285copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Appendix 1 pAtterning isrAelrsquos MAteriAl loss through Al-AhrAmrsquos WArtiMe reporting

ndash lsquoDyan admits losses incurred and positions lostrsquo (p 1 7 October 1973) ndash lsquoEnemy losses in Sinai 24 Phantom and Skyhawk jets 36 tanks and a

number of armoured vehiclesrsquo (p 1 9 October 1973) ndash lsquoIsrael incurred heavy losses from Syrian jetsrsquolsquoPentagon concerned

over rising losses by Israelrsquo (p 1 11 October 1973) ndash lsquoThe Egyptian Air Force and Air Defence Forces incurred heavy enemy

losses in Phantom Mirage and Sky Hawk jets hellip The enemy lost on the Egyptian front alone 23 jets hellip Israel loses 11 dinghies near the Syrian coastrsquo (p 1 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIsrael announces that Egypt is using a new tactic in the war with the Commandos participating An Israeli commander told journalists Egyptian Special Forces enter Sinai from everywhere and by all meansrsquo (p 1 13 October 1973)

ndash lsquoAfter 12 hours of attack our forces advanced on massive swathes of land after destroying 150 Israeli tanksrsquo (p 1 15 October 1973)

ndash lsquo[Minister of Defence] Ahmed Ismail Our losses in comparison with the enemyrsquos losses are 51 in air battles and 13 in armoury battlesrsquo (16 October 1973) No details were given by Ismail on Egyptian losses beyond this general statement

Appendices

286 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoSadat announces that hellip Egyptian missiles await the order to be launched and travel deep into Israel helliprsquolsquoTel Aviv announces that Syria attacks with a huge number of tanksrsquo (p 1 17 October 1973)

ndash lsquoA London-based military report SAM7 [used by Egyptian army] changed the nature of the war [as] American electronic equipment failed to resist themrsquolsquoAmerica is in race against time to compensate Israeli losses Emergency shipments of fighters rockets and up-to-date tanksrsquo (p 1 18 October 1973)

ndash lsquoResistance [fighters] bomb targets in Galilee [Israel]rsquolsquoSyrian army launches violent attackrsquo (p 1 20 October 1973)

ndash lsquoThe Israeli commander in Sinai the Egyptians attack ferociously with heavy firersquo (p 1 21 October 1973)

ndash lsquoThe losses of the enemy in equipment just yesterday 70 tanks 40 armoured vehicles 25 jets including 12 helicopters helliprsquolsquolosses of the enemy until yesterday morning hellip 303 launchers and fighter jets 25 helicopters 600 tanks 400 armoured vehicles 23 navy unitsrsquo (p 1 22 October 1973)

ndash lsquoThere were land and air battles between the two sides in which seven of the enemyrsquos jets were downedrsquo (p 1 24 October 1973)

ndash lsquoHeavy fighting with artillery and armoury in the south-western and eastern parts of the canal in response to enemy aggressionrsquo (p 1 25 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTwo attempts by Israeli forces to invade the Suez city were abortedrsquo (p 1 26 October 1973)

ndash lsquoCountering two enemy attacks against Suez hellip with the first leaving 11 Israeli tanks destroyed hellip and the other eight destroyed before Israeli forces withdrew to avoid Egyptian firersquolsquoCrisis explodes over Dayan because of his war position and the considerable lossesrsquo (p 1 26 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIsrael complains to the UN about Egyptian military actions on the frontline and in the Red Sea [and] Israel tells [UN Secretary General] Kurt Waldheim said that units of the Third Army of Egypt] launched a violent attack with tanks and artillery yesterday an Israeli petrol carrier (32000 tonnes sank at the entrance of the Suez Gulf in the Red Searsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIsraeli soldiers ran in all directions to be saved from Egyptian artillery which were fired from a position outside the Suez Canal on October 26rsquolsquo3000 million dollars the losses of Israel in two weeks of warrsquo (p 1 28 October 1973)

287APPENDICES

ndash lsquoIsrael complains to the UN that Egypt had launched an attack using mortars and heavy weapons in the southern part of the [Suez] canalrsquo (p 1 29 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTel Aviv Egyptian commandos attack Israeli positionsrsquo (p 1 30 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTel Aviv SAM2 missiles attacked Israeli reconnaissance jets deep in Sinai [at the time still occupied by Israel]rsquo (p 1 31 October 1973)

Appendix 2 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As divine Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash Ahmed Ismail the minister of war instructed his soldiers in a statement to keep fighting The statement included a Quraanic verse literally say-ing lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo In the selected verse the word lsquovictoryrsquo was mentioned twice He urged his soldiers to continue their defeat lsquoof the enemy of Allah and the homelandrsquo (p 5 9 October 1973)

ndash A statement from the Public Union of Agriculture Workers began with the lsquoIn the name of God the most gracious most mercifulrsquo and ended with the same Quraanic verse mentioned by Ismail at the issue of one day earlier and which means lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 5 10 October 1973)

ndash The paper published a piece of Arabic calligraphy in which the verse lsquoour soldiers will be victoriousrsquo was inscribed (p 8 11 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in an advertisement for a private furniture company (p 6 ibid)

ndash An op-ed by Abdel-Aziz Kamel in which he urged readers to benefit from the lsquoCrossing victory in Ramadanrsquo as the title reads Kamel urged his readers to give further donations and stand up to the battle between al-Haq (truth) and al-Batel (falsehood) which are terms with religious connotations In order to drive home the meaning he used direct quotations six times from the Quran and two times from the Hadith (the wordings of Prophet Muhammad (p 7 12 October 1973) In the same issue a car seller published in an advertisement a verse to the meaning that lsquoif Allah brings to you victory you must not be beatenrsquo (p 10 ibid)

ndash Prominent religious scholar Bint al-Shatei said in an op-ed that Sadat lsquoinsightfully made the historical decision to go to war at the peak of the

288 APPENDICES

month of Ramadan in which the Quran came downrsquo (p 5 13 October 1973) She ended her column with a Quraanic verse showing that Allah always supports those lsquowho fight for the sake of Godrsquo against those lsquokafera [atheist] groupsrsquo (ibid) Al- Shatei mentioned another verse on fighting in the Quran

ndash The state-run Federation of Egyptian Industries asked Egyptian sol-diers to keep on fighting citing a Quraanic verse that says lsquovictory is only from Allahrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash The state-run al-Nasr company for pipe production sponsored an advertisement asking Egyptian soldiers to move towards victory citing a Quraanic verse meaning that lsquoGod will bring victory to those who bring victory to Him as He owns powerrsquo (p 4 14 October 1973)

ndash Several companies sponsored advertisements which include Quraanic verses repeated above on lsquovictory guaranteed by Allahrsquo (pp 4 and 8 15 October 1973)

ndash Several advertisements mostly sponsored by state-run bodies carried Quraanic verses including the most repeated one such as lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo and also new ones in which God says lsquoit is a duty to bring victory to the believersrsquo and that Muslims lsquoshould fight for the sake of Allah hellip As they will be rewarded massivelyrsquo (pp 2 and 8 16 October 1973) Al-Shatei also wrote an op-ed just three days after the paper published another op-ed by her in which she repeated the same rhetoric She cited three Quraanic verses on the same meaning of lsquofightingrsquo and lsquorightfulrsquo war against lsquonon-believersrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash Sadat made a speech in which he ended with prayers and a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in previous issues [of the paper] lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 4 17 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in a grocery supermarket-sponsored ad on another page of the same issue (p 6 ibid) A private company sponsored an advertisement which includes another verse say-ing that lsquoAllah is able to bring victoryrsquo and another of the meaning that those who behave lsquounfairly to others would be beatenrsquo (p 8 ibid)

ndash A private company sponsored an advertisement that included the same verse lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 6 18 October 1973)

ndash One Quraanic verse on the victory and another citation of the Bible lsquoBlessed are the people of Egyptrsquo are made on two different occasions

289APPENDICES

the first a privately sponsored advertisement and the other in a piece of calligraphy (pp 10 and 12 19 October 1973)

ndash Within a painting of soldiers fighting the text comprises a Quraanic verse urging them to lsquofight for the sake of God those who are fighting yoursquo (p 8 20 October 1973)

ndash Several articles and advertisements in a single issue all cite Quraanic verses including some repeated in earlier issues and other new ones such as that saying lsquoour soldiers will have the upper handrsquo (p 5) Titles of one article is lsquothe month of Quraanrsquo in reference to the timing of the war coinciding with the symbolic month of Ramadan according to the Islamic calendar (p 8)

ndash Religious scholar al-Shatei published her third op-ed in two weeks She repeated the same argument and even demonstrated links between Quraanic prophecies and the warrsquos reality Two verses were mentioned including one in which God promises lsquovictoryrsquo to the believersrsquo (p 5 22 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published promising the believers lsquovictory and ultimate conquestrsquo (p 8 23 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published ordering Egyptian soldiers to keep fighting as a godly order in a verse which means that lsquoget them out from the same place they had got you outrsquo (p 8 24 October 1973) The paper also published an advertisement that brings in the same verse mentioned one issue earlier a godly promise to Muslims of lsquovictory and an approaching conquestrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash Another Islamic calligraphy was published citing a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in other issues since the war began The verse promises that lsquoGod brings victory to those who bring victory to him as He owns powerrsquo (p 8 25 October 1973)

ndash Abdel-Aziz Kamel the same columnist who wrote another op-ed earlier in the war published a new one sending the greetings of Eid (the end of the month of Ramadan which coincided with the war) mentioning 11 quoted verses from the Quraan (p 7 16 October 1973) Again the verses have the same meanings that fighting is a religious duty a need to beat the non-believers and that Muslims must be ultimately victorious In the same issue there is a calligraphy of another verse that promises Muslims that lsquothe hand of Allah is above their handrsquo (p 8 ibid)

290 APPENDICES

ndash On the front page the public Ahli Bank called for buying Jihad bonds and making donations to the army The advertisement ended with the same Quraanic verse repeated all over the war in the newspaper lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash The governorate of Qalyoubiyarsquos social affairs department published an advertisement with the pictures of the governor along with those of Sadat and the minister of social affairs Above the profile pictures one can read the verse as a quotation lsquoIn the name of Allah the most gra-cious most merciful it is a duty on is to bring victory to mursquomeneen [believers]rsquo (p 8 31 October 1973)

