms: The flowers are pure

white with crimson anthers, 3 to 3.5 m

centimeters (1.2 to 1.4 inches) in

diameter, and are borne in rounded

clusters on slender stalks 5

Fruit: The fruit is a pyriform to

subglobose pome, 2-3 cm in diameter in

wild forms and up to 15 cm in cultivars,

brown, reddish-brown or yellow in

colour. 5 Its hard, round fruits are 3 to 4

centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 inches) in

diameter, brown, and covered with pale

dots. The fruit has an extremely gritty

texture (hence its common name—sand

pear) and a puckery aftertaste when

bitten into.6

Image: Forest and Kim Starr

3. Christman, Steve. Floridata Pyrus Pyrofilia.

4. Pyrus Pyrofilia,Ecocrop.org

5. Andris, Beutel, Day, Kozuki. Asian Pears.

6. Tredici, Del Peter. The Sand Pear Pyrus Pyrofilia

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Persimmon ‘Diospyros kaki, Diaspyros Virginiana’ Common varieties include: Fuyu, Hachiya

Description: Deciduous, fruit bearing tree

native to Asia but common in North

America. Grows 35 – 60 feet tall 20 – 30

feet wide at the crown.

Bark Appearance: thick, dark gray to

black and distinctly divided into "blocks"

by deep furrows, often described as having

an appearance similar to the skin on an

alligator's back.

Twig Appearance: Slender, brown and

gray. Buds are slightly triangular with three

outer scales. Terminal buds are absent.

Flowers are dioecious. From the photo on

the right, we can see that the buds are

alternate.

Leaf Structure: Leaves have a smooth

margin and are ovate shaped.

Flowers/Blooms: dioecious (male and

female on separate trees), though some

mosaics are known. Female flowers are

bell-shaped, yellowish-green to creamy

white, fragrant. Male flowers are more

tubular and greenish-yellow.

Fruit: Fruit is a large, juicy berry. Large (1-

2 inches) fleshy berry with several flattened

seeds. Unripe fruits are green, then yellow,

and mature to a deep purplish-orange. They

may have a reddish-to-purplish

blush. Fruits are high in tannins and

astringent when unripe, but maturing slowly

to lose the astringency. The calyx usually

remains with the fruit when it drops or is

picked. Fruit is persistent; sometimes well

into winter or lasting until spring. 7

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J.

Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J.

Baskauf

7. Diaspyros Virginiana L. Botany.

Persimmon Pudding

Plum ‘Prunus salicina (Japanese), Prunus domestica (European), Prunus

insititia, Prunus Americana’ Common varieties include: Santa Rosa, Shiro, Wickson, Brooks, and Stanley, Damson

Description: Prunus americana

Marsh., American plum, is a deciduous

large shrub or small tree with a broad

crown, reaching heights up to 15 feet.

Bark Appearance: See Photo on the

right

Twig Appearance: The plant’s

numerous stems are grayish and

become scaly with age; its branches are

more or less spiny with sharp-tipped

twigs. The roots of American plum are

shallow, widely spreading, and readily

sprouting.

Leaf Structure: Leaves are alternate,

broadly oval in shape with a sharply

tapering tip, and sharply, often doubly

toothed edges; they are generally 2 to 4

inches long on slender stalks, dark

green above, pale and smooth below.

Flowers/Blooms: Flowers are white, 5-

petaled, about 1 inch across, and borne

singly or in clusters at the juncture of a

stem and leaf.

Fruit: Fruits are red to yellow, almost

globular edible plums about l inch in

diameter. 8

http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pdf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

8. American Plum Plant Fact Sheet, USDA

NRC

Quince ‘Cydonia oblonga’ Common varieties include: Orange, Pineapple, and Smyrna

Description: Cydonia oblonga is a monotypic

genus belonging to family Rosaceae, subfamily

Spiraeoideae, tribe Pyreae, and subtribe Pyrinae

(USDA 2009a). It grows as a multi-stemmed

shrub or small tree and has pubescent to

tomentose buds, petioles, leaves, and fruit. All

varieties are self-pollinating.9 As they mature,

trees take on an unusual gnarled form. Foliage is

deep green and pubescent underneath, turning

yellow in fall. Fruits are very fragrant and are

commonly used to make jelly.10

Bark Appearance:

Twig Appearance:

Leaf Structure: Leaves are ovate to oblong,

about 2 inches (5 centimeters) across and 4

inches (10 centimeters) long

Flowers/Blooms: The solitary white flowers are

1½ to 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters) across, have

5 petals, 20 or more stamens, 5 styles, an

inferior ovary with many ovules, and are borne

on current season growth. Bloom time overlaps

with that of apples, usually beginning mid April

in the central latitudes of the northern

hemisphere

Fruit: The fruit is a fragrant, many-seeded pome

about 3 inches (8 centimeters) in diameter.

