241© The Author(s) 2019M. R. Clevenger, Corporate Citizenship and Higher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02447-5

Organizational Analysis

Closed Systems: Internalities Open Systems: Externalities

System/Structural Strategic Choice

Rational Natural Selection

Collective Action

Natural Systems

Structural, Human Resources, Political, Cultural

Law, Economics, Politics, Psychology, Sociology, History

Inputs/OutputsResource Dependence

Inter-organizational Relationships

Efficiency Effectiveness

Social Identity Theory Organizational Identity Theory/Institutional Theory

Pro-social Behavior: Individuals Pro-social Behavior: Organizational

Classical Market Model, Managerial Model, Social Environment Model

Inter-organizational Relations

Cone’s Corporate Citizenship Spectrum

Note: This concept map of the field of organizational theory situates Cone’s (2010) corporate citizenship spectrum in relation to other major models and theories dealing with organizational and inter- organizational behavior related to this study. These models and theories are expounded in Chap. 1

Appendix A: Field oF orgAnizAtionAl theory ConCept MAp

243© The Author(s) 2019M. R. Clevenger, Corporate Citizenship and Higher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02447-5

Appendix B: AlphABetiCAl U.S. higher edUCAtion liSt oF SChoolS reCeiving

the MoSt CorporAte FinAnCiAl SUpport (2006–2010)

This composite list of 33 American higher education institutions reflects the schools that ranked in the top 20 at least once by receiving the most corporate resources, according to Kaplan’s Voluntary Support of Education annual reports between 2006 and 2010 (Clevenger, 2014, Appendix D, p. 528).

Institution (Alphabetical) State 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank

Arizona State University Foundation AZ 16 6Clemson University SC 10Columbia University NY 18Duke University NC 12 17 14 13 14Georgia Institute of Technology GA 14 20 19Harvard University MA 17 6 15 11 10Indiana University IN 7 3 3 4 2Johns Hopkins University MD 16Massachusetts Institute of Technology MA 18 18 10New Mexico State University NM 2New York University NY 20North Carolina State University at Raleigh NC 11 15 2Northwestern University IL 13 10Ohio State University OH 6 2 4 3 1Pennsylvania State University PA 19 7 14 9Purdue University IN 8 4 13 8 5Stanford University CA 3 11 6 5 6

(continued)

244 APPENDIX B: ALPHABETICAL U.S. HIGHER EDUCATION LIST OF SCHOOLS…

Institution (Alphabetical) State 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank

SUNY-Albany NY 4Texas A&M University TX 18 8 17 12Texas Tech University TX 19 3University of Arizona AZ 19 20University of Arkansas AR 15 9 17 16University of California, Berkeley CA 20 19 15 13University of California, Los Angeles CA 14University of Cincinnati OH 5 17University of Florida FL 16University of Houston TX 11University of Minnesota MN 5 16 7 7 8University of Pennsylvania PA 10 8 12 9 18University of Southern California CA 1 1 1 1 7University of Texas at Austin TX 13 12 11 12 4University of Washington WA 9 5 9 2 15West Virginia University Foundation WV 20

Note: Kaplan, A. E. (2007). 2006 Voluntary support of education. New York, NY: Council for Aid to EducationKaplan, A. E. (2008). 2007 Voluntary support of education. New York, NY: Council for Aid to EducationKaplan, A. E. (2009). 2008 Voluntary support of education. New York, NY: Council for Aid to EducationKaplan, A. E. (2010). 2009 Voluntary support of education. New York, NY: Council for Aid to EducationKaplan, A. E. (2011). 2010 Voluntary support of education. New York, NY: Council for Aid to Education

(continued)

245© The Author(s) 2019M. R. Clevenger, Corporate Citizenship and Higher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02447-5

Appendix C: AFp Code oF ethiCAl StAndArdS

247© The Author(s) 2019M. R. Clevenger, Corporate Citizenship and Higher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02447-5

Appendix d: A donor Bill oF rightS

249© The Author(s) 2019M. R. Clevenger, Corporate Citizenship and Higher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02447-5

Index

AAAUP, see American Association of

University ProfessorsAbbot, E., 186Academic, vii, x, xii, 2, 4, 10, 32,

57–59, 61, 64–66, 69, 71, 75, 79, 83, 99–101, 107, 112, 114, 115, 126, 144–146, 152, 164, 165, 191–193, 211, 216, 225, 226, 228, 233, 235

Academic capitalism, 10Academy, 211, 234, 235Acar, W., 183Accountability, viii, xi, 17, 83, 103,

108, 137, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 156, 158, 160, 163, 165, 166, 172, 178, 179, 182, 185, 192, 204, 225, 233, 234, 236

Accounting, 14, 42, 66, 153, 156, 157, 187

ACFRE, see Advanced Certified Fundraising Executives

Adler, C., 57, 92, 101, 104, 185, 227, 229, 230, 233

Advanced Certified Fundraising Executives (ACFRE), 144–146

Advertising, 29, 63, 110, 112, 120, 128AFP, see Association of Fundraising

ProfessionalsAgarwal, J., 137, 179Agreement, 34, 58, 95, 108, 126,

143, 164, 165, 171, 172Aiken, M., 10, 198Albert, S., 182Aldrich, H. E., 6, 10, 82, 190, 198,

220, 228, 235Altruistic/altruism, xi, 5, 11, 94, 97,

98, 216, 218Alumni, viii, 15, 17, 29, 33, 37–39,

57–59, 74, 77, 78, 83, 99, 112, 120–123, 162, 178, 188, 190, 200–204, 225, 232

America, vii–x, xii, 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 26, 28, 50, 56–58, 65, 74, 82, 95, 98, 99, 179, 183, 185, 187, 188, 191, 201, 202, 229, 235