Appendix 3 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoA miracle happenedrsquo said Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz Mahfouz linked the miracle to the return of an overpowering all- inclusive spirit to one man lsquoAt a certain point of time Sadat stood up as representing all the spirits of [Egypt]rsquos dead leaders took his decision and launched his attack The miracle happenedrsquo (p 1 10 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIt is surprising that a miracle happened at a time of no miraclesrsquo said Ahmed Bahgat one of Al-ahramrsquos most renowned columnists (p 5 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoWith [the Egyptian armyrsquos] bravery the great miracle happened hellip God is with usrsquo said Youssef Wahabi one of the most famous actors in Egypt at the time (p 8 15 October 1973)

ndash The wounded soldiers lsquomade miraclesrsquo (p 8 16 October 1973) ndash A state-run company sponsored an advertisement that quoted Sadat as

saying that lsquowhat happened was a miracle by any military standardsrsquo The advertisement includes such words as lsquoheroesrsquo and lsquoself-sacrificersquo (p 3 20 October 1973)

ndash The Egyptian man lsquoregained his self-confidence and became the real miraclersquo p 3 22 October 1973)

ndash The war is lsquoa miracle of the peoplersquo in an opinion article (p 5 24 October 1973) Yet the article added that 50 of the victory can be attributed to Sadat himself

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

286 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoSadat announces that hellip Egyptian missiles await the order to be launched and travel deep into Israel helliprsquolsquoTel Aviv announces that Syria attacks with a huge number of tanksrsquo (p 1 17 October 1973)

ndash lsquoA London-based military report SAM7 [used by Egyptian army] changed the nature of the war [as] American electronic equipment failed to resist themrsquolsquoAmerica is in race against time to compensate Israeli losses Emergency shipments of fighters rockets and up-to-date tanksrsquo (p 1 18 October 1973)

ndash lsquoResistance [fighters] bomb targets in Galilee [Israel]rsquolsquoSyrian army launches violent attackrsquo (p 1 20 October 1973)

ndash lsquoThe Israeli commander in Sinai the Egyptians attack ferociously with heavy firersquo (p 1 21 October 1973)

ndash lsquoThe losses of the enemy in equipment just yesterday 70 tanks 40 armoured vehicles 25 jets including 12 helicopters helliprsquolsquolosses of the enemy until yesterday morning hellip 303 launchers and fighter jets 25 helicopters 600 tanks 400 armoured vehicles 23 navy unitsrsquo (p 1 22 October 1973)

ndash lsquoThere were land and air battles between the two sides in which seven of the enemyrsquos jets were downedrsquo (p 1 24 October 1973)

ndash lsquoHeavy fighting with artillery and armoury in the south-western and eastern parts of the canal in response to enemy aggressionrsquo (p 1 25 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTwo attempts by Israeli forces to invade the Suez city were abortedrsquo (p 1 26 October 1973)

ndash lsquoCountering two enemy attacks against Suez hellip with the first leaving 11 Israeli tanks destroyed hellip and the other eight destroyed before Israeli forces withdrew to avoid Egyptian firersquolsquoCrisis explodes over Dayan because of his war position and the considerable lossesrsquo (p 1 26 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIsrael complains to the UN about Egyptian military actions on the frontline and in the Red Sea [and] Israel tells [UN Secretary General] Kurt Waldheim said that units of the Third Army of Egypt] launched a violent attack with tanks and artillery yesterday an Israeli petrol carrier (32000 tonnes sank at the entrance of the Suez Gulf in the Red Searsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIsraeli soldiers ran in all directions to be saved from Egyptian artillery which were fired from a position outside the Suez Canal on October 26rsquolsquo3000 million dollars the losses of Israel in two weeks of warrsquo (p 1 28 October 1973)

287APPENDICES

ndash lsquoIsrael complains to the UN that Egypt had launched an attack using mortars and heavy weapons in the southern part of the [Suez] canalrsquo (p 1 29 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTel Aviv Egyptian commandos attack Israeli positionsrsquo (p 1 30 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTel Aviv SAM2 missiles attacked Israeli reconnaissance jets deep in Sinai [at the time still occupied by Israel]rsquo (p 1 31 October 1973)

Appendix 2 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As divine Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash Ahmed Ismail the minister of war instructed his soldiers in a statement to keep fighting The statement included a Quraanic verse literally say-ing lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo In the selected verse the word lsquovictoryrsquo was mentioned twice He urged his soldiers to continue their defeat lsquoof the enemy of Allah and the homelandrsquo (p 5 9 October 1973)

ndash A statement from the Public Union of Agriculture Workers began with the lsquoIn the name of God the most gracious most mercifulrsquo and ended with the same Quraanic verse mentioned by Ismail at the issue of one day earlier and which means lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 5 10 October 1973)

ndash The paper published a piece of Arabic calligraphy in which the verse lsquoour soldiers will be victoriousrsquo was inscribed (p 8 11 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in an advertisement for a private furniture company (p 6 ibid)

ndash An op-ed by Abdel-Aziz Kamel in which he urged readers to benefit from the lsquoCrossing victory in Ramadanrsquo as the title reads Kamel urged his readers to give further donations and stand up to the battle between al-Haq (truth) and al-Batel (falsehood) which are terms with religious connotations In order to drive home the meaning he used direct quotations six times from the Quran and two times from the Hadith (the wordings of Prophet Muhammad (p 7 12 October 1973) In the same issue a car seller published in an advertisement a verse to the meaning that lsquoif Allah brings to you victory you must not be beatenrsquo (p 10 ibid)

ndash Prominent religious scholar Bint al-Shatei said in an op-ed that Sadat lsquoinsightfully made the historical decision to go to war at the peak of the

288 APPENDICES

month of Ramadan in which the Quran came downrsquo (p 5 13 October 1973) She ended her column with a Quraanic verse showing that Allah always supports those lsquowho fight for the sake of Godrsquo against those lsquokafera [atheist] groupsrsquo (ibid) Al- Shatei mentioned another verse on fighting in the Quran

ndash The state-run Federation of Egyptian Industries asked Egyptian sol-diers to keep on fighting citing a Quraanic verse that says lsquovictory is only from Allahrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash The state-run al-Nasr company for pipe production sponsored an advertisement asking Egyptian soldiers to move towards victory citing a Quraanic verse meaning that lsquoGod will bring victory to those who bring victory to Him as He owns powerrsquo (p 4 14 October 1973)

ndash Several companies sponsored advertisements which include Quraanic verses repeated above on lsquovictory guaranteed by Allahrsquo (pp 4 and 8 15 October 1973)

ndash Several advertisements mostly sponsored by state-run bodies carried Quraanic verses including the most repeated one such as lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo and also new ones in which God says lsquoit is a duty to bring victory to the believersrsquo and that Muslims lsquoshould fight for the sake of Allah hellip As they will be rewarded massivelyrsquo (pp 2 and 8 16 October 1973) Al-Shatei also wrote an op-ed just three days after the paper published another op-ed by her in which she repeated the same rhetoric She cited three Quraanic verses on the same meaning of lsquofightingrsquo and lsquorightfulrsquo war against lsquonon-believersrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash Sadat made a speech in which he ended with prayers and a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in previous issues [of the paper] lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 4 17 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in a grocery supermarket-sponsored ad on another page of the same issue (p 6 ibid) A private company sponsored an advertisement which includes another verse say-ing that lsquoAllah is able to bring victoryrsquo and another of the meaning that those who behave lsquounfairly to others would be beatenrsquo (p 8 ibid)

ndash A private company sponsored an advertisement that included the same verse lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 6 18 October 1973)

ndash One Quraanic verse on the victory and another citation of the Bible lsquoBlessed are the people of Egyptrsquo are made on two different occasions

289APPENDICES

the first a privately sponsored advertisement and the other in a piece of calligraphy (pp 10 and 12 19 October 1973)

ndash Within a painting of soldiers fighting the text comprises a Quraanic verse urging them to lsquofight for the sake of God those who are fighting yoursquo (p 8 20 October 1973)

ndash Several articles and advertisements in a single issue all cite Quraanic verses including some repeated in earlier issues and other new ones such as that saying lsquoour soldiers will have the upper handrsquo (p 5) Titles of one article is lsquothe month of Quraanrsquo in reference to the timing of the war coinciding with the symbolic month of Ramadan according to the Islamic calendar (p 8)

ndash Religious scholar al-Shatei published her third op-ed in two weeks She repeated the same argument and even demonstrated links between Quraanic prophecies and the warrsquos reality Two verses were mentioned including one in which God promises lsquovictoryrsquo to the believersrsquo (p 5 22 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published promising the believers lsquovictory and ultimate conquestrsquo (p 8 23 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published ordering Egyptian soldiers to keep fighting as a godly order in a verse which means that lsquoget them out from the same place they had got you outrsquo (p 8 24 October 1973) The paper also published an advertisement that brings in the same verse mentioned one issue earlier a godly promise to Muslims of lsquovictory and an approaching conquestrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash Another Islamic calligraphy was published citing a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in other issues since the war began The verse promises that lsquoGod brings victory to those who bring victory to him as He owns powerrsquo (p 8 25 October 1973)

ndash Abdel-Aziz Kamel the same columnist who wrote another op-ed earlier in the war published a new one sending the greetings of Eid (the end of the month of Ramadan which coincided with the war) mentioning 11 quoted verses from the Quraan (p 7 16 October 1973) Again the verses have the same meanings that fighting is a religious duty a need to beat the non-believers and that Muslims must be ultimately victorious In the same issue there is a calligraphy of another verse that promises Muslims that lsquothe hand of Allah is above their handrsquo (p 8 ibid)

290 APPENDICES

ndash On the front page the public Ahli Bank called for buying Jihad bonds and making donations to the army The advertisement ended with the same Quraanic verse repeated all over the war in the newspaper lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash The governorate of Qalyoubiyarsquos social affairs department published an advertisement with the pictures of the governor along with those of Sadat and the minister of social affairs Above the profile pictures one can read the verse as a quotation lsquoIn the name of Allah the most gra-cious most merciful it is a duty on is to bring victory to mursquomeneen [believers]rsquo (p 8 31 October 1973)