Shape ranges from round to pear-like, flesh is

yellow, and the Baileys refer to it as “hard and

rather unpalatable” (Bailey and Bailey 1976;

Rehder 1986). Fruit size and leaf size of

cultivated varieties can be many times larger

than the wild type described above. 9

9. Postman, Joseph The Unappreciated Quince

10. Quinces, Cydonia Oblonga. Cornell University Dept. of

Horticulture

Image: Joseph Postman

Image : Fruit Trees Direct

Cherry ‘Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus’ Common varieties include: Bing, Royal Ann, Stella, Lapins, Rainier

Form: A small to medium sized tree,

generally to 50 feet, with a broadly

rounded crown. 11

Leaf: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches

long, oval to obovate, serrated margin

(slightly rounded teeth), obvious

darkened glands on petiole, generally

with more than 8 pairs of veins.

Flower: Showy, white, 1 inch across, 3

to 5 per cluster, appearing early spring.

Fruit: Sour Cherry: Sweet, dark red to

black, 1/2 to 1 inch across, may be

clustered on spur shoots; matures early

to mid summer.11

Sweet Cherry: Sweet, dark red to nearly

black drupe, 1/2 to 1 inch across, may

be clustered on spur shoots; matures

early to mid summer.12

Twig: Medium textured, gray-brown,

with a mild bitter almond taste; buds

large (up to 1/4 inch), reddish brown;

spur shoots present with multiple

terminal buds.

Bark: Gray-brown, smooth, with

prominent, long horizontal lenticels,

often peels.

Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and

Peterson. VT Tree ID Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and

Peterson. VT Tree ID

Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson.

VT Tree ID

11. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera and Peterson,

VT Tree ID, Sour Cherry Factsheet

12. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera and Peterson,

VT Tree ID, Sweet Cherry Factsheet

Fig ‘Ficus carica’ Common varieties include: Brown Turkey, Desert King, and Stella

Description: A broadly spreading shrub or

small tree with a height of 25 feet and a

width greater than or equal to the height.

Bark Appearance: Smooth and silvery

gray, somewhat warty.

Twig Appearance: Stout, new growth may

be somewhat pubescent, leaf scars nearly

round, terminal bud conical, wrapped in a

single cap-like scale that leaves a bud scale

scar that nearly encircles the twig. Resting

buds apparently form after each leaf is

formed. On overwintering twigs, flower

buds are nearly round.

Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple,

deciduous; 5 inches in diameter, but

sometimes larger; palmately lobed with

(usually) 5 finger-like lobes, dark green

above and lighter green below, petiole

exudes a milky sap, somewhat scabrous,

margins entire and wavy.

Flowers/Blooms: Either male and female

or all female, flowers not showy, green,

fleshy and rounded, the actual flowers

minute, located on the inner surface of a

hollow receptacle.

Fruit: An edible fig; purple-brown, pear-

or onion-shaped, and somewhat leathery

when mature, succulent, 1 to 2 inches,

technically a multiple of tiny drupes;

produced in two distinct crops - an early

crop that arises from old wood and a late

summer crop that arises from new wood.13

13. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT

Tree ID – Common Fig Factsheet

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Grape ‘Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis

rotundifolia”

Common varieties include: Flame, Concord

Description: High-climbing perennial liana.

Bark Appearance: The bark is distinctively

shredding and without lenticels; the pith is

brown and interrupted at nodes by a diaphragm.

Twig Appearance: See image on the left.

Leaf Structure: Leaves 10-20cm long and

broad, simple, alternate, orbicular to cordate,

variably toothed, and almost always 3-lobed.

Leaf lobes are typically shallow and more or

less forward-pointing.

Leaves are thick and display strong palmate

venation. Leaf undersides are permanently and

completely covered in brown pubescence (5, 6,

7, 10).