American Association of University Professors (AAUP), xi, 145, 146

Anderson, D., 100, 192

250 INDEX

Andresen, K., 56, 57Angrosino, M. V., 25, 45Arulampalam, W., xi, 5Ashforth, B. E., 56, 181, 182Association of Fundraising

Professionals (AFP), 143–146, 152, 163, 181, 222, 226

Audio-visual, viii, 24–26, 30, 34, 40, 41, 46, 47, 49, 50, 62, 79–81, 122, 128, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 165, 173, 181, 189, 212, 215, 218

Audit/audited, 40, 42, 43, 93, 106, 119, 154, 156, 157

Australia, xi

BBabbitts, J., 137, 204Barnard, J. W., 106Bar-Tal, D., 95, 97, 181, 191BCCCC, see Boston College Center

for Corporate CitizenshipBehavior, viii–xii, 1–3, 6–11, 13–17,

23, 25–27, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 63, 74, 79, 80, 83, 89–95, 97, 101–105, 115, 137–150, 152–154, 158, 166, 172, 173, 177–204, 212, 226

Beiser, K. J., 142Benioff, M., 57, 92, 101, 102, 104,

185, 227, 229, 230, 233Berezin, V., 183, 184Berle, A. A., 90, 139Bernard, H. R., 25, 26, 47, 231Best practice, 17, 126, 163, 178, 186,

193, 219, 227, 230, 234Birnbaum, R., 59, 60Bishop, M., 103Blank, H. D., 35Blau, A., 60, 82, 83, 93, 198, 220, 224Bloomberg, L. D., 24, 47

Board, ix, 33, 59, 63, 65, 70, 76, 93, 96, 114, 118, 122, 126, 141, 143–145, 148, 149, 152, 154, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 184, 190, 192, 193, 197, 200–203, 213, 216, 217, 232

Boeninger, C., 36Bok, D., 97, 99, 145Bolman, L. G., 27, 79, 80, 104, 177,

178, 181, 185, 189–191Boston College Center for Corporate

Citizenship (BCCCC), 184, 185, 232

Boyd, D. P., 99, 137, 139, 204, 235Brand development, viii, 16, 110,

120–124, 127, 128Brief, A. P., 103–105, 181, 189Bright, D. S., 14, 142Brinkmann, S., 46Brock, D., 40, 60, 82, 83, 224Brown, M. C., 13, 93Bruch, H., 5, 94, 101, 228Brundtland Report, 13, 77, 119Bryman, A., 27, 47Buchanan, P. W., 57Buchholtz, A. K., ix, 5, 12, 13, 26, 98,

101, 137, 139, 141–143, 145, 177, 179, 183, 204

Building Business Investment in Community (BBIC), 91, 107

Burlingame, D. F., xi, 25, 35, 91Burson, E. N., 61, 223Bush, V., 3, 99Business, vii, ix–xii, 1–5, 10–14, 16,

17, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 56–63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72–76, 79, 81–83, 90, 93–97, 99–103, 106–109, 111–118, 120, 122, 124, 127, 137, 139–141, 148–150, 152–154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 165–167, 177–180, 183–186, 188,

251 INDEX

192–196, 198, 200, 202, 212–214, 216, 223–226, 228–230, 232, 234, 236

Business-Higher Education Forum (BHEF), 185, 232

CCaboni, T. C., 181Campus, viii, 16, 31, 40, 41, 45, 46,

50, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70, 79, 83, 89, 98, 120, 122–124, 128, 147, 160, 162, 173, 188, 195, 200, 212, 214, 215, 218, 223–225

Capitalism/capitalistic, 3, 10, 78, 138–140, 177, 186, 197, 233, 235

Carey, K., 89, 91, 107, 108Carnegie Foundation for the

Advancement of Teaching™, 144Carroll, A. B., ix, 5, 12, 13, 26, 98,

101, 137, 139–143, 145, 177–179, 183, 204

Carty, C. M., 35Case study, 1, 6, 7, 14, 15, 23–28,

46, 50Cause-related branding, 11, 12, 17,

46, 50, 78, 89, 93, 97–100, 173, 212, 215, 218, 233, 236

The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University (COP), 228

Central, 3, 45, 61, 103, 108, 138, 161, 223, 225, 227

Certified Fundraising Executive (CFRE), 144, 145

Challenge, viii, 5–7, 13, 17, 60, 73, 74, 82, 100, 101, 105, 107, 127, 150, 158, 162, 164, 166, 178, 188, 189, 192, 196–200, 203, 204, 221, 224, 227, 235

Charity/charitable, ix, 5, 13, 33, 90, 94, 96, 122, 193, 194, 235

Cheeseman, H., 35Chernow, R., 95Cherry, R. L., 12, 99China, xiChristensen, L., 23–26, 44, 46Ciconte, B. L., ix, x, 5, 12, 92, 96, 187Cirillo, A., 227The Clarkson Centre for Business

Ethics, 102, 137, 142, 179, 204Classroom, 32, 65, 68, 70, 71, 73,

78, 111, 126, 145, 171, 188, 192, 200

Cleland, T. A., 186, 224Clevenger, M. R., vii, ix, xi, xii, 1, 2, 4,

5, 11, 12, 31, 41, 60, 62, 76, 79–82, 91, 100, 102, 104, 107–110, 112, 117, 128, 146, 164, 180, 181, 188, 196, 204, 212, 215, 222, 224, 227, 235

Clifton, J., 104, 105Cloniger, D. S., 141, 178Code, 13, 36, 44, 46, 48, 122, 137,

139, 141–143, 145–147, 149, 150, 152, 156, 163, 179, 187, 204, 226

Cohen, A. M., x, 24, 29, 95, 218, 221, 235

Commercial, 4, 37, 95, 100, 127Communication, 4, 8, 10, 13, 37, 39,

56, 58, 59, 61, 83, 92, 93, 97, 100–102, 106, 140, 141, 145, 153, 160, 183, 192, 198, 200, 221, 223, 225, 234

