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Basic Terminologies
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1 Pixel 2 Voxel 3 2D Imaging 4 3D Imaging 5 4D Imaging 6 CT/CAT 7 MRI 8 Segmentation 9 Surface
Generation 10 VolumetricRendering
11 Isosurface
Pixel
A square display unit. All 2D pictures are composed of pixels. A 3 pixel by 3 pixel pictures contains 9 pixels. Pixel is flat with unit length of 1 and width of 1.
Voxel
A cube display unit.All 3D data sets are made from voxels. A 3 voxel by 3 voxel by 3 voxel matrix contains 27 voxels. voxel is 3D and has length of 1 and width of 1 and height of1.
2D Imaging
eg. Histology Data measurment including length and width.
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NOTE: histology is always considered 2D but it does includeheight. Hence if you are given many histological slices, you canreconstitute them into a 3D data set as well.
3D Imaging
eg. Modeling, plastic, virtual,etc Data measurement including height, length and
width.
Note: Model is considered 3D most of the time. However,once you start dynamically swapping 3D data sets (eg. a heartbeating through time). Hence, a series of 3D data sets of relevantstructures are considered 4D.
4D Imaging
Data measurement including height, length, width and time. Time is the key here.
This is the hardest dataset to work with. Make sure you recycle labels should it be
necessary.
CT/CAT
Known as Computed Tomography (CT)or Computed AxialTomography (CAT) The basic idea behind CT is the idea of density.
o In CT, the denser the object, the more bright it appearsin the final result.o Hence a tissue of heterogeneous density creates agray scale spectrum. Each voxels will have its own gray scalevalue (each voxel can only have one value only just like howpixel cannot be two colors.)
CT is in many sense very similar to advanced array of X raymachines.
o Traditional X ray is only exposed ONCE (eg. you standin front of the X ray machine and get shoot via X rays foronce and develop the filem.) However, CT has moreexposures and at lower dosages during each exposure.Simplest way I can explain it would be try to imagine a
Circular track with an X ray emitter mounted on the track andthe patient inside the circular ring while the receiver at theopposite end of the circular track. As the scan proceeds, theemitter starts at 12 o clock position with the receiver at 6 oclock position, the density reading from 12 to 6 position isready... and then the emitter/detector moves along the trackand keeps take reading... The ending result is a 2D reading ofthe plane being scanned(This is EXTREMELY simplifiedexplanation). Here is a BRIEF intro to CT/CAT principles.
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MRI
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging They take out "Nuclear" because they don't
want to scare the public. It is must less intuitive to grasp the understanding of MRI. I
do not believe I am qualified to really explain it well so I will share my view with
you. basicly, a HUGE magnet is used to generate a radiofrequency pulse that excitesparticles (1H or 13C) inside the issue and once the magnetic field is reduced, the
energy absorbed by the excited particle is re-emitted back to the surroundings and
picked up by the MRI.
The signal strength is not significantly influenced by the density of the object but
more by the concentration of the excitable particles and the way radio pulse was
generated (echo time and repetition time). I highly recommend at least skim through
the Wikipedia articles on MRI. I think the most important information you will need
is to be able to differentiate T1, T2 weighting and what they each excel at visualizing.
So far, we have not dealt with any fMRI imaging data but I imagine with 4D data
processing, fMRI should not be too huge a concern.
Segmentation
The process of partitioning a digital image into multiple regions (sets of pixels).
Surface Generation
Volumetric Rendering
Isosurface
a three-dimensional analog of an isocontour. It is a surface that represents points of a
constant valueFile:Example.jpg
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A voxel is a volume element (volumetric pixel) representing a
value in the three dimensional space (expressed in units of mm3),
corresponding to a pixel for a given slice thickness. Voxels are
frequently used in the visualization and analysis of medical data.
The CT pixel intensity is proportional to the signal intensity of the
appropriate voxel. Voxels are associated with CT numbers.