Flowers/Blooms: Flowers are borne in groups

of 20 or fewer on ovoid axillary panicles 4-8cm

long. Flowers are perigynous, 5-merous, green,

and incomplete: the calyx is essentially

missing. Stamens are 5, opposite the petals, and

can be elongate to short and erect to reflexed, if

the flower is sterile or fertile, respectively.

Pistils are rudimentary to well-developed

depending on fertility. The superior ovary is 2-

celled with 2 ovules per cell. Styles are short;

stigmas are 2-lobed (6, 7, 10). As an interesting

side note, grape floral characteristics are highly

conserved; vegetative characters are much more

useful in distinguishing between species, unlike

most other plants (5).

Fruit: The fruit is a dark red to black, sweet

berry 15-25mm in diameter. Fruits are

borne in axillary panicles (6, 7, 10). 14

14. Susu, Yuan. Plant Diversity Website.

University of Michigan Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: © Les Mehrhoff, 2008-2010

Image: Will Cook, Muscadine Grape, 2010

Hardy Kiwi ‘Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, Actinidia kolomikta’ Common Varieties Include: Ananasnaja (Anna), Cordifolia, Issai

Image: About-Garden.com

Image: About-Garden.com

Image: About-Garden.com

Description: Fast growing decidious,

twiny, vine. May require a support

structure to ensure continued growth.

Known to grow 25' to 30' but can grow

taller with proper support. Vine can grow

up to 20' in one season given the right

conditions.

Bark Appearance: Mature bark appears

gray and flaky

Twig Appearance: See photo on the

right.

Leaf Structure: alternate, simple,

unlobed leaves with sharp serrations; 3"

to 5" long lustrous, unmarred dark green

color

Flowers/Blooms: whitish-green with

purple anthers; 0.80" across in clusters at

leaf axils, hidden by leaves. Fragrant.

June-July. Dioecious. 15, 16

Fruit: The fruit are generally green,

fuzzless, and the size of grapes. Cut open,

they look much like regular kiwifruit with

its small black seeds, emerald green

color, and typical rayed pattern. Although

typically green in both the skin and flesh,

some cultivars have various amount of

red, either in the skin, flesh or both.

Hardy kiwifruits are generally sweeter

than regular kiwifruit. 2

15. NJ Invasive Species Strike Team, Hardy Kiwi

16. California Rare Fruit Growers, Hardy Kiwi

Walnut ‘Juglans regia (English), Juglans Hindsii (Black)’ Common varieties include: Hartley, Scharsch Franquette, Placentia, Chandler,

Howard, Pedro, Tehama

Description/Form: Black walnut usually

matures in about 150 years. An average site

will produce mature black walnut trees which

are 70 to 80 feet in height and attain

diameters of 2 to 4 feet when grown in a

forest stand. On the best sites this tree may

reach up to 150 feet tall and over 8 feet in

diameter. When grown at low stocking or in

open fields, black walnut produces a short,

wide spreading crown. A deep, wide

spreading root system supports this large tree.

Leaf: The deciduous leaves are 1 to 2 feet

long, alternate, and compound. The 15 to 23

leaflets are stemless, unequally rounded, and

wider at the base than at the pointed tips.

Flower: Unisexual flowers emerge on black

walnut from mid-April to mid-June,

appearing with the leaves on a separate

inflorescence of the same tree.

Fruit: A globular fruit is produced which

contains a corrugated nut in its yellowish-

green husk. The nut is usually 1 1/2 to 2 1/2

inches in diameter, containing an oil-rich,

sweet, and edible seed. The large fruit ripens

between September and October. Upon

ripening the husk softens and turns dark

brown to black.

Twig: The brown to orange-brown twigs are

stout, with large, shield shaped, conspicuous

leaf scars.

Bark: Mature trees have a deeply furrowed

gray-brown to nearly black bark.17

Image: Seiler, Jensen,

Peterson, Aust, et al.

Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson, Aust, et

al.

Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson,

Aust, et al.

17. Dickerson, John. Black Walnut Fact

Sheet

Pawpaw ‘Asimina triloba’ Common varieties include:

18. Immel, L. Diana. Paw Paw Fact Sheet

Images: USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office

illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural

Resources Conservation Service. Provided by NRCS

National Wetland Team, Fort Worth, TX.