Community, viii, xi, 13, 15, 16, 33, 36, 38, 55, 57, 62, 64, 72–75, 78, 82, 89–93, 95, 96, 100–102, 107, 109–111, 114–121, 127, 128, 138, 150, 168, 170, 191–195, 202, 214, 216–218, 221, 222, 225, 228, 229, 231, 235

Company, x, 2, 25, 59, 89, 140, 177, 211

252 INDEX

Complex, ix, 7, 10, 11, 23, 43, 47, 49, 56, 60, 81, 82, 91, 99, 108, 124, 183, 188, 190, 211, 218, 221, 223–225, 228

Cone, C., vii, viii, 1, 2, 9, 11–14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 27, 30, 46, 47, 50, 78, 79, 89, 93, 98, 101, 103, 124, 128, 172, 173, 212, 215–218, 233, 236

Confidentiality, vii, 31, 34, 36, 44, 100, 123, 143, 145, 153, 193

Conley, J. H., 139Connelly, T., 100Contract, 29, 34, 55, 89, 95, 98, 112,

121, 138, 140, 144, 152, 154, 162, 164, 166, 168, 171, 172, 186

Cooperrider, D. L., 14, 142Corbin, J., 48Corporate citizenship, vii, ix, xi, xii, 2,

7, 11, 16, 25, 36, 39, 50, 55, 61–64, 68, 69, 74, 77, 89, 91–94, 96, 104, 117, 181, 183–185, 189, 190, 196, 212–214, 229, 231, 232, 236

Corporate citizenship spectrum, vii, viii, 1, 2, 9, 11–14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 27, 30, 46, 47, 50, 78, 79, 89, 124, 128, 172, 173, 212, 215–218, 236

Corporate/corporation, vii–xii, 1, 23, 55–83, 89, 137, 177, 211

Corporate Social Investment, 43Corporate social responsibility, ix, x, 2,

9, 12, 13, 43, 91, 101, 103, 141, 150, 178, 181, 183, 184, 233, 234

Cost-benefit, xi, 90Council for the Advancement and

Support of Education (CASE), 32, 59, 127, 143–146, 156, 163, 181

Creswell, J. W., 14, 15, 23–26, 40, 45–48, 219

Cropper, S., 6, 7, 11, 211, 231, 236Crutchfield, L. R., 56, 98Culture, viii, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 25–28,

32, 39, 46, 56, 58, 59, 65, 74, 76, 79–81, 92, 94, 100, 102–106, 109, 112, 115, 117, 123–125, 139, 142, 146, 148–149, 167, 177–179, 181, 188, 192–195, 203, 204, 211, 212, 218, 221, 223, 229, 231–233, 236

Cummings, D. L., 56, 57Curti, M., x, 5, 95

DDanger, 3, 74, 105DaSilva, A., ixData analysis, 14, 16, 45–49, 218Data collection, viii, 14, 16, 40–46Daw, J. S., 98De George, R. T., 145, 179, 186Deal, T. D., 27, 79, 80, 104, 177,

178, 181, 185, 189–191Decentral, 3, 60, 61, 74, 108Dedoose, 47, 48DeMasi, E., 184DeMillo, R. A., 218, 235Democracy, 78, 235Demographic, 32, 79, 233Denzin, N. K., 24, 25, 41Direct giving, 5, 96DNA citizenship ethos, 11, 13, 14,

17, 46, 50, 78, 89, 93, 103–106, 128, 172, 212, 215–218, 236

Document, viii, 16, 24–27, 30, 34, 40, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 62, 79–81, 122, 128, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 156, 157, 165, 173, 181, 187, 189, 212, 215, 217, 218

Document analysis, 26

253 INDEX

Dollar, ix, 1, 5, 57, 63, 64, 66, 72, 83, 112, 116, 127, 169, 195, 199, 226, 228, 235

Donahue, J., 145Donor/donee, 29, 62, 64, 95, 96,

123, 145, 148, 158, 160, 164, 181, 201, 228

Drucker, P. F., ix, 90, 139Dunn, R. H., 137, 204Dynamic, viii, 3, 4, 6–8, 23–25, 60,

61, 65, 69, 82, 125, 160, 167, 168, 192, 193, 198, 212, 219, 221, 233

EEbers, M., 6, 7, 211, 212, 219Economic, viii, ix, xi, 2, 3, 10, 17,

24, 29, 57, 58, 73–78, 93, 103, 105, 106, 116, 117, 120, 139, 140, 142, 162, 177–179, 183, 184, 186, 188, 191, 192, 196, 198, 203, 204, 217, 221, 223, 226, 235

Economic development, 73, 75, 76, 92, 97, 102, 109, 110, 115–118, 128, 186, 192, 194, 199, 211, 221, 234

Economy, 3, 75, 90, 101, 110, 116, 117, 126, 139, 165, 190, 194, 196–200, 203, 218, 235

Eddy, P. L., 4, 5, 57, 93, 97, 98, 187Edie, J. A., 94, 96Education, vii–xii, 1–6, 9–12, 15–17,

23, 25–33, 39–45, 49, 50, 55–83, 89–128, 137, 139–147, 158, 164, 167, 168, 172, 177, 178, 180–182, 184–186, 193–195, 199, 203, 204, 211–214, 219–232, 234–236

Edwards, F. L., 35Edwards, M., 14

Elliott, D., 57, 58, 89, 100–102, 145, 180

El Salvador, xiEmerson, R. M., 15, 25, 26, 45Employee, ix, xi, 9, 10, 13, 34–36, 38,

39, 64, 71, 76, 80, 89, 91, 93, 94, 100–107, 110–115, 121, 141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152–154, 157, 163, 168, 170, 171, 177, 179, 181, 182, 189, 190, 193–195, 197–199, 201, 203, 216, 217, 226, 232