Appendix 3 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoA miracle happenedrsquo said Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz Mahfouz linked the miracle to the return of an overpowering all- inclusive spirit to one man lsquoAt a certain point of time Sadat stood up as representing all the spirits of [Egypt]rsquos dead leaders took his decision and launched his attack The miracle happenedrsquo (p 1 10 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIt is surprising that a miracle happened at a time of no miraclesrsquo said Ahmed Bahgat one of Al-ahramrsquos most renowned columnists (p 5 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoWith [the Egyptian armyrsquos] bravery the great miracle happened hellip God is with usrsquo said Youssef Wahabi one of the most famous actors in Egypt at the time (p 8 15 October 1973)

ndash The wounded soldiers lsquomade miraclesrsquo (p 8 16 October 1973) ndash A state-run company sponsored an advertisement that quoted Sadat as

saying that lsquowhat happened was a miracle by any military standardsrsquo The advertisement includes such words as lsquoheroesrsquo and lsquoself-sacrificersquo (p 3 20 October 1973)

ndash The Egyptian man lsquoregained his self-confidence and became the real miraclersquo p 3 22 October 1973)

ndash The war is lsquoa miracle of the peoplersquo in an opinion article (p 5 24 October 1973) Yet the article added that 50 of the victory can be attributed to Sadat himself

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

287APPENDICES

ndash lsquoIsrael complains to the UN that Egypt had launched an attack using mortars and heavy weapons in the southern part of the [Suez] canalrsquo (p 1 29 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTel Aviv Egyptian commandos attack Israeli positionsrsquo (p 1 30 October 1973)

ndash lsquoTel Aviv SAM2 missiles attacked Israeli reconnaissance jets deep in Sinai [at the time still occupied by Israel]rsquo (p 1 31 October 1973)

Appendix 2 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As divine Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash Ahmed Ismail the minister of war instructed his soldiers in a statement to keep fighting The statement included a Quraanic verse literally say-ing lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo In the selected verse the word lsquovictoryrsquo was mentioned twice He urged his soldiers to continue their defeat lsquoof the enemy of Allah and the homelandrsquo (p 5 9 October 1973)

ndash A statement from the Public Union of Agriculture Workers began with the lsquoIn the name of God the most gracious most mercifulrsquo and ended with the same Quraanic verse mentioned by Ismail at the issue of one day earlier and which means lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 5 10 October 1973)

ndash The paper published a piece of Arabic calligraphy in which the verse lsquoour soldiers will be victoriousrsquo was inscribed (p 8 11 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in an advertisement for a private furniture company (p 6 ibid)

ndash An op-ed by Abdel-Aziz Kamel in which he urged readers to benefit from the lsquoCrossing victory in Ramadanrsquo as the title reads Kamel urged his readers to give further donations and stand up to the battle between al-Haq (truth) and al-Batel (falsehood) which are terms with religious connotations In order to drive home the meaning he used direct quotations six times from the Quran and two times from the Hadith (the wordings of Prophet Muhammad (p 7 12 October 1973) In the same issue a car seller published in an advertisement a verse to the meaning that lsquoif Allah brings to you victory you must not be beatenrsquo (p 10 ibid)

ndash Prominent religious scholar Bint al-Shatei said in an op-ed that Sadat lsquoinsightfully made the historical decision to go to war at the peak of the

288 APPENDICES

month of Ramadan in which the Quran came downrsquo (p 5 13 October 1973) She ended her column with a Quraanic verse showing that Allah always supports those lsquowho fight for the sake of Godrsquo against those lsquokafera [atheist] groupsrsquo (ibid) Al- Shatei mentioned another verse on fighting in the Quran

ndash The state-run Federation of Egyptian Industries asked Egyptian sol-diers to keep on fighting citing a Quraanic verse that says lsquovictory is only from Allahrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash The state-run al-Nasr company for pipe production sponsored an advertisement asking Egyptian soldiers to move towards victory citing a Quraanic verse meaning that lsquoGod will bring victory to those who bring victory to Him as He owns powerrsquo (p 4 14 October 1973)

ndash Several companies sponsored advertisements which include Quraanic verses repeated above on lsquovictory guaranteed by Allahrsquo (pp 4 and 8 15 October 1973)

ndash Several advertisements mostly sponsored by state-run bodies carried Quraanic verses including the most repeated one such as lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo and also new ones in which God says lsquoit is a duty to bring victory to the believersrsquo and that Muslims lsquoshould fight for the sake of Allah hellip As they will be rewarded massivelyrsquo (pp 2 and 8 16 October 1973) Al-Shatei also wrote an op-ed just three days after the paper published another op-ed by her in which she repeated the same rhetoric She cited three Quraanic verses on the same meaning of lsquofightingrsquo and lsquorightfulrsquo war against lsquonon-believersrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash Sadat made a speech in which he ended with prayers and a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in previous issues [of the paper] lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 4 17 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in a grocery supermarket-sponsored ad on another page of the same issue (p 6 ibid) A private company sponsored an advertisement which includes another verse say-ing that lsquoAllah is able to bring victoryrsquo and another of the meaning that those who behave lsquounfairly to others would be beatenrsquo (p 8 ibid)

ndash A private company sponsored an advertisement that included the same verse lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 6 18 October 1973)

ndash One Quraanic verse on the victory and another citation of the Bible lsquoBlessed are the people of Egyptrsquo are made on two different occasions

289APPENDICES

the first a privately sponsored advertisement and the other in a piece of calligraphy (pp 10 and 12 19 October 1973)

ndash Within a painting of soldiers fighting the text comprises a Quraanic verse urging them to lsquofight for the sake of God those who are fighting yoursquo (p 8 20 October 1973)

ndash Several articles and advertisements in a single issue all cite Quraanic verses including some repeated in earlier issues and other new ones such as that saying lsquoour soldiers will have the upper handrsquo (p 5) Titles of one article is lsquothe month of Quraanrsquo in reference to the timing of the war coinciding with the symbolic month of Ramadan according to the Islamic calendar (p 8)

ndash Religious scholar al-Shatei published her third op-ed in two weeks She repeated the same argument and even demonstrated links between Quraanic prophecies and the warrsquos reality Two verses were mentioned including one in which God promises lsquovictoryrsquo to the believersrsquo (p 5 22 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published promising the believers lsquovictory and ultimate conquestrsquo (p 8 23 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published ordering Egyptian soldiers to keep fighting as a godly order in a verse which means that lsquoget them out from the same place they had got you outrsquo (p 8 24 October 1973) The paper also published an advertisement that brings in the same verse mentioned one issue earlier a godly promise to Muslims of lsquovictory and an approaching conquestrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash Another Islamic calligraphy was published citing a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in other issues since the war began The verse promises that lsquoGod brings victory to those who bring victory to him as He owns powerrsquo (p 8 25 October 1973)

ndash Abdel-Aziz Kamel the same columnist who wrote another op-ed earlier in the war published a new one sending the greetings of Eid (the end of the month of Ramadan which coincided with the war) mentioning 11 quoted verses from the Quraan (p 7 16 October 1973) Again the verses have the same meanings that fighting is a religious duty a need to beat the non-believers and that Muslims must be ultimately victorious In the same issue there is a calligraphy of another verse that promises Muslims that lsquothe hand of Allah is above their handrsquo (p 8 ibid)

290 APPENDICES

ndash On the front page the public Ahli Bank called for buying Jihad bonds and making donations to the army The advertisement ended with the same Quraanic verse repeated all over the war in the newspaper lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash The governorate of Qalyoubiyarsquos social affairs department published an advertisement with the pictures of the governor along with those of Sadat and the minister of social affairs Above the profile pictures one can read the verse as a quotation lsquoIn the name of Allah the most gra-cious most merciful it is a duty on is to bring victory to mursquomeneen [believers]rsquo (p 8 31 October 1973)

Appendix 3 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoA miracle happenedrsquo said Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz Mahfouz linked the miracle to the return of an overpowering all- inclusive spirit to one man lsquoAt a certain point of time Sadat stood up as representing all the spirits of [Egypt]rsquos dead leaders took his decision and launched his attack The miracle happenedrsquo (p 1 10 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIt is surprising that a miracle happened at a time of no miraclesrsquo said Ahmed Bahgat one of Al-ahramrsquos most renowned columnists (p 5 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoWith [the Egyptian armyrsquos] bravery the great miracle happened hellip God is with usrsquo said Youssef Wahabi one of the most famous actors in Egypt at the time (p 8 15 October 1973)

ndash The wounded soldiers lsquomade miraclesrsquo (p 8 16 October 1973) ndash A state-run company sponsored an advertisement that quoted Sadat as

saying that lsquowhat happened was a miracle by any military standardsrsquo The advertisement includes such words as lsquoheroesrsquo and lsquoself-sacrificersquo (p 3 20 October 1973)

ndash The Egyptian man lsquoregained his self-confidence and became the real miraclersquo p 3 22 October 1973)

ndash The war is lsquoa miracle of the peoplersquo in an opinion article (p 5 24 October 1973) Yet the article added that 50 of the victory can be attributed to Sadat himself

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

288 APPENDICES

month of Ramadan in which the Quran came downrsquo (p 5 13 October 1973) She ended her column with a Quraanic verse showing that Allah always supports those lsquowho fight for the sake of Godrsquo against those lsquokafera [atheist] groupsrsquo (ibid) Al- Shatei mentioned another verse on fighting in the Quran

ndash The state-run Federation of Egyptian Industries asked Egyptian sol-diers to keep on fighting citing a Quraanic verse that says lsquovictory is only from Allahrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash The state-run al-Nasr company for pipe production sponsored an advertisement asking Egyptian soldiers to move towards victory citing a Quraanic verse meaning that lsquoGod will bring victory to those who bring victory to Him as He owns powerrsquo (p 4 14 October 1973)

ndash Several companies sponsored advertisements which include Quraanic verses repeated above on lsquovictory guaranteed by Allahrsquo (pp 4 and 8 15 October 1973)

ndash Several advertisements mostly sponsored by state-run bodies carried Quraanic verses including the most repeated one such as lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo and also new ones in which God says lsquoit is a duty to bring victory to the believersrsquo and that Muslims lsquoshould fight for the sake of Allah hellip As they will be rewarded massivelyrsquo (pp 2 and 8 16 October 1973) Al-Shatei also wrote an op-ed just three days after the paper published another op-ed by her in which she repeated the same rhetoric She cited three Quraanic verses on the same meaning of lsquofightingrsquo and lsquorightfulrsquo war against lsquonon-believersrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash Sadat made a speech in which he ended with prayers and a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in previous issues [of the paper] lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 4 17 October 1973) The same verse was repeated in a grocery supermarket-sponsored ad on another page of the same issue (p 6 ibid) A private company sponsored an advertisement which includes another verse say-ing that lsquoAllah is able to bring victoryrsquo and another of the meaning that those who behave lsquounfairly to others would be beatenrsquo (p 8 ibid)

ndash A private company sponsored an advertisement that included the same verse lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 6 18 October 1973)

ndash One Quraanic verse on the victory and another citation of the Bible lsquoBlessed are the people of Egyptrsquo are made on two different occasions

289APPENDICES

the first a privately sponsored advertisement and the other in a piece of calligraphy (pp 10 and 12 19 October 1973)

ndash Within a painting of soldiers fighting the text comprises a Quraanic verse urging them to lsquofight for the sake of God those who are fighting yoursquo (p 8 20 October 1973)

ndash Several articles and advertisements in a single issue all cite Quraanic verses including some repeated in earlier issues and other new ones such as that saying lsquoour soldiers will have the upper handrsquo (p 5) Titles of one article is lsquothe month of Quraanrsquo in reference to the timing of the war coinciding with the symbolic month of Ramadan according to the Islamic calendar (p 8)

ndash Religious scholar al-Shatei published her third op-ed in two weeks She repeated the same argument and even demonstrated links between Quraanic prophecies and the warrsquos reality Two verses were mentioned including one in which God promises lsquovictoryrsquo to the believersrsquo (p 5 22 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published promising the believers lsquovictory and ultimate conquestrsquo (p 8 23 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published ordering Egyptian soldiers to keep fighting as a godly order in a verse which means that lsquoget them out from the same place they had got you outrsquo (p 8 24 October 1973) The paper also published an advertisement that brings in the same verse mentioned one issue earlier a godly promise to Muslims of lsquovictory and an approaching conquestrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash Another Islamic calligraphy was published citing a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in other issues since the war began The verse promises that lsquoGod brings victory to those who bring victory to him as He owns powerrsquo (p 8 25 October 1973)

ndash Abdel-Aziz Kamel the same columnist who wrote another op-ed earlier in the war published a new one sending the greetings of Eid (the end of the month of Ramadan which coincided with the war) mentioning 11 quoted verses from the Quraan (p 7 16 October 1973) Again the verses have the same meanings that fighting is a religious duty a need to beat the non-believers and that Muslims must be ultimately victorious In the same issue there is a calligraphy of another verse that promises Muslims that lsquothe hand of Allah is above their handrsquo (p 8 ibid)

290 APPENDICES

ndash On the front page the public Ahli Bank called for buying Jihad bonds and making donations to the army The advertisement ended with the same Quraanic verse repeated all over the war in the newspaper lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash The governorate of Qalyoubiyarsquos social affairs department published an advertisement with the pictures of the governor along with those of Sadat and the minister of social affairs Above the profile pictures one can read the verse as a quotation lsquoIn the name of Allah the most gra-cious most merciful it is a duty on is to bring victory to mursquomeneen [believers]rsquo (p 8 31 October 1973)

Appendix 3 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoA miracle happenedrsquo said Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz Mahfouz linked the miracle to the return of an overpowering all- inclusive spirit to one man lsquoAt a certain point of time Sadat stood up as representing all the spirits of [Egypt]rsquos dead leaders took his decision and launched his attack The miracle happenedrsquo (p 1 10 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIt is surprising that a miracle happened at a time of no miraclesrsquo said Ahmed Bahgat one of Al-ahramrsquos most renowned columnists (p 5 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoWith [the Egyptian armyrsquos] bravery the great miracle happened hellip God is with usrsquo said Youssef Wahabi one of the most famous actors in Egypt at the time (p 8 15 October 1973)

ndash The wounded soldiers lsquomade miraclesrsquo (p 8 16 October 1973) ndash A state-run company sponsored an advertisement that quoted Sadat as

saying that lsquowhat happened was a miracle by any military standardsrsquo The advertisement includes such words as lsquoheroesrsquo and lsquoself-sacrificersquo (p 3 20 October 1973)

ndash The Egyptian man lsquoregained his self-confidence and became the real miraclersquo p 3 22 October 1973)

ndash The war is lsquoa miracle of the peoplersquo in an opinion article (p 5 24 October 1973) Yet the article added that 50 of the victory can be attributed to Sadat himself

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

289APPENDICES

the first a privately sponsored advertisement and the other in a piece of calligraphy (pp 10 and 12 19 October 1973)

ndash Within a painting of soldiers fighting the text comprises a Quraanic verse urging them to lsquofight for the sake of God those who are fighting yoursquo (p 8 20 October 1973)

ndash Several articles and advertisements in a single issue all cite Quraanic verses including some repeated in earlier issues and other new ones such as that saying lsquoour soldiers will have the upper handrsquo (p 5) Titles of one article is lsquothe month of Quraanrsquo in reference to the timing of the war coinciding with the symbolic month of Ramadan according to the Islamic calendar (p 8)

ndash Religious scholar al-Shatei published her third op-ed in two weeks She repeated the same argument and even demonstrated links between Quraanic prophecies and the warrsquos reality Two verses were mentioned including one in which God promises lsquovictoryrsquo to the believersrsquo (p 5 22 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published promising the believers lsquovictory and ultimate conquestrsquo (p 8 23 October 1973)

ndash An Islamic calligraphy was published ordering Egyptian soldiers to keep fighting as a godly order in a verse which means that lsquoget them out from the same place they had got you outrsquo (p 8 24 October 1973) The paper also published an advertisement that brings in the same verse mentioned one issue earlier a godly promise to Muslims of lsquovictory and an approaching conquestrsquo (p 3 ibid)

ndash Another Islamic calligraphy was published citing a Quraanic verse repeatedly mentioned in other issues since the war began The verse promises that lsquoGod brings victory to those who bring victory to him as He owns powerrsquo (p 8 25 October 1973)

ndash Abdel-Aziz Kamel the same columnist who wrote another op-ed earlier in the war published a new one sending the greetings of Eid (the end of the month of Ramadan which coincided with the war) mentioning 11 quoted verses from the Quraan (p 7 16 October 1973) Again the verses have the same meanings that fighting is a religious duty a need to beat the non-believers and that Muslims must be ultimately victorious In the same issue there is a calligraphy of another verse that promises Muslims that lsquothe hand of Allah is above their handrsquo (p 8 ibid)

290 APPENDICES

ndash On the front page the public Ahli Bank called for buying Jihad bonds and making donations to the army The advertisement ended with the same Quraanic verse repeated all over the war in the newspaper lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash The governorate of Qalyoubiyarsquos social affairs department published an advertisement with the pictures of the governor along with those of Sadat and the minister of social affairs Above the profile pictures one can read the verse as a quotation lsquoIn the name of Allah the most gra-cious most merciful it is a duty on is to bring victory to mursquomeneen [believers]rsquo (p 8 31 October 1973)

Appendix 3 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoA miracle happenedrsquo said Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz Mahfouz linked the miracle to the return of an overpowering all- inclusive spirit to one man lsquoAt a certain point of time Sadat stood up as representing all the spirits of [Egypt]rsquos dead leaders took his decision and launched his attack The miracle happenedrsquo (p 1 10 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIt is surprising that a miracle happened at a time of no miraclesrsquo said Ahmed Bahgat one of Al-ahramrsquos most renowned columnists (p 5 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoWith [the Egyptian armyrsquos] bravery the great miracle happened hellip God is with usrsquo said Youssef Wahabi one of the most famous actors in Egypt at the time (p 8 15 October 1973)

ndash The wounded soldiers lsquomade miraclesrsquo (p 8 16 October 1973) ndash A state-run company sponsored an advertisement that quoted Sadat as

saying that lsquowhat happened was a miracle by any military standardsrsquo The advertisement includes such words as lsquoheroesrsquo and lsquoself-sacrificersquo (p 3 20 October 1973)

ndash The Egyptian man lsquoregained his self-confidence and became the real miraclersquo p 3 22 October 1973)

ndash The war is lsquoa miracle of the peoplersquo in an opinion article (p 5 24 October 1973) Yet the article added that 50 of the victory can be attributed to Sadat himself

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

290 APPENDICES

ndash On the front page the public Ahli Bank called for buying Jihad bonds and making donations to the army The advertisement ended with the same Quraanic verse repeated all over the war in the newspaper lsquoif you boost the victory of Allah he will make you victoriousrsquo (p 1 27 October 1973)

ndash The governorate of Qalyoubiyarsquos social affairs department published an advertisement with the pictures of the governor along with those of Sadat and the minister of social affairs Above the profile pictures one can read the verse as a quotation lsquoIn the name of Allah the most gra-cious most merciful it is a duty on is to bring victory to mursquomeneen [believers]rsquo (p 8 31 October 1973)

Appendix 3 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act through the WArtiMe reporting in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoA miracle happenedrsquo said Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz Mahfouz linked the miracle to the return of an overpowering all- inclusive spirit to one man lsquoAt a certain point of time Sadat stood up as representing all the spirits of [Egypt]rsquos dead leaders took his decision and launched his attack The miracle happenedrsquo (p 1 10 October 1973)

ndash lsquoIt is surprising that a miracle happened at a time of no miraclesrsquo said Ahmed Bahgat one of Al-ahramrsquos most renowned columnists (p 5 12 October 1973)

ndash lsquoWith [the Egyptian armyrsquos] bravery the great miracle happened hellip God is with usrsquo said Youssef Wahabi one of the most famous actors in Egypt at the time (p 8 15 October 1973)

ndash The wounded soldiers lsquomade miraclesrsquo (p 8 16 October 1973) ndash A state-run company sponsored an advertisement that quoted Sadat as

saying that lsquowhat happened was a miracle by any military standardsrsquo The advertisement includes such words as lsquoheroesrsquo and lsquoself-sacrificersquo (p 3 20 October 1973)

ndash The Egyptian man lsquoregained his self-confidence and became the real miraclersquo p 3 22 October 1973)

ndash The war is lsquoa miracle of the peoplersquo in an opinion article (p 5 24 October 1973) Yet the article added that 50 of the victory can be attributed to Sadat himself

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

291APPENDICES

ndash An op-ed calls on its readers to lsquomake whatever myths that we can imagine in order to come with an understanding of what happened in the October victoryrsquo which is lsquothe moment when we made miraclesrsquo (p 4 25 October 1973) Make sure of the page)

ndash The war still lives on as a lsquomiraclersquo (p 6 6 October 1978) ndash The war is a lsquomiraculousrsquo act (p 6 6 October 1979) as it represents

the lsquopeak in the history of the Arabsrsquo (p 1 ibid) and lsquoa testament to Egyptian ingenuityrsquo (ibid)

Appendix 4 pAtterning sAdAt As WAr personified in MubArAkrsquos speeches Quoted in Al-AhrAm

ndash lsquoGreetings to the loyal son of Egypt Anwar Sadat who courageously took part in war and peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of this decision the hero of war and peace the martyr of Egyptrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the decision maker Anwar Sadat who took up this enor-mous historic responsibilityrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash lsquoThe late president Anwar Sadat took the war decision hellip greetings to the hero of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the martyr of Egypt hellip [and] his initiative which set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 1997)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the maker of war decision and maker of peacersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip the hero of war and peaceThe war decision which was taken by Egyptrsquos obedient sonrsquo (p 7 6 October 2000)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who courageously broke the no war no peace status and set peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the obedient son of Egypt late President Anwar Sadat who courageously challenged the no war no peace status and set out peace as the goal of warrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat hellip who took the war decision courageously and while confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and opened by the victory of October the road for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2006)

ndash lsquoGreetings to hellip Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces He restored to Egypt land and dignity and opened the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

292 APPENDICES

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat He took the war decision courageously confident of Allah his people and armed forces hellip so he realised victory and became the hero of war and peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoGreetings to the soul of President Sadat who took the war decision confident of Allah his people and his armed forces and so he opened with the October victory the way for peacersquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash lsquoGreetings to Sadat who imposed with victory a new reality and opened the road for peacersquo (p 5 6 October 2010)

Appendix 5 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act in MubArAkrsquos speeches

ndash The war is lsquothe greatest military victory of our modern historyrsquo as it lsquocreated a new worldrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) The world after the 1973 War he said in the message addressing the army lsquois different from the world before 1973 because the new facts introduced by the war and the conceptualisations overturned by your glorious victoryrsquo (ibid)

ndash The lsquoheroes carried out the miracle as they crossed [the Suez Canal] with minimum damagersquo and lsquowent through the hardest barriersrsquo only to make lsquothe greatest historic victoryrsquo (p 5 6 October 1988) There is another report in which this is the beginning lsquoOn 6 October we remember this legendary great epic made by the people of Egyptrsquo (ibid p 6) Salah Montasser a columnist said that Egyptian armed forces also lsquobroke the world record by crossing the greatest defence barrier Bar-Lev in 18 hoursrsquo (ibid p 7)

ndash lsquoThe miraculous performancersquo of the army lsquorestored confidence to the Arab self and corrected the calculations of allrsquo (p 3 6 October 1993)

ndash This is lsquothe greatest and most glorious day in Egyptrsquos historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) In the following year Mubarak said the war lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The army demonstrated a lsquomiraculousrsquo performance which lsquocorrected the course of historyrsquo (pp 1 and 5 6 October 1997)

ndash The armed forces lsquocarried out a lsquomiraculousrsquo effort to make best use of the weapons available to themrsquoThis is lsquothe greatest glory of the Egyptian and Arab peoplesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998)

ndash This is a lsquomagnificent military achievement which has changed the bal-ance concepts and positions and whose impact went beyond the limits

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

293APPENDICES

of reality and the present to the depths of the futurersquo (p 5 6 October 1999)

ndash The October War lsquobroke down the theory of realising security through occupationrsquo (p 1 6 October 2002)

ndash lsquoOn this occasion we should be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and bravery which made the miracle of the crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003)

ndash The army lsquoregained land and dignity for us in a magnificent epicrsquo hellip as the victory lsquobecame a beacon in our modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2004)

ndash lsquoThe epic of October hellip proved the resilience of the Egyptian people and their ability to stand up and create miraclesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash The lsquoanniversary of the crossing and victory will remain a turning point in modern historyrsquo (p 3 6 October 2007)

ndash lsquoThe epic of victory is evidence of the ability of our people to Qahr al-Mustaheel [breaking the impossible]rsquo (p 3 6 October 2008)

ndash lsquoThe October War will remain a symbol of Egyptrsquos greatness and the solidness of its willrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009)

ndash The October War is a lsquohistoric turning point and a symbol of Egyptrsquos loftiness and highnessrsquo (p 1 6 October 2010)

Appendix 6 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As MirAclised Act by reporters editors And Writers in Al-AhrAm during the erA of MubArAkpAtterning the 1973

WAr As pArt of curriculA in internAtionAl AcAdeMic And MilitAry schools

ndash On the first anniversary since Mubarak came to power the editorial said the war led to lsquoQahr al-Mustaheel (breaking the impossible)rsquo and to a lsquogreat restorationrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The headline of a one report reads lsquothe miracle of the Egyptian Airforce in the October War under the command of Hosni Mubarakrsquo (ibid p 13) In the column of editor-in-chief Nafie these are some of the sentences used lsquoThis is the ldquomost dangerous decision ever taken by an Egyptian president in modern his-toryrdquo the war is still being studied in ldquothe greatest political centres and military academiesrdquorsquo (ibid)

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

294 APPENDICES

ndash One year later a story was published with the headline the lsquomiracle of warsrsquo (p 8 6 October 1983) The paperrsquos editorial likened the October victory to an lsquoearthquakersquo (ibid p 9) Nafie in his new front-page column hailed the lsquoepic of heroism and the legend of crossingrsquo during the war (ibid p 1)

ndash One year after the editorial said that the lsquoheroism of the Egyptian military made the war being taught in military research academies as a unique war in its conditions performance operations and heroismsrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984)

ndash One year later the paper published a story highlighting how Egypt lsquobroke a military impossibilityrsquo in the war (p 3 6 October 1985)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah the war correspondent indicated how the Egyptians lsquocrossed the impossiblersquo and performed an lsquoepic of cour-age and sacrificersquo (p 5 6 October 1986) Attalah wrote

We cannot look at the October War as a military action whose impact is limited to the battlefield It is overall a human action whose consequences extended to all facets of life in Egypt These consequences would be recog-nized for thousands of years into the future within a strongly flowing cur-rent getting stronger every day and sweeping all negative elements in front of it (ibid p 1)

ndash One year later Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim wrote a column in which he said the war would be remembered as a lsquohistoric achievementrsquo lsquofor millions of yearsrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987)

ndash One year later the editorial called the war lsquothe long Egyptian epic of strugglersquo (p 7 6 October 1988)

ndash One year later Nafiersquos column was headlined lsquothe other side hellip the miracle of Octoberrsquo (p 1 6 October 1989) The miracles of the war were mentioned in a story describing heroic acts by Egyptian sol-diers during the war One soldier Abdel-Atti lsquobroke the record and destroyed 26 tanksrsquo (ibid p 5) He was named the lsquohunter of tanksrsquo and given an award by the minister of defence as a picture in the news-paper shows (ibid)

ndash One year later October is a lsquoturning point between two histories a history of humiliation and another of honour and prosperityrsquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos columnist Ahmed Bahgat said Sadat who led the war was a lsquopolitical and human geniusrsquo as he managed to

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

295APPENDICES

lsquodeceive the Israelisrsquo (p 2 6 October 1991) The editorial of Al-ahram said that the war witnessed a lsquonew birth of the Egyptian characterrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash The following year the editorial said that in the war Egypt introduced certain new war tactics for the first time in history such as using water pipes to break down the Bar-Lev Line (p 9 6 October 1992) The event was an lsquoinspiration for all of the free people of the worldrsquo (ibid)

ndash The following year the newspaper sent lsquogreetings to the loyal Egyptian people in one of its most glorious days and to its Armed Forces in the anniversary of its great victory and to everyone who took part in plan-ning or fighting in this epicrsquo (p 1 6 October 1993)

ndash The following year Morsy Attalah said that the war led lsquothe worldrsquos institutes teaching military science to reconsider many of the theories and beliefs which had existed for a long time as solid factsrsquo (p 9 6 October 1994)

ndash The following year the editorial said that the war lsquooverturned the bal-ance in the region and made Arabs able to talk about peace from a perspective of equality not surrenderrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995)

ndash The following year Mustafa Bahgat Badawi wrote a column in Al- ahram which said that the six hours of crossing the canal were lsquoa bless-ing and miracle from Godrsquo (p 11 6 October 1996)

ndash The following year columnist Hussein al-Sharsquoer said that the war proved the Egyptian soldier lsquois an example of heroism and bravery and sacrifice and that he is the best soldier in the globe indeedrsquo (p 11 6 October 1998)

ndash The following year the same columnist Hussein El-Sharsquoer said the war victory came as the Egyptian soldier had an lsquoinvincible willrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) columnist Salah Montasser said the lsquoepic of October did not settle in the museum of history and time as it still sheds light on our future directionrsquo (ibid)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquolines from the epic of vic-toryrsquo (p 11 6 October 2001)

ndash Two years later the editorial was entitled lsquothe epic of Octoberrsquo argu-ing the war introduced a lsquonew military strategy now taught in many of the worldrsquos universitiesrsquo (p 11 6 October 2003)

ndash Two years later Morsy Attalah called these achievements of the army in the first hours of the war lsquobeyond descriptionhellip beyond our dreams and ambitionsrsquo (p 11 6 October 2005)

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

296 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Abdu Mubasher wrote one page in which he described the Egyptian plan for the war as lsquoingeniousrsquo (p 30 6 October 2006)

ndash One year later Morsy Attalah sad that the lsquoepic of 6 October made the Egyptian negotiator ready to leave talks and return to the battle field at any momentrsquo (p 6 6 October 2007)

ndash In the same issue the paper published a no-byline story of one of the battles during the war in which one soldier whose ammunition ran out faced a fully armed tank The title of the story reads lsquoa memorable leg-end in the name of the Tekrit battle hellip How an Israeli tank surrendered to an unarmed Egyptian soldierrsquo This is how the story reads

What reason can tell us is that the tank would make a certain victory It is a full tank supplied with full weaponry and ammunition against an isolated soldier who had no weapons at all What happened was different The sol-dier went out shouting Allahu Akbar before moving towards the tank and suddenly all those inside the tank went out and surrendered Indeed this had happened (ibid p 7)

ndash The following year the paperrsquos editorial said that the war is evidence of lsquothe Egyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and bravery in battle ground (p 11 6 October 2008)

ndash The following year the editorial said the Egyptian soldiers carried out the lsquoepic of crossingrsquo and that the anniversary would remain lsquoindel-ible in the conscience of the Egyptian people and always present in this [Egyptian] peoplersquos imaginationrsquo (p 11 6 October 2009) Salah Montasser also named his column the lsquoEgyptian ingeniousnessrsquo and called 6 October a lsquonew birthrsquo for the Egyptians (ibid)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram went far in miraclising the war to describe it in these words

hellip [In] the October War victories the Egyptian fighter had been able to break through the hurdles remove the shame of defeat and make the first military victory on the Israeli enemy on 6 October 1973hellip It has been 37 years since this greatest victory in the world military history as this record is written in words of light by the Egyptian fighterrsquos spirit and precious blood which had planted the Sinai sandshellip The October 1973 War is a real epic hellip (p 11 6 October 2010)

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

297APPENDICES

Appendix 7 pAtterning the 1973 WAr As the MAkings of the lsquooctober spiritrsquo

ndash Al-ahram said in an editorial that there is lsquoa dire need to establish the spirit of October and revitalise its interaction in ourselvesrsquo (p 7 6 October 1982) The editorial warned against lsquovicious attempts and sabotage operations to destroy the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the editor Ibrahim Nafie said lsquowe need to be armed with the spirit of October which truly symbolised the national spirit of the Arab nationrsquo (p 1 6 October 1983) He also repeated the lsquoneed for the spirit of October to restore other lands occupied by Israelrsquo (ibid) Again Nafie highlighted that Mubarak was lsquoreaffirming this spirit at every platform during his tours of the US and Europersquo (ibid) Another report was published entitled lsquothe culture and arts hellip and the spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 13) Columnist Ismail al-Baqari said that the lsquospirit of Crossing marked the sports victories as well as military onesrsquo (ibid p 12)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that its correspondent in the presi-dency understood that the speech of Mubarak would focus on the achievements made lsquoon the basis of the October spiritrsquo (p 1 6 October 1984) In the same issue a journalist of Al-ahram inter-viewed three war commanders who are now senior officials (ibid p 3) Remarkably the three described how far they were lsquoinspiredrsquo by the lsquospirit of Octoberrsquo The first the minister of housing Mohsen Sediqi said lsquoon the basis of the October spirit I attempt to solve the housing problemrsquo The second Bakir Mohamed Bakir the Governor of Suez said that lsquothe spirit of October has never been so needed so people should be mobilised as the spirit of October is based on sacri-fice for raising the Egyptian flagrsquo The third the head of the Transport Agency Ali Said said that lsquowe are surrounded by the spirit of the great Octoberrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said that Mubarak would give a speech on the war anniversary in which the president would call for lsquoembracing the spirit of October which made the great victoryrsquo (p 1 6 October 1985) The paper published a column by Mohamed Basha the former war correspondent in which he said

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

298 APPENDICES

I do hope that the October spirit would be our way of life as is the spirit of the courageous decision the spirit of scientific planning the spirit of chal-lenge by blood sweat and morals the spirit of achievement and winning against all odds (ibid p 7)

ndash Two years later Al-ahram said in its editorial that Sadat is the lsquoreal source of the new Egyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1987) The editorial added that lsquoMubarak depended on this spirit in his first term in officersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later Al-ahram said in an editorial that Egypt restored Taba the last area occupied by Israel after a battle lsquoin which Egypt was com-mitted to the same spirit of the October War victoryrsquo and that lsquothose who feared the disappearance of this spirit restored their belief in its exis-tencersquo (p 7 6 October 1988) Naguib Mahfouz said on the same page that 6 October was a very significant day in lsquoour spiritual historyrsquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the headline of Al-ahramrsquos editorial ran lsquothe spirit of October in renewalrsquo (p 7 6 October 1989)

ndash One year later the editorial of Al-ahram hailed the lsquoOctober the spirit the purity the immortality and the justicersquo (p 7 6 October 1990)

ndash One year later Al-ahramrsquos editorial said that the October War gave an impetus to the lsquoEgyptian spiritrsquo (p 7 6 October 1991)

ndash One year later the paper reported that the state-run Egyptian Centre for Children Culture lsquosent a message to the children of Egypt asking them to be inspired by the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1992) Economic editor Abdel-Rahman Aql wrote that lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo emerged after crossing the Bar-Lev and led to many achievements by Mubarak (p 11 6 October 1992)

ndash One year later the paper headlined one paragraph of the speech of Mubarak lsquoThe spirit of October runs through the conscience of Egyptrsquo Mubarak added that this spirit lsquogave Egypt a confi-dent belief that it is too strong to be targeted by anyonersquo (p 5 6 October 1993)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying in a speech that the October War anniversary lsquomarks the return of the spiritrsquo (p 3 6 October 1994) Morsy Attalah on another page called it the lsquoreturn of consciencersquo (ibid p 9)

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

299APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak said that the lsquospirit of October still runs in the conscience of every Egyptian making him confident of the ability to realise our objectivesrsquo (p 3 6 October 1995) Aql wrote that the lsquospirit of October augmented the course of economic reform in the 1990srsquo (ibid p 6)

ndash One year later El-Sayyed Amin Shalaby said in an op-ed that the October War lsquorepresents a resurgence of spirit and Egyptian national willrsquo (p 6 6 October 1996) Aql hailed in his column lsquoMubarakrsquos announcement after he came to power and on the basis of the spirit of October the continuation of the economic opening policyrsquo (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headlines for the front-page story was lsquoGreetings to the spirit of Anwar Sadatrsquo (p 1 6 October 1997)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak as saying the lsquospirit of October will remain interacting with our reality hellip the spirit of immor-talised October spirit a source and a torch which is always lit The spirit of October will remain a piece of blessed fire always rekindling our unity as our strengthrsquo (p 3 6 October 1998) A report noted that the economic growth in Egypt is lsquothe result of the spirit of victoryrsquo in the war (ibid p 14)

ndash One year later columnist Hussein El-Shair said that lsquothe spirit of the crossing is immanent (internalised) in usrsquo (p 11 6 October 1999) Aql another columnist said that the state is introducing new sys-tems that lsquocope with the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 15 6 October 1999) Aql made another mention of the lsquospirit of October which made best use of the potential of the Egyptiansrsquo in order to sort out their problems (ibid)

ndash One year later columnist Ahmed Bahgat mentioned the lsquodominant spirit of perseverancersquo in the Egyptian army (p 2 6 October 2000) There is another report whose title is lsquohow do we instill the spirit of October in our childrenrsquo (ibid p 6 supplement)

ndash Two years later Salah Montasser a columnist in Al-ahram hailed the lsquo1973 spiritrsquo (p 11 6 October 2002) In the same issue the paper reported that the Opera House was to host a musical ceremony in which songs lsquothe spirit of October and the spirit of victoryrsquo would be performed (ibid p 32)

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

300 APPENDICES

ndash One year later Mubarak was quoted as saying that Egyptians lsquoshould be inspired by the spirit of challenge patience and courage which made the miracle of crossingrsquo (p 5 6 October 2003) Aql said that Mubarak came to power lsquowith the same spirit of Octoberrsquo (ibid p 17)

ndash One year later a column was published by Mohamed Magdy Morgan was entitled lsquothe spirit of October and the government of the peo-plersquo (p 10 6 October 2004) The editorial of Al-ahram reads that lsquothe anniversary of the October War is still running in the spirit and conscience of every Egyptianrsquo The editorial said that lsquowith the same spirit Egypt went through the battle of reconstructionrsquo and that this lsquospirit of giving and sacrifice would remain forever in the blood of the Egyptians in order to cross the battle of development and progressrsquo (ibid p 11)

ndash One year later the editor-in-chief Saraya said the lsquospirit of October will remain inspiring for the Egyptians and the Arabsrsquo (p 1 6 October 2005)

ndash One year later Al-ahram published a report on a seminar held by a cab-inet minister lsquoon the new spirit of October which allowed the Egyptians to win the 1973 Warrsquo (p 38 6 October 2006) The newspaper quoted Mubarak as sending lsquogreetings to the spirit of Sadat who opened with victory the door for peacersquo and lsquogreetings to the spirit of those killed in the war who sacrificed their spirits for Egypt to restore both land and dignityrsquo (ibid p 1)

ndash The editorial of Al-ahram was entitled lsquothe necessity to bring back the spirit of Octoberrsquo (p 11 6 October 2007) The editorial called for lsquorestoring this spirit in all facets of our lifersquo (ibid)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos headline for one of the front-page stories is lsquoIn a speech to the Armed Forces magazine [Mubarak says] We need the spirit of October to stand up to the challenges of today and tomor-rowrsquo (p 1 6 October 2008) In the interview itself Mubarak said that lsquowe should all know that the spirit of October pushed forward a new spirit in the body of the nationhellip This spirit would remain a Marsquoyeen (a pot of water) that never ran outrsquo (ibid p 4)

ndash One year later the paperrsquos editor in chief said that lsquowe need the spirit of October in every position to face down our problems and challengesrsquo (p 3 6 October 2009) The title of his column is lsquoOctober a perma-nent force in the conscience of the Egyptiansrsquo (ibid) A caricature of

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

301APPENDICES

a man carrying a board in which lsquoeducation and healthrsquo were written The man said lsquoI hope that October ldquospiritrdquo would be here [in these fields as well]rsquo (ibid p 2)

ndash One year later the paper quoted Mubarak in his speech as hailing lsquothe spirit of Sadat who was inspired on the war decision because of Egyptrsquos solidness and determination of its peoplersquo (p 5 6 October 2010) The editorial sent lsquogreetings to all martyrs who sacrificed their souls for Egyptrsquo (ibid p 11)

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

303copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Aaker David 2005 Building Strong Brands New York The Free PressAbdel-Kareem Ahmed Ezzat et al 1975 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Mursquoaser

Cairo Dar Misr leil Tibrsquoaamdashmdashmdash 1977 Tarikh al-Arab al-Hadeeth wal Muarsquoser Cairo Dar al-TaawunrsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 1975 Al-Harb al-Iliktroniyya al-Ulla Cairo

Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma leil KitabAbu Ghazala Mohamed Abdel-Haleem 1975 Wa intalaqat al-Madafirdquoenda al-

Zuhr Cairo Matboursquoat al-ShaabAbul Azayem Kamaleddin and Leman Turfarsquo 1983 al-Rayaat Fi Zekra Muror

Ashr Sanawat ala Harb October (Ramadan) 1973 Cairo Edarat al-Matbursquoaat wal Nashr leil Quwat al-Musalaha

Affifi Youssef 1992 Abtal al-Firqa 19 Muqatelon Fawqa al-rsquoada Cairo Dar al-Safwa

Althusser Louis 1984 1976 Essays on Ideology London VersoAnderson Benedict 1991 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism Revised edition LondonNew York VersoAnthony Edward M 1963 Approach Method and Technique English Language

Teaching 17 63ndash67Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Defence nd Panorama The Epic of the 10th

Ramadan 1393 6th October 1973 CairoAtallah Morsi 1998 6 October Harb al-Sit Sanawat Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa

al-Arsquoama leil KitabAyubi Nazih 1989 Government and the State in Egypt Today In Egypt Under

Mubarak ed Charles Tripp and Roger Owen 1ndash20 LondonNew York Routledge

bibliogrAphy

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

304 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bachrach Peter and Morton S Baratz 1970 Power and Poverty Theory and Practice London Oxford University Press

Bartholomees Boone 2008 Theory of Victory Parameters 2(38) 25ndash36mdashmdashmdash 2015 Theory of Victory httpstrategicstudiesinstitutearmymil

pubsparametersArticles08summerbartholohtm Accessed 20 June 2015Baxter Judith 2003 Positioning Gender in Discourse A Feminist Methodology

Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanBeattie Kirk 2000 Egypt During the Sadat Years New York PalgraveBerger Peter L and Thomas Luckmann 1984 The Social Construction of Reality

A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge Harmondsworth PenguinBergmann Knut and Wolfram Wickert 1999 Selected Aspects of Communication

in German Election Campaign In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 455ndash484 London SAGE

Blommaert Jan 1999 The Debate is On In Language Ideological Debates ed Jan Blommaert Vol 2 1ndash38 Walter de Gruyter

Blumberg Arnold 1998 The History of Israel WestportLondon Greenwood Press

Bourdieu Pierre 1991 Language and Symbolic Power ed John Thompson Trans Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson Cambridge Polity Press

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Language and Symbolic Power In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 502ndash513 London Routledge

Braudel Fernand 1982 On History Chicago University of Chicago PressBreeze Ruth 2011 Critical Discourse Analysis and Its Critics Pragmatics 4(21)

493ndash525British Broadcasting Corporation 1987 Summary of World Broadcasts 15

FebruaryBuci-Glucksmann Christine 1980 Gramsci and the State Trans David Fernbach

London Lawrence and WishartBurman Erica and Ian Parker 1993 Introduction In Discourse Analytic Research

Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action ed Erica Burman and Ian Parker 1ndash13 LondonNew York Routledge

Caldas-Coulthard Carmen Rosa 1987 Reporting Speech in Narrative Written Texts In Discussing Discourse Discourse Analysis Monographs 14 English Language Research University of Birmingham 149ndash167

mdashmdashmdash 1994 On Reporting Reporting The Representation of Speech in Factual and Fictional Narratives In Advances in Written Text Analysis 295ndash308 London Routledge

mdashmdashmdash 1999 lsquoWomen Who Pay For Sex And Enjoy Itrsquo Transgression Versus Morality In Womenrsquos Magazines In The Discourse Reader ed Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland 523ndash540 LondonNew York Routledge

Carrol John B 1956 Language Thought and Reality Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf Cambridge Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

305BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chouliaraki Lilie and Norman Fairclough 1999 Discourse in Late Modernity Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press

Coffin Caroline 2001 Theoretical Approaches to Written Language A TESOL Perspective In Analysing English in a Global Context A Reader ed Anne Burns and Caroline Coffin 93ndash122 London Routledge

Cook Guy 1989 Discourse Oxford Oxford University PressCowie Anthony Paul 2009 Semantics Oxford Oxford University PressCox Kevin R 2002 Political Geography Territory State and Society 1ndash3 Oxford

BlackwellDahl Robert 2005 Who Governs Democracy and Power in an American City

New Haven Yale University PressDajani Nabil 2011 Arab Press In Arab Media Globalization and Emerging

Media Industries 45ndash66 Cambridge Polity PressDayan Moshe 1976 Story of My Life New York William Morrow and IncDefleur Melvin and Sandra Ball-Rokeach 1989 Theories of Mass Communication

London LongmanDevereux Eoin 2003 Understanding the Media London SAGEEagleton Terry 1994 Ideology London LongmanEban Abba 1978 An Autobiography London Weidenfeld amp NicolsonEl-Ashy Hussein 1990 Khafaya Hisar al-Suez Miaat Yawm Majhoula fi Harb

October 1973 Cairo Dar al-HuriyyaEl-Badri Hassan 1974 In Harb Ramadan Al-Gawla al-lsquoArabiyya al-Israeliyya

al-Rabersquoa ed Taha El-Magdoub and Diaeddin Zuhdi Cairo Al-Shareka al- Mutaheda leil Nashr wal Tawzrsquo

El-Bendary Mohamed 2011 The Egyptian Press and Coverage of Local and International Events Plymouth Lexington Books

El-Fiqi 2012 Mustafa a Confidant of Mubarak for Years httpwwwshorouk newscomnewsviewaspxcdate=11072015ampid=f11971bc-8239- 445f-a283-d5482505453bv Accessed 13 Aug 2012

El-Ghobashy Mona 2012 The Dynamics of Elections Under Mubarak In The Journey to Tahrir Revolution Protest and Social Change in Egypt ed Jeannie Sowers and Chris Toesing 132ndash148 LondonNew York Verso

El-Magdoub Taha 1993 Harb October Tariq al-Salam Cairo State Information Service

El-Qussi Attia et al 2013ndash2014 Tarikh Misr al-Hadith leil Saf al-Thalith al- Thanawi Cairo Rose El-Youssef

El-Sissi Abbas 1987 Min al-Mazbaha ila Sahat al-Dalsquowa Cairo Dar al-TiblsquoaEl-Shazly Sarsquoadeddin 1979 The Crossing of the Suez San Francisco American

Mideast ResearchEl-Shazly Sarsquoadeddin 2003 Muzakerat Harb October 4th ed San Francisco Dar

Buhouth al-Sharq al-Awsat al-Amrikkiya

306 BIBLIOGRAPHY

El-Taweel Amany 2006 Al-Mujtamarsquo al-Madani wa-l-Dawla fi Misr Q19 ila 2005 Cairo Al-Mahrousa

El-Tawilla rsquoAbdel-Sattar 1975 Harb al-Sarsquoat al-Sit wa Ihtimalat al-Harb al- Khamissa 2nd ed Cairo al-Hayaa al-rsquoAma leil Kitab

El-Zayat Montasser 2005 Al-Jamarsquoa al-Islamiyya Rursquoya min al-Dakhil Cairo Almahrousa

Entman Robert 1993 Framing Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm Journal of Communication 4(43) 51ndash58

Epstein Edward Jay 1973 News from Nowhere Television and the News New York Vantage Books

Esposito John 1999 The Islamic Factor In Egypt at the Crossroads Domestic Stability and Regional Role ed Phebe Marr 47ndash64

Fairclough Norman 1989 Language and Power London Longmanmdashmdashmdash 1995a Discourse and Social Change (Book Review) Applied Linguistics

4(16) 510ndash516mdashmdashmdash 1995b Critical Discourse Analysis The Critical Study of Language

London Longmanmdashmdashmdash 1995c Media Discourse 21 London Edward Arnol See Bell Allan

1984 Language Style as Audience Design Language in Society 13(2) 145ndash204mdashmdashmdash 2003a The Dialectics of Discourse Textus XIV(2) 231ndash242mdashmdashmdash 2003b Analysing Discourse Textual Analysis for Social Research London

RoutledgeFairclough Norman and Ruth Wodak 2007 Critical Discourse Analysis In

Discourse as Social Interaction ed Teun A Van Dijk 258ndash284 London SAGE

Feiler Gil 2003 Economic Relations Between Egypt and the Gulf Oil States 1967ndash2000 Petro-Wealth and Patterns of Influence Brighton Sussex Academic Press

Foucault Michel 1978 The History of Textually An Introduction Trans Robert Huxley London Penguin

mdashmdashmdash 1981 The Order of Discourse In Untying the Text ed Robert Young 48ndash78 BostonLondon Routledge amp Kegan Paul

mdashmdashmdash 1999 The Incitement to Discourse In The Discourse Reader ed Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 513ndash522 London Routledge

Fowler Roger 1991 Language in the News Discourse and Ideology in the Press London Routledge

Garfinkel Harold 1984 Studies in Ethnomethodology Cambridge PolityGee James Paul 2008a Social Linguistics and Literacies Ideology in Discourses

LondonNew York Routledgemdashmdashmdash 2008b Social Linguistics and Literacies Ideology in Discourses 3rd ed

LondonNew York RoutledgeGhandi Jennifer and Ellen Lust-Okar 2009 Elections Under Authoritarianism

Annual Review of Political Science 12 403ndash422

307BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gitlin Todd 1980 The Whole World is Watching Mass Media in the Making amp Unmaking of the New Left Berkeley University of California Press

Goffman Erving 1974 Frame Analysis An Essay on the Organization of Experience London Harper and Row

Gordon Joel 1992 Nasserrsquos Blessed Movement Egyptrsquos Free Officers and the July Revolution Oxford Oxford University Press

Graber Doris A Mass Media and American Politics Washington DC Congressional Quarterly Press In David Croteau and William Hoynes 1997 MediaSociety Industries Images and Audiences 211ndash212 London Pine Forge Press

Gray Colin S 2002 Defining and Achieving Decisive Victory Carlisle US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute

Gregor Derek et al 1986 The Dictionary of Human Geography 482ndash483 Oxford Wiley-Blackwell

Groy Boris 2008 Art Power Cambridge MIT PressHabermas Juumlrgen 1987 The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Twelve Lectures

Cambridge MA MITHall Stuart et al 1992 Culture Media Language Working Papers in Cultural

Studies 1972ndash1979 London Routledge in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies University of Birmingham

Halliday MAK 1978 Language and Social Semiotic London Edward Arnoldmdashmdashmdash 2004 An Introduction to Functional Grammar London ArnoldHammad Abdel-Azeem 2013 Al-Thawra al-Taiha Serah al-Khuza wal-Lihyya

wal-Maydan Tursquoyat Shahed Ayan Cairo Dar al-MahroussaHammad Gamal and Abdel-Azeem Ramadan 2000ndash2001 Mulhaq al-Tarikh leil

Thanwiyya al-Arsquomma al-Hekba al-Libralliyya al-Democratiyya Cairo NorbakHammersley Martyn 1997 On the Foundations of Critical Discourse Analysis

Language and Communication 17(3) 237ndash248Hammond Andrew 2002 Political Culture in the Arab World Cairo Cairo

University PressHartley John 1982 Understanding News Abingdon Oxon RoutledgeHeikal Mohamed Hassanein 1975 Al-Tareeq ella Ramadan Beirut Dar al-

Nahar leil Nashrmdashmdashmdash 1983 Autumn of Fury The Assassination of Sadat London Andre

Deutschmdashmdashmdash 1993 October 73 Al-Silah wa al-Siyasa Cairo Al-ahram Centre for

Translation and Publishingmdashmdashmdash 1983 Kharif al-Ghadab Qissat Bidayat wa Nihayat lsquoAsr Anwar al-Sadat

2nd ed Cairo Sharikat al-MatbulsquoatHelal Alieddin 2010 Al-Nizam al-Siyasi al-Misri Bayna Erth al-Madi wa-Afaq

al-Mustaqbal Cairo Al-Hayrsquoa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma li al-KitabHerzog Chaim 1984 The Arab-Israeli Wars War and Peace in the Middle East

from the War of Independence to Lebanon 259ndash260 London Arms and Armour

308 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Heydemann Steven 2007 Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World Analysis Paper Centre for Middle East Policy Analysis 13 1ndash38

Hinnebusch Raymond A 1988 Egyptian Politics Under Sadat The Post Populist Development of an Authoritarian- Modernising State Boulder London Lynne Rienner

Hobsbawm EJ 1998 On History London AbacusHodge Robert and Gunther R Kress 1993 Language as Ideology London

RoutledgeHoover Stewart M and Knut Lundby 1997 Rethinking Media Religion and

Culture London SAGEHopwood Derek 1993 Egypt Politics and Society 1945ndash90 3rd ed London

New York RoutledgeHorkheimer Max 1972 Critical Theory Selected Essays Trans Matthew

J OrsquoConnell New York HerderHourani Albert 1991 History of the Arab Peoples Cambridge MA Harvard

University PressHowarth David R 2000 Discourse Buckingham Open University PressHoy David Couzens and Thomas McCarthy 1994 Critical Theory Oxford

BlackwellHudson Richard 2005 Word Grammar In Encyclopaedia of Language amp

Linguistics ed Keith Brown (Editor-in-Chief) Vol 13 633ndash642 Oxford Elsevier

Hume David 1921 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Selection from a Treatise of Human Nature Chicago The Open Court Publishing Co

Jackson Richard Writing the War on Terrorism 165Jackson Richard 2005a Writing the War on Terrorism Language Politics and

Counter-Terrorism Manchester Manchester University Pressmdashmdashmdash 2005b Language Power and Politics Critical Discourse Analysis and the

War on Terrorism 49th Parallel 15 httpwww49thparallelbhamacukbackissue15indexhtm Accessed 5 Apr 2015

Jackson Robert and Carl Rosberg 1982 Personal Rule in Black Africa Prince Autocrat Prophet Tyrant Berkeley University of California Press

Jensen Klaus Bruhn 1995 The Social Semiotics of Mass Communication London SAGE

Kandil Hazem 2012 Back on Horse The Military Between Two Revolutions In Arab Spring in Egypt Revolution and Beyond ed Bahgat Korany and Rabab El-Mahdi 175ndash198 Cairo American University in Cairo Press

Kassem Maye 1999 In the Guise of Democracy Governance in Contemporary Egypt London Ithaca Press

307BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gitlin Todd 1980 The Whole World is Watching Mass Media in the Making amp Unmaking of the New Left Berkeley University of California Press

Goffman Erving 1974 Frame Analysis An Essay on the Organization of Experience London Harper and Row

Gordon Joel 1992 Nasserrsquos Blessed Movement Egyptrsquos Free Officers and the July Revolution Oxford Oxford University Press

Graber Doris A Mass Media and American Politics Washington DC Congressional Quarterly Press In David Croteau and William Hoynes 1997 MediaSociety Industries Images and Audiences 211ndash212 London Pine Forge Press

Gray Colin S 2002 Defining and Achieving Decisive Victory Carlisle US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute

Gregor Derek et al 1986 The Dictionary of Human Geography 482ndash483 Oxford Wiley-Blackwell

Groy Boris 2008 Art Power Cambridge MIT PressHabermas Juumlrgen 1987 The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Twelve Lectures

Cambridge MA MITHall Stuart et al 1992 Culture Media Language Working Papers in Cultural

Studies 1972ndash1979 London Routledge in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies University of Birmingham

Halliday MAK 1978 Language and Social Semiotic London Edward Arnoldmdashmdashmdash 2004 An Introduction to Functional Grammar London ArnoldHammad Abdel-Azeem 2013 Al-Thawra al-Taiha Serah al-Khuza wal-Lihyya

wal-Maydan Tursquoyat Shahed Ayan Cairo Dar al-MahroussaHammad Gamal and Abdel-Azeem Ramadan 2000ndash2001 Mulhaq al-Tarikh leil

Thanwiyya al-Arsquomma al-Hekba al-Libralliyya al-Democratiyya Cairo NorbakHammersley Martyn 1997 On the Foundations of Critical Discourse Analysis

Language and Communication 17(3) 237ndash248Hammond Andrew 2002 Political Culture in the Arab World Cairo Cairo

University PressHartley John 1982 Understanding News Abingdon Oxon RoutledgeHeikal Mohamed Hassanein 1975 Al-Tareeq ella Ramadan Beirut Dar al-

Nahar leil Nashrmdashmdashmdash 1983 Autumn of Fury The Assassination of Sadat London Andre

Deutschmdashmdashmdash 1993 October 73 Al-Silah wa al-Siyasa Cairo Al-ahram Centre for

Translation and Publishingmdashmdashmdash 1983 Kharif al-Ghadab Qissat Bidayat wa Nihayat lsquoAsr Anwar al-Sadat

2nd ed Cairo Sharikat al-MatbulsquoatHelal Alieddin 2010 Al-Nizam al-Siyasi al-Misri Bayna Erth al-Madi wa-Afaq

al-Mustaqbal Cairo Al-Hayrsquoa al-Misriyya al-lsquoAma li al-KitabHerzog Chaim 1984 The Arab-Israeli Wars War and Peace in the Middle East

from the War of Independence to Lebanon 259ndash260 London Arms and Armour

308 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Heydemann Steven 2007 Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World Analysis Paper Centre for Middle East Policy Analysis 13 1ndash38

Hinnebusch Raymond A 1988 Egyptian Politics Under Sadat The Post Populist Development of an Authoritarian- Modernising State Boulder London Lynne Rienner

Hobsbawm EJ 1998 On History London AbacusHodge Robert and Gunther R Kress 1993 Language as Ideology London

RoutledgeHoover Stewart M and Knut Lundby 1997 Rethinking Media Religion and

Culture London SAGEHopwood Derek 1993 Egypt Politics and Society 1945ndash90 3rd ed London

New York RoutledgeHorkheimer Max 1972 Critical Theory Selected Essays Trans Matthew

J OrsquoConnell New York HerderHourani Albert 1991 History of the Arab Peoples Cambridge MA Harvard

University PressHowarth David R 2000 Discourse Buckingham Open University PressHoy David Couzens and Thomas McCarthy 1994 Critical Theory Oxford

BlackwellHudson Richard 2005 Word Grammar In Encyclopaedia of Language amp

Linguistics ed Keith Brown (Editor-in-Chief) Vol 13 633ndash642 Oxford Elsevier

Hume David 1921 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Selection from a Treatise of Human Nature Chicago The Open Court Publishing Co

Jackson Richard Writing the War on Terrorism 165Jackson Richard 2005a Writing the War on Terrorism Language Politics and

Counter-Terrorism Manchester Manchester University Pressmdashmdashmdash 2005b Language Power and Politics Critical Discourse Analysis and the

War on Terrorism 49th Parallel 15 httpwww49thparallelbhamacukbackissue15indexhtm Accessed 5 Apr 2015

Jackson Robert and Carl Rosberg 1982 Personal Rule in Black Africa Prince Autocrat Prophet Tyrant Berkeley University of California Press

Jensen Klaus Bruhn 1995 The Social Semiotics of Mass Communication London SAGE

Kandil Hazem 2012 Back on Horse The Military Between Two Revolutions In Arab Spring in Egypt Revolution and Beyond ed Bahgat Korany and Rabab El-Mahdi 175ndash198 Cairo American University in Cairo Press

Kassem Maye 1999 In the Guise of Democracy Governance in Contemporary Egypt London Ithaca Press

308 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Heydemann Steven 2007 Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World Analysis Paper Centre for Middle East Policy Analysis 13 1ndash38

Hinnebusch Raymond A 1988 Egyptian Politics Under Sadat The Post Populist Development of an Authoritarian- Modernising State Boulder London Lynne Rienner

Hobsbawm EJ 1998 On History London AbacusHodge Robert and Gunther R Kress 1993 Language as Ideology London

RoutledgeHoover Stewart M and Knut Lundby 1997 Rethinking Media Religion and

Culture London SAGEHopwood Derek 1993 Egypt Politics and Society 1945ndash90 3rd ed London

New York RoutledgeHorkheimer Max 1972 Critical Theory Selected Essays Trans Matthew

J OrsquoConnell New York HerderHourani Albert 1991 History of the Arab Peoples Cambridge MA Harvard

University PressHowarth David R 2000 Discourse Buckingham Open University PressHoy David Couzens and Thomas McCarthy 1994 Critical Theory Oxford

BlackwellHudson Richard 2005 Word Grammar In Encyclopaedia of Language amp

Linguistics ed Keith Brown (Editor-in-Chief) Vol 13 633ndash642 Oxford Elsevier

Hume David 1921 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Selection from a Treatise of Human Nature Chicago The Open Court Publishing Co

Jackson Richard Writing the War on Terrorism 165Jackson Richard 2005a Writing the War on Terrorism Language Politics and

Counter-Terrorism Manchester Manchester University Pressmdashmdashmdash 2005b Language Power and Politics Critical Discourse Analysis and the

War on Terrorism 49th Parallel 15 httpwww49thparallelbhamacukbackissue15indexhtm Accessed 5 Apr 2015

Jackson Robert and Carl Rosberg 1982 Personal Rule in Black Africa