Description: Perennial tree or shrub that

grows from 3 to 12 meters tall.

Bark Appearance: See photo on the right

Twig Appearance: See photo on the right

Leaf Structure: The drooping, pear-shaped

leaves are alternate, from 10 to 30 cm long,

with smooth margins and pointed tips. The

leaves are coated with fine whitish hairs on

the upper surface with rusty-colored hairs

on the under-side. Leaves are aromatic, with

a smell reminiscent of bell pepper. The

deciduous leaves turn bright yellow before

dropping in the fall.

Flowers/Blooms: Inconspicuous but

interesting flowers (4 to 5cm in diameter)

with 3 sepals, are green upon opening and

turn to dark purple or maroon in color. From

1 to 4 flowers grow in the leaf axils before

leafing, usually in April or May. The six

velvety petals (2cm-2.5cm long) are stiff

and curl slightly backwards.

Fruit: Yellowish green to brown,

cylindrical, mango-shaped fruits are 7-16

cm long and grow solitarily or 2 to 4

together. The large fruits (5 to 16 ounces)

ripen between August and October. Fruits

have a thin skin, which contain a yellow

custard-like pulp that is said to taste like

papaya. Some varieties contain a whitish-

green pulp that is less flavorful. Fruits

contain several flat 2cm long seeds. 18

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Chestnut ‘Castanea Dentata, Castanea Crenata, Castanea

Mollissima’ Common varieties include: American Chestnut, Chinese Chestnut

Description: A small tree with low

branching and a rounded crown,

reaching up to 40 feet tall.

Bark Appearance: Gray-brown to

brown, furrowed, but without

distinguishable patterns.

Twig Appearance: Moderately stout,

tan to olive-brown with prominent

lenticels, gray fuzzy; buds are gray-

brown and pubescent, offset from leaf

scar, covered with 2 to 3 overlapping

scales.

Leaf Structure Alternate, simple,

pinnately veined, oblong, 5 to 8 inches

long, coarsely serrated (but not as

strongly toothed as American

chestnut), shiny green above and paler

and fuzzy below.

Flowers/Blooms: Monoecious; male

flowers are small and white, borne in

long (4 to 5 inches) slender catkins;

female flowers are borne on short

aments, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long, appearing

in early summer. Males flowers are

strongly smelling.

Fruit: Large spiny (very sharp) bur 2

to 3 inches in diameter, each contains 2

to 3 edible nuts, 1 to 1 1/4 inches in

diameter, shiny brown, typically

flattened on 1 to 2 sides, ripen in late

summer.19

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf

19. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID

– Chinese Chestnut Castanea mollisima Factsheet

Glossary of Terms

Spur: A short branch that is specialized for flower and fruit production on most fruit species. (Ingels, 196)

The petiole: The stalk connecting a leaf to a stem. (Ingels, 195)

Internode: The portion of a stem between two nodes or buds. (Ingels, 194)

Node: The point on a shoot or branch where a leaf is attached and one of more buds arise on the

leaf Axil. (Ingels, 194)

Leaf axil: The angle formed by the petiole with the shoot (Ingels, 194)

Leaf Scar: After a leaf falls, a leaf scar remains on the twig at the point at which the leaf was

attached. Within each leaf scar there are one or more bundle scars, each representing a cross-

section of vascular bundles that ran from the branch into the petiole when the leaf was attached. (Fewless, Gary. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Identification of Trees and Shrubs)

Stipule: Stipules are green, leaf-like, (often small) structures, attached to the twigs in pairs, one

at each side of the base of a petiole. In some species they may fall off early in the growing

season and in others they may persist essentially throughout the growing season. In either case

they leave behind distinctive, though often very small, stipule scars on the twig that may

provide important key characters. The shape of stipules may vary dramatically from one species

to the next. Some species do not produce stipules. (Fewless, Gary. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Identification

of Trees and Shrubs)

Umbel: an inflorescence in which the pedicels (flower stalks) arise from a single point

Terminal Bud: A bud that develops at the tip of a shoot or branch when growth stops. (Ingels, 196)

Vegetative Bud: A bud that produces only a shoot with leaves. (Ingels, 196)

Syconium: A type of multiple fruit in which the flowers are borne inside of a balloon-like

receptacle (e.g., figs). (Ingels, 196)

Anther: The tip of the stamen (male flower part) that contains the pollen grains. (Ingels, 192)

Dioecious: Of plants, species that have male flowers on one plant and female flowers on

another, such as kiwifruit and pistachio. Compare to monoecious. (Ingels, 193)

Calyx: The usually green outer whorl of sepals of a flower. (Ingels, 192)

Lenticels: One of the small, corky pores or narrow lines on the surface of the stems of woody

plants that allow the interchange of gases between the interior tissue and the surrounding air.