Endowment, 33, 55, 63, 65, 78, 156, 192, 196, 222

Engage/engagement, vii–ix, xi, xii, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14–17, 24–26, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39, 42–45, 50, 55, 57, 59–64, 66–70, 72, 74, 76–78, 82, 83, 89, 91, 93, 95, 98, 102–104, 107–111, 113, 115–117, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128, 177–204, 212–214, 216, 217, 219, 222–227, 229, 230, 232, 234–236

Enterprise, 3, 4, 13, 55, 63, 72, 102, 111, 125, 140, 189, 191, 234, 235

Entrepreneur/entrepreneurship, 10, 62, 70, 73, 75, 78, 90, 192, 229

Environmental, 6, 7, 9, 14, 38, 39, 57, 74, 77, 78, 90, 92, 93, 102, 103, 106, 110, 112, 115, 116, 119, 127, 128, 153, 188, 190, 203, 217, 218, 221, 224, 226

Ethic, viii, ix, xi, 2, 7, 16, 17, 38, 39, 46, 81, 93, 94, 102, 103, 126, 137–173, 177–179, 181–182, 186, 187, 189, 204, 226

Etzkowitz, H., 100, 229Evan, W. M, 7, 10Evans, G. A., 137, 141, 204, 226

254 INDEX

Expectation, ix, xii, 3, 5, 11–13, 17, 40, 44, 45, 50, 56, 58, 78, 93, 94, 96, 101, 104, 105, 121, 137–173, 178–181, 185, 191, 212, 216, 217, 219, 220, 223, 229, 232, 236

FFaculty, 10, 29, 32, 33, 57, 59, 62,

66, 74, 75, 77, 83, 91, 96, 98, 107, 115, 116, 118, 121, 125–127, 145–147, 152, 168–171, 186, 225–230

Fairweather, J. S., 97Federal, 3, 9, 44, 57, 66, 81, 99, 100,

138–140, 152, 156, 182, 187, 218, 232

Ferrell, O.C., 139Field, ix, x, 2, 6, 9, 26, 32, 40,

45–47, 63, 66–68, 73, 110, 111, 113, 115, 126, 141, 143, 185, 228

Finance, 81, 112, 152, 153, 157, 226Financial statement, 42, 43, 62, 63,

95, 154, 156, 157, 165, 213Finland, xiFinn, W. T., 180Fischer, M., viii, 5, 42, 55, 56, 82, 98,

143, 180, 181, 191, 220Fombrun, C. J., 11, 94, 107Forensic observation, 40, 45, 50, 123Foundation, x, xvii, 3, 5, 15, 27, 29,

33, 34, 36–39, 42, 57, 60, 63, 64, 89, 92, 95–97, 104, 108, 114, 117, 138, 139, 146, 148, 156, 157, 160, 162, 164, 169–172, 179, 181, 187, 190, 194–196, 202, 213, 214, 221, 222

Fox, M. A., 186Fraedrich, J., 139

Framework, x, xi, 2, 11–14, 30, 45, 50, 58, 77, 78, 83, 147, 186, 215, 219, 221

France, xiFrederick, R. E., 141Freeman, H. L., 98, 102Freeman, M. E., 48Freeman, R. E., 101Fretz, R. I., 15, 25, 45Frishkoff, P., 25, 91, 102Frishkoff, P. A., xi, 25, 35, 91Friz-Gibbon, C. T., 48Fry, R. E., 14, 142Fulton, K., 60, 82, 83, 93, 198,

220, 224Fundraising, ix, x, 29, 33, 42, 44, 58,

59, 143, 144, 147, 161, 163, 222, 230

GGardberg, N. A., 11, 94, 107Garriga, E., 12Garvin, Jr., C. C., 104, 190Gasman, M., ix, x, 12Geography, viii, 17, 77, 178, 188,

202–204, 231Germany, xiGiroux, H. A., 4, 5, 10, 142,

180, 229Giroux, S. S., 4, 5, 10, 142, 180Giving, ix, 5, 13, 16, 29, 33, 45, 57,

70, 76, 89, 91, 92, 95–97, 107, 116, 117, 154, 160, 161, 164, 171, 193, 194, 197, 216, 224, 226–228, 230

Giving USA Foundation, 92, 96Googins, B. K., ix, xi, 104, 146Gould, E., viii, 3, 4, 26, 59Governance, 17, 28, 93, 100, 149,

157, 178, 184, 192, 204, 217, 222

255 INDEX

Government, 2–5, 9, 15, 17, 27, 31, 36, 37, 55, 57, 59, 74, 75, 90, 91, 93, 98–101, 106, 115, 119, 125, 127, 138–140, 145, 149, 150, 154, 156, 166, 177–204, 216–218, 220, 221, 232–235

Grabois, A. N., 92, 96, 187Grant, x, 29, 33, 34, 55, 64, 66, 75,

89, 156, 166, 168, 228Grant, H. M., 56, 98Greece, xiGreen, M., 103Greenberg, D., 13, 182, 188Greenfield, J. M., 59Gresham, L. G., 139Gubrium, J. F., 26–28, 43Guetzkow, H., 7, 187GuideStar, 42, 156, 165, 187Gurin, M. G., 97, 143Guthrie, D., 187

HHage, J., 10, 198Hale, S. S., 144, 145Haley, U. C. V., 143, 229Halfond, J. A., 99, 137, 139,

204, 235Hall, P. D., x, 13Hammack, D. C., xHartford, G. A., 83Hatakeyama, K., 3, 4Healey, P., 100, 229Hearn, J. C., 55, 82Herman, R. D., 178, 181, 187, 189Hesse-Biber, S. N., 24, 26, 27, 44History/historical/historic, x, 4, 16,

24, 44, 45, 65, 69, 93, 96, 98, 99, 115, 125, 137, 140, 158, 168, 180, 196, 217, 222

Hodder, I., 26, 46Hoerr, T., 91, 107, 227

Hoffman, W. M., 141Holstein, J. A., 26–28, 43Hopwood, N., 24, 45Hosmer, L. T., 138, 139, 145,

178, 179Huberman, A. M., 23, 26, 41, 46, 219Huffman, W. E., 99Huxham, C., 6, 211Hypes, J. A., 99Hypes, M. G., 99

IImpact, x, 5, 7, 33, 38, 60, 61, 72,

74, 76, 77, 82, 93–95, 107, 110, 145, 156, 184–186, 194, 199, 221–224, 228, 229, 233–235

Implications, 14, 17, 50, 94, 211–236Independent Sector, 144, 185Industry, 9, 17, 29, 35, 36, 38, 40,

47, 58, 60, 66–68, 70, 71, 74–76, 82, 91, 92, 98, 100, 115, 117, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 141, 149, 161–163, 167, 170, 171, 177, 178, 186, 192, 214, 216, 217, 223–225, 227, 231

Inflation, viiiInfrastructure, 4, 32, 64, 126In-kind, 12, 34, 63–66, 78, 89, 96,

110, 158, 164, 199, 216Institutional theory, 9, 10, 59, 82,

220, 233Intellectual property (IP), 66, 71, 99,

125, 126, 145, 164, 165, 171, 186, 197, 227, 229

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 33, 156, 165, 172, 182, 187, 213

International, viii, 32, 66, 73, 97, 127, 143, 167, 192, 214, 232

Internship, 68, 69, 71–73, 78, 111, 112, 128

256 INDEX

Inter-organizational relationships, vii–ix, xii, 1–3, 6, 9, 11, 15, 16, 23–27, 29, 40, 41, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 67, 76, 81–83, 108, 116, 122, 125, 147–148, 154, 158, 160, 163, 167, 168, 172, 185, 187–189, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 211–214, 217–222, 225–233, 235, 236

Interview, viii, 14, 16, 24–27, 30, 34, 39–41, 43–47, 49, 50, 79, 81, 109, 112, 124, 128, 147, 158, 168, 173, 181, 189, 198, 212, 213, 215, 218

JJacob, J. G., ix, x, 5, 12, 92, 96, 187Jacobs, J. A., 187Jacobson, H. K., 42, 58, 225Jacoby, N. H., 3, 90, 91, 93, 95, 106,

141, 177, 181, 191, 221, 235Jang, Y. S., 6, 177, 218Japan, xiJohnson, B., 23–26, 44, 46Johnson, J., 60, 61, 186Johnson, R. A., 7Johnson, W. C., 4, 98Jones, R. E., 183Joseph, J. A., 182, 183Josephson, M., 145Just, R. E., 99

KKahn, R. L., 7, 8, 182Kaplan, A. E., ix, xvii, 5, 24, 25, 29, 235Kaptein, M., 42, 43, 184Karoff, H. P., 179Kast, F. E., 7Katz, D., 7, 8, 182Kaylor, R., 227

Kerkian, S., ixKidder, R. M., 137, 142, 145, 179,

180, 204Kinnicutt, S., 104Knowledge, 27, 28, 31, 50, 59, 65,

68, 69, 72–74, 78, 79, 94, 98, 99, 104, 111, 115, 125, 127, 153, 181, 228

Kostecka, A., 25, 91, 102Kramer, M. R., 103, 106Krieg, I. M., 91Kucic, B., 91, 227Kvale, S., 46

LLab/laboratory, 32, 55, 66, 75,

126, 192Lacy, P., 140Lam, P., 49Larson, D., 227Law, ix, 2, 3, 12, 25, 32, 73, 96, 112,

137–140, 146, 149, 153, 165, 180, 186, 204, 213

Le Boeuf, B. J., 100, 191Leader/leadership, viii, xi, 1–4, 17,

31–33, 38–40, 43–45, 47, 58, 59, 74, 76–79, 91, 93, 95, 100, 104, 106–108, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123, 125, 127, 128, 141, 142, 146–149, 153, 154, 158, 166, 168, 172, 177–179, 181, 184, 185, 187–190, 192, 194, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 211, 217, 219–223, 225, 228–230, 232, 233

Leavy, P., 24, 26, 27, 44LeCompte, M. D., 26, 47Legal, ix, 9, 24, 66, 90, 92, 94, 96,

101, 139, 141, 145, 146, 148–150, 166, 168, 171, 178, 179, 183, 186, 190, 197, 213, 220, 232

257 INDEX

Leslie, L. L., 10Levy, B. R., 12, 99, 145Levy, R., 25, 35, 95, 106Liggett, G., 189, 191, 227Lim, T. L., 183Lincoln, Y. S., 24, 25, 41Lister, D., 179Litan, R. E., 57, 100, 226Locke, E. H., 97

MMa, D., xi, 143MacAllister, J. A., 104, 190MacGregor, C. J., v, xi, xviii, 11, 60,

76, 79, 102, 104, 112, 117MacKenzie, S. B., 182Madden, C., 186, 187, 235Mael, F., 56, 181, 182Malloy, D. C., 137, 179Management, x, xi, 2, 7, 8, 11, 13,

33, 34, 38, 39, 48, 59–61, 77, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 100–102, 104, 106, 112, 114, 119, 140, 141, 143, 147–150, 152, 154, 157, 160, 163, 165, 166, 168–170, 177, 179, 184, 187, 189, 190, 196, 200, 201, 213, 214, 216–218, 222, 225, 226, 233

Marion, B. H., 145Marketing, 40, 43, 56, 58, 60, 62, 89,

94, 106, 109, 112, 120–122, 154, 184, 191, 202

Martin, J., 223Maxwell, J. A., 24, 26, 47Mays de Perez, K. A., 25, 45McCoy, C. J., 60McGoldrick, M., 226McGowan, D., 57, 60, 108McIntire, L., 105McKone-Sweet, K., 13, 182

McNaught, C., 49Means, G. C., 90, 139Media, 9, 25, 36, 40, 63, 120, 121,

123, 124, 140, 141, 152, 158, 179, 181, 185, 226, 234

Meiners, R. E., 35Melé, D., 12Merriam, S. B., 15, 23–26, 40, 41, 45,

46, 219Meuth, E. F., 97, 232Meyer, J. W., 9, 10, 59, 82, 220Miles, M. B., 23, 25, 26, 41, 46, 48, 219Miller, G., 41Miller, R. C., 98, 100, 191Mirvis, P. H., ix, 102, 104, 146Mission, 1, 5, 13, 33, 40, 42, 56, 57,

62, 68, 73, 80, 100, 103, 114, 116, 143, 152, 154, 160, 165, 178, 180, 181, 188, 189, 191, 199, 202, 214, 220, 222, 224

Mitchell, L., 57, 100, 226Mixer, J. R., xi, 92, 95Molnar, A., 10, 180, 229Money, 5, 12, 45, 63, 65, 66, 72, 95,

107, 126, 148, 154, 160, 161, 166–172, 186, 197, 199, 202

Morgan, G., 13, 27, 80, 100, 177, 178, 189–191

Morris, L. L., 48Motive/motivation, ix, xi, xii, 1, 4–6,

9–12, 16, 23, 25, 26, 44, 45, 50, 55–83, 89–128, 137, 172, 181, 212, 217, 219, 223, 227, 229–232, 236

Motowidlo, S. J., 103–105, 181, 189

NNash, R., x, 5, 95National, viii, 29, 32, 66, 73, 91, 98,

127, 143, 167, 192, 195Netherlands, xi

258 INDEX

Network of Academic Corporate Relations Officers (NACRO), 40, 61, 146, 163, 185, 186, 222, 232, 235

Neyland, D., 27, 40, 45Nicol, A. A. M., 49Nolan, M., 91, 227Nonprofit, x, xi, 2, 12, 33, 42, 43,

90, 91, 95, 96, 110, 114, 141, 143, 144, 179, 182, 184, 185, 187, 233

Nonprofit Research Collaborative, 198Norway, xi

OObservation, 16, 26, 40, 41, 45–47,

50, 62, 79, 89, 123, 124, 128, 147, 173, 189, 212, 214, 215, 218

Odendahl, T., 43, 44Open system, 7, 8, 14, 178,

182, 190Operational culture, 9, 11–13, 17,

46, 50, 89, 93, 100–103, 190, 212, 215, 217, 218, 236

Organ, D. W., 182Organization, vii, 1, 26, 55, 90, 140,

177, 211Organizational culture, 46, 79–81,

100, 103, 123, 178, 179, 181, 188–195, 203, 204, 218, 232, 233, 236

Ostrander, S. A., viii, 95Ott, J. S., 6, 177, 218Outcome, x, 6, 8, 10, 12, 27, 83, 91,

97, 98, 126, 165, 183–185, 193, 223, 233, 236

Output, 7, 8Owner/ownership, 3, 74, 90, 91, 111,

126, 141, 165, 191, 216

PParish, W. L., xi, 143Partnership, vii, ix, xii, 7, 12, 29, 34,

56, 58, 59, 61–63, 66, 68, 81, 83, 92, 93, 97–99, 106, 107, 125–127, 171, 180, 188, 192, 193, 195, 200, 211, 219, 220, 222, 223, 226–228, 233, 235

Patton, M. Q., 14, 23, 24, 27, 44–49Pexman, P. M., 49Pfeffer, J., 7–10, 82, 182, 218–220, 230Philanthropy, viii–xi, 11, 12, 17, 33,

46, 50, 59, 63, 78, 79, 89, 93–97, 107, 185, 187, 212, 214–216, 218, 228, 235, 236

Philip, C. S., 91, 107, 108Pickard, S., 140Pinney, C., 91, 97, 104, 198Planet, 11, 13, 77, 103, 119, 194, 216Plan/planning, x, 7, 24, 34, 43, 56,

60, 62, 83, 101, 108, 121, 160, 184, 203, 212, 220, 222, 226, 228–230

Pluralistic, 3–5, 10, 26, 57, 73, 74, 78, 90, 91, 103, 106, 107, 117, 146, 177, 186, 191, 214, 217, 229, 235

Podsakoff, P. M., 182Policy/policies, viii, xi, xii, 12, 31, 36,

77, 93, 103, 106, 119, 141, 147–150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 162–165, 170, 172, 177, 182, 184, 186, 187, 190, 197, 199, 203, 217, 226, 231

Pollack, R. H., 61, 83, 222, 225, 227Pollard, J. A., 55, 59, 82, 95, 96PollingReport.com., 180Porter, M. E., 103, 106Post, F. R., 94, 103, 138Power, ix, 3, 4, 10, 43, 59, 73,

80, 114, 115, 143, 180, 219, 228, 232

259 INDEX

Private, 4, 5, 29, 31, 33, 55, 57, 62, 63, 75, 77, 102, 125, 183, 187, 218, 231, 232

Public, vii–ix, 3, 10–12, 31, 33, 34, 42, 43, 55, 57–59, 62, 66, 75, 82, 89, 92–94, 102, 109, 110, 119, 120, 128, 138–142, 145, 147, 154, 158, 160, 164, 165, 172, 179, 182, 183, 187, 192, 213, 217, 221, 227, 229–232, 234

RRamlo, S., 48, 49Recession, 24, 163, 188, 196–198, 220Reciprocal/reciprocity, 6, 11, 12, 24,

95, 97, 98, 215, 220, 229Record, 2, 32, 36, 40, 41, 44, 93,

107, 149, 150, 153, 156, 165, 167, 171, 222

Recruitment, 16, 30, 62, 104, 111, 112, 128, 189, 213, 214, 227

Reed, R., 227Reichart, J., ix, 106Report, 1, 9, 14, 26, 27, 29, 32, 35,

39–43, 62, 83, 93, 107, 108, 148–150, 153, 154, 156–158, 163, 165, 166, 168, 179, 182–187, 192–195, 202, 213, 217, 218, 220, 224, 226, 228, 229, 234, 236

Research, vii–xii, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9–12, 14–17, 23–50, 55, 57, 59, 61–65, 71–75, 77–79, 81–83, 89, 96, 97, 99, 100, 107–110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 121, 124–128, 137, 145–147, 168, 171–173, 179, 186, 188, 190, 191, 199, 203, 204, 212–214, 216, 220, 221, 223, 226, 227, 229, 231–236

Resource dependence theory, 9, 82Resource development, ix, 33, 60, 230Resources, viii, x, 4, 5, 7–13, 16, 28,

32–34, 38, 39, 42, 56–58, 60, 62–70, 77, 78, 80–83, 91, 93, 97, 98, 101, 105–110, 115, 116, 118, 125, 126, 128, 140, 147, 152, 156, 157, 163, 165, 167, 168, 170, 177, 180, 181, 183–185, 191, 193, 196, 198, 203, 211, 212, 214, 218–224, 226–230, 233, 235

Responsibility, ix–xi, 2, 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 33, 44, 58, 74, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 99, 101, 103–106, 110, 120, 126, 140, 141, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 163–165, 179, 187, 188, 190, 191, 195, 203, 217, 233–236

Return on investment (ROI), ix, xii, 11, 12, 23, 44, 45, 50, 78, 95, 97–100, 107, 112, 128, 172, 212, 215–220, 222, 223, 227, 229, 232, 236

Revenue, 29, 35, 36, 57, 63, 82, 89, 98, 113, 122, 126, 156, 187, 224

Rhoades, G., 9, 10, 229Rhodes, F. H. T., 3, 5, 30, 31, 55,

218, 221, 224Ring, P. S., 2, 6, 56, 211, 220Ringleb, A. H., 35Robbins, S., 13, 25, 189Robbins, Z., 227, 228Rochlin, S. A., ix, 104, 146Rose, A. P., 24, 29, 96, 103, 198, 221Rosen, M., 7, 26–28, 191Rosenzweig, J. E., 7Rowan, B., 9, 10, 59, 82, 220Rubenstein, D., xi, 91, 107Ruppel, D., 3, 4Ryan, G. W., 25, 26, 47, 231

260 INDEX

SSábato’s Triangle, 3, 4Saiia, D. H., 102, 141, 178Salancik, G. R., 7–10, 82, 182,

218–220, 230Saldaña, J., 23, 41, 47, 48, 219Samans, R., 181Samels, E., 223Sanchez, C. M., xiSanzone, C. S., 5, 90, 181, 219,

222–225, 227, 228Saul, J., 3, 5, 30, 40, 60, 82, 83, 93,

181, 184, 185, 191, 219–224Sawyer, T. H., 99Scanlan, E., xSchein, E. H., 80, 81, 104, 178,

179, 189Schensul, J. J., 26, 47Schervish, P. G., viii, 95Scholarship, 33, 62–65, 68, 69, 78,

83, 110, 111, 147, 165, 166, 168, 172, 200, 202

Schwartz, M. S., 141Science, technology, engineering, and

math (STEM), 32, 64, 69, 73, 194, 214

Securities and Exchange Commission/SEC, 35, 40, 157, 213

Seidman, I. E., 24, 43, 44Sethi, S. P., 183Shafritz, J. M., 6, 7, 177, 218Shannon, J. P., xiShareholder, ix, 13, 35, 38, 39, 93,

101, 102, 143, 149, 194, 197, 216, 221

Shaw, A. M., 43, 44Shaw, B., 94, 103, 138Shaw, L. L., 15, 25, 45Sheldon, K. S., 42, 43, 59, 89, 96,

99, 102Shuy, R. W., 43Siegel, D., xvii, 2, 4, 5, 141, 181

Sievers, B., 182, 184Sirsly, C-A. T., 104, 181, 189, 190Skills, xi, 44, 55, 58, 69, 98, 102,

104–106, 111, 153, 233Slaughter, S., 9, 10, 229Sloan, P., 102Small and medium enterprise (SME),

xi, xii, 91Small business, 67, 95, 117, 149,

167, 179Smith, Jr., L., 57Smith, K. V., xiSocial entrepreneurship, 78Social media, 140, 152, 158, 181,

226, 234Social/society, viii–xii, 1–6, 8–14, 17,

23, 25–28, 31–33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 56–58, 61, 68, 73–75, 77, 78, 83, 89–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 106, 107, 110, 115–117, 120, 126, 138–142, 146, 165, 170, 177, 178, 181–188, 190–192, 195–197, 211, 214, 216–219, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230, 234–236

Solicit, 68, 69, 171, 181, 225Solórzano, A., 4, 92, 103, 221Sommerville, C. J., 4, 180Southwick, K., 103Spain, xiSponsorship, 34, 62–65, 78, 89, 97,

99, 110, 120–122, 126, 128, 165, 166, 168, 199, 235

Spradley, J. P., viii, 189Srivastava, P., 24, 45Stake, R. E., 14, 23–26, 45, 47, 219Stakeholder, ix, xi, 9, 11, 13, 39, 77,

93, 100–105, 120, 140, 141, 145, 146, 154, 157, 178, 183, 184, 187, 195, 197, 216, 217, 221, 233

Stangis, D., xi, xvii, 105

261 INDEX

The State of Corporate Citizenship, 94, 198, 229

Steele, S., 100, 191Stein, D. G., 10, 97Steinbock, D., 49Stoneman, P., xi, 5Strategy, 2, 13, 30, 55, 70, 80, 94, 95,

98, 99, 101, 112, 119, 137, 183, 186, 192, 193, 204, 221, 222, 228, 230

Strauss, A., 48Student, 5, 16, 29, 30, 32, 33, 59,

62–66, 68–75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 91, 95, 97, 100, 107, 109–112, 114, 116, 121, 122, 125, 126, 145, 147, 152, 156, 160, 164–166, 168, 171, 186, 191, 199, 200, 214, 223, 226–228, 230

Study, viii, ix, xi, 2, 6–9, 14, 15, 17, 23–34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43–46, 48, 50, 57, 62, 68, 79, 82, 83, 97, 104, 107, 108, 120–124, 127, 137, 146, 150, 168, 181, 188–192, 196, 198, 203, 204, 212, 213, 215, 219–224, 226–236

Sturm, P., 61Stylianou, A. C., 13, 189Sunset policy, 164Sustainability, 13, 32, 38, 39, 73, 74,

76–79, 103, 105, 119, 120, 125, 127, 192, 195, 216–218

Swords, P., 187Symonds, W. C., 58

TTax, xi, 5, 25, 36, 94, 99, 150, 156,

187, 232Technology, 5, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 43,

63–66, 72, 73, 76, 80, 91, 107, 111, 113, 119, 125–127, 185, 192, 217, 224

Tech/Technology transfer, 66, 97, 99, 100, 125, 186, 223, 227, 229

Tedlock, B., 15Thelin, J. R., xTheme, viii, 2, 14–17, 25, 40, 44–49,

55, 62, 64–79, 81, 89, 107, 110–128, 137, 146–173, 178, 188, 203, 204, 231

Theory, 6, 11, 12, 16, 24, 69, 101, 113, 182, 195, 233, 236

Third party, 30, 39, 40, 42, 55, 105, 121, 147, 149, 154, 164, 179, 191, 213, 234

Thompson, J. D., 2, 7, 8, 177, 198Time, viii, 4, 6, 11, 24, 26, 28–30, 36,

46, 47, 57, 67, 69, 70, 80, 83, 92, 95, 97, 100, 102–104, 107, 108, 110–115, 123, 125, 138, 140, 142, 162–164, 167, 169, 179, 180, 183, 187–189, 191, 196–200, 202, 203, 212, 213, 219–221, 225, 227, 229, 236

Tokumura, S. S., 144Touraine, A., 8, 10, 219Trade journal, 40Training, 3, 31, 39, 61–63, 69, 100,

110–113, 124, 128, 145, 147–150, 152–154, 163, 185, 186, 227

Transparency, viii, 17, 100, 105, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156–158, 160, 163, 165, 172, 178, 179, 182, 183, 185, 187, 192, 213, 217, 218, 220, 225, 236

Triangulation, 48–50Triple bottom line, 11, 13, 14, 39, 77,

103, 119, 120, 194, 195, 217, 218, 223

Tromble, W. W., 56, 96, 97The 2010 Corporate Social

Responsibility Index, 36, 37, 123, 184

262 INDEX

UUnit, 14, 15, 24, 26, 34, 46–48, 61, 71United Kingdom (UK), xi, 105United Nations (UN), 13, 103,

153, 154United States (US), vii, ix–xi, 2–4, 6,

15, 16, 23, 25–32, 34–36, 50, 56–58, 74, 76, 89, 90, 92, 94, 98, 99, 102–110, 117, 119, 122, 124, 138, 139, 144, 146, 150, 156, 157, 179, 180, 185, 186, 196, 198, 211, 232, 235

University-Industry Demonstration Project (UIDP), 185, 186, 232

U.S. Census, 35U.S. Department of Labor, 36U.S. Small Business Administration, 36

VValue, ix, 3, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16, 25–28,

30, 32, 38, 39, 56, 57, 60, 61, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99–102, 104–107, 110, 115, 116, 122, 138, 140–143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 158, 178–185, 188–191, 193–197, 203, 211, 217, 220–222, 224, 229, 230

Van de Ven, A. H., 2, 6, 56, 220Vendor, 10, 13, 34, 62, 63, 65, 67, 78,

100, 102, 122, 152, 154, 193, 196, 214, 216, 226, 233, 235

Viégas, F. B., 48, 49Vision, 13, 80, 92, 97, 100, 104,

114, 116, 152, 154, 167, 178, 188, 189, 192, 193, 216, 220, 222, 233

Vitaliano, D. F., 103Volpe, M., 24, 47Volunteer, 31, 34, 102, 114, 122,

190, 194, 195, 203, 224, 228

WWaddock, S., ix, 2, 12, 141, 146, 178Wagener, A., 91, 227Walter, F., 5, 94, 101, 228Walton, A., ix, x, 12Watchdog, 165, 179, 187Wattenberg, M., 48, 49Website, 40, 42, 114, 157, 193Webster, A., 100, 229Weitzman, E. A., 48Welytok, J. G., 152, 187Whetten, D. A., 182White, G. D., 97Whitehead, P. J., 93Wilson, H. J., 13, 182Withers, D. C., 89, 99Wolcott, H. F., 23, 24, 26, 45, 47Wood, D. J., 183Word cloud, 48, 49, 79–81, 109Workforce, 16, 32, 56, 70, 71, 89,

110–115, 117, 118, 185, 227Workforce development, viii, 16, 89,

110–115, 117, 127, 185World Economic Forum, 93World War II, xvii, 26, 98, 196Worth, M. J., 3, 58, 59

YYin, R. K., 7, 14, 24, 26, 28, 41,

44–46, 123Young, D. R., xi