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Uses and Advances of Computed Tomography for
Medical Device Analysis
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By Julien Noel
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
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Computed tomography (CT) has come a long way
since its public inception in 1972. The rapid
improvement of computer technology and the
increasing capabilities of CT scans have gone hand
in hand. CT scans that used to take hours are nowbeing completed in seconds. This increase in
capabilities has led to CT scans being used more
often and in more ways than ever before. The use
of CT in the medical nondestructive testing (NDT)
field is one example that has grown tremendously
in the past few years, and it is also the focus of the
following article.
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Industrial Computed Tomography Process
Industrial CT uses a series of 2-dimensional images taken at specific intervals around
the entire sample. Almost all types of industrial CT systems use three principal
components: an X-ray Tube, an X-ray Detector, and a rotational stage. Everything is
enclosed in a radiation shielding steel/lead/steel cabinet that usually ranges between 4and 10 feet cubed. This allows use of the system in a public environment without any
additional safety concerns.
Micro computed tomography (MicroCT) is primarily the same as standard CT except
it uses a microfocus tube instead of a traditional tube. A MicroCT scan yields
resolutions in microns due to the fact that the focal spot of a microfocus tube is only a
few microns in size. For comparison, MicroCT resolution is about 100 times better
than the best CAT scan in the medical field.
High quality industrial X-ray detectors used for CT, are typically a new generation
Amorphous Silicon Flat Panel Area Detector, offering very high sensitivity,
resolution, and bit depth. The resulting 2D X-ray images are very clear and the
contrast is unparalleled.
Acquisition
A modern high-end CT scan consists of taking several 2D X-ray images around the
object, preferably covering 360 degrees (complete rotation). CT systems typically
acquire between 360 images (1 image every degree) and 3600 images (1 image every0.1 degree), depending on the final desired resolution. Each image is between 3 to 10
Megapixels and is also averaged and filtered to reduce noise. The 2D digital images
taken during this step are saved directly into a single folder which will be used in the
next step of the CT process.
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General principle of a modern industrial CT scan.
Reconstruction and Visualization
Once the acquisition process of the CT scan is completed, CT calibration and CT
reconstruction algorithms are used to reconstruct the 3D CT volume. These 3D
images are made of Voxels (three dimensional Pixels), and with the use of
visualization software, the 3D volume can be manipulated in real time. Because of
this, it is possible to slice through anywhere inside the object, inspect and look for
defects, take accurate measurements, reconstruct a surface model, etc.
Industrial CT technology is improving very quickly. While a few single CT slices
could take hours to generate years ago, it is now possible to reconstruct complete 3D
models with billions of Voxels in just seconds. This opens the door for numerous new
applications like 3D inline automatic defect recognition, 3D reverse engineering,
rapid prototyping, 3D metrology, etc. In that regard, industrial CT has become a very
competitive technology for 3D scanning.
The principal benefit of using 3D CT for scanning or digitization is that a complete
model with both external and internal surfaces of an object is obtained without
destroying it. Moreover, CT works with any surface, shape, color, or material (up to a
certain density and/or thickness penetrable with X-rays). Generally, a modern start-to-finish CT scan can finish in as fast as two seconds or take longer than an hour,
depending on the resolution requirements and size and/or density of the object.
Overall, the resolution is excellent both internally and externally, which in turn can
fulfill virtually any designers needs.
Computed Tomography in Use
Computed Tomography has proven to be an outstanding tool for many industries.
Industries such as medical device, pharmaceutical, aerospace, electronics, and many
more have made CT a part of everyday life. The demand for CT continues to be
tremendous, largely due its versatility and capabilities to do what other technologies
cannot. CT scans nondestructively provide excellent resolution internally and
externally, which then allows for measurement on surfaces both inside and outside an
object. Also, due to the penetration of X-rays, CT scans are unaffected by certain
object characteristics such as dark, reflective or transparent surfaces and/or shaded
zones on the item that can cause difficulty with other 3D scanning methods.