Marginal: Pertaining to the edges of the leaf. (Ingels, 194)

Entire: Having a smooth margin

Sinuate: Having slight curves with smooth wave-like edges

Dentate: Having small teeth at the margin

Serrate: Having larger, bent teeth at the margin

Lobbed: Having several major projections from the center

Pinnate Venation: Veins extend from a midrib to the edge (elm, peach, apple, cherry). SOURCE:

CMG COLOSTATE.EDU

Palmate Venation: Veins radiate fan-shaped from the petiole (maple, grape). Source: CMG

COLOSTATE.EDU

Perigynous: A flower where the floral parts are inserted around the ovary. This is a special case

for flowers with a hypanthium [flower base to where stamens, sepals and petals are attached].

Technically, the ovary is superior for these flowers.

Tomentose: A covering of thick, wooly hairs

Pubescence: A covering of short, soft hairs

Drupe: Botanical name for a one-seeded fruit derived entirely from an overy with a stone

endocarp containing the seed. Stone fruit and almonds are drupes. (Ingels, 193)

Inflorescence: A cluster of flowers on a branch or on a system of branches.

Sepal: One of the outermost flower structures; usually encloses the outer flower parts in the

bud. Part of the Calyx. (Ingels, 195)

Monoecious: Of a plant, bearing both male and female flowers separately on the same plant, as

with walnuts, pecans, filberts and chestnuts. Compare with Dioecious. (Ingels, 194)

Liana: any long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil and climbs or twines around

other plants.

Recommended Articles

Catlin and Chapman. Growth Stages in Fruit Trees - From Dormant to Fruit Set. New York’s Food

and Life Sciences Bulletin. NO. 58 http://fls.cals.cornell.edu/OCRPDF/58a.pdf. Web Article

Sources

Almond Trees. Daviswiki.org. Nov. 25 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://daviswiki.org/almond_trees>

American Plum Plant Fact Sheet. United States Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation

Service, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Dec 2012. < http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pdf>

Andris, Beutel, Day, Kozuki. Asian Pears. University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information

Center, 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/dsadditions/_Asian_Pears/>

Baskauf, Steve. Bioimages. Vanderbilt University, 23 Nov. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012

<http://bioimages.vanderbilt.edu/>

California Rare Fruit Growers Inc. Hardy KiwiFruit, Actinidia arguta. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 < http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/hardy-kiwifruit.html >

Cook, Will. Muscadine Grape (Vitis Rotoundifolia). Will Cook, 26 Mar. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. <

http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/viro.html >

Christman, Steve. Pyrus Pyrofilia. Floridata.com, 18 Mar. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. <

http://www.floridata.com/ref/p/pyrus_pyrifolia.cfm>

Diaspyros Virginiana L. Botany. Persimmon Pudding. Web 5 Dec 2012. <

PersimmonPudding.com/Botany.html >

Dickerson, John. Black Walnut Fact Sheet – Juglans Nigra. USDA NRCS New York State Office, Syracuse,

New York, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf >

Fewless, Gary. Glossary of terms relevant to the identification of trees and shrubs. Cofrin Center for

Biodiversity, University of Wisconsin Green Bay. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 <

http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/glossary_for_trees01.htm>

Fruit Trees Direct, http://www.fruittreesdirect.co.uk/fruit-trees-c1/quince-trees-c37/vranja-quince-tree-

p201. Web. 14 Dec. 2012

Ingels, Geisel and Norton. The Home Orchard – Growing your own deciduous fruit and nut trees.

University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2007. Print Edition

Immel, Diana L. Paw Paw Plant Guide. United States Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation

Service, 21 May 2001. Web 5 Dec 2012. < http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_astr.pdf>

Mehrhoff, Lez. Vitis Labrusca. DiscoverLife.org, 6 Dec. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 <

http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Vitis+labrusca&mobile=iPhone >

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