Furthermore, 3D CT reconstruction models can be directly compared to CAD models
and/or other CT models in order to display differences or commonalities in
measurements, densities, voids, etc.
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Sliced 3D CT volume
and its femur
showing measurement functionality.
The 3D CT reconstruction, which is made of several million or billion Voxels, can
also be transformed to a surface model. The resolution of the 3D model depends on
the number of Voxels generated from CT reconstruction. A threshold value of
radiodensity is chosen by the operator and set using edge detection image processing
algorithms. From this, a 3-dimensional model can be constructed and displayed on
screen. Multiple models can be constructed from various different radiodensity
thresholds, therefore allowing different colors to represent each component of anassembly. Typically, models are composed of polygons numbering from the
thousands to 50 million.
The pictures below show a surface reconstruction (polygon mesh) of an extracted
wisdom tooth and an inhaler device. All the internal structural features are
reconstructed as well since the CT reconstruction provides volumetric information.
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3D CT surface
reconstruction of a
tooth and an inhaler.
With the generated polygon mesh surface model, many different applications become
available to the user. The output format (points cloud, STL, WRL) is compatible withmost CAD software for Reverse Engineering applications, rapid prototyping machines
for modeling, Finite Element Analysis software for simulations, etc.
In most cases, the polygon mesh generated by the CT system can be used in the above
applications without modification and typically, the resolution is higher than needed.
However, in order to modify or take measurements of the CT surface model with a
CAD software, the CT model needs to be processed to make it editable. New
generation modeling software (e.g. Geomagic, Rapidform, Polyworks) propose semi-
automatic tools to transform the polygon mesh to Nurbs Surfaces and parametric
CAD models. Manual operation is still necessary to transform the scanning surface to
real solid CAD.
Comparing 3D CT Image to CAD Model
Dimensional analysis is one key application available for model comparison. Since
CT and especially microCT provides very accurate dimensions on surfaces, the
technology is often used for metrology studies. Measurements can be done either
directly on the surface using any CAD or Metrology software, or it can automatically
compare the CT model with the CAD model, or even the CT model with another CTmodel.
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Geomagic Qualify is a very efficient software for this type of application. It has the
capability to perform a 3D and/or 2D dimensional comparison in very few steps, as
well as export metrology reports containing tons of information. Once again, the data
includes both internal and external surface information.
Comparison of a 3D CT
model reconstructed by
NSI with a CAD model.
Due to the proprietary nature of medical devices, a CAD to CT comparison is not
available for display. As a replacement, examples above show a dimensional
comparison between the Solidworks CAD model of a casting provided by Twin Cities
Die Casting, and the CT surface reconstruction created by NSI.
In order to do this comparison, the two models needed to be aligned. Different
alignment tools are available, ranging from very fast and automatic Best Fit, to
manual alignment. Once the two models are aligned, a simple 3D comparison option
automatically creates a colored view showing all the dimensional differences between
the two models. In the example above, all the dimensional differences between the
Solidworks model and the actual CT surface (polygon mesh) are represented by
colors. Tolerances between -0.3mm and 0.3mm are shown in green. Yellow denotesthe areas where the CT scan measurements are larger than the original CAD model
and blue indicates smaller measurements. It is possible to change tolerance values and
the color code to cater to a specific project or preferences. Numerical values are an
available option as well.
All in all, 3D CT is now accessible for most industries as a viable tool; user-friendly
interfaces, increased scan speeds, and decreasing prices have all attributed to the rapid
growth of this technology in the marketplace. Having very accurate internal
dimensions without destroying the item, along with the ability to compare to a
reference model is entirely unique to CT. There are no shaded zones, it works with all
kinds of shapes and surfaces, there is no post-processing work needed and theresolution is excellent. Above all, the greatest benefit is the ability to nondestructively
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obtain the internal structure of the object, and CT is the only technology capable of
achieving such performance.
Julien Noel is the Computed Tomography Product Manager for North Star Imaging,Inc. based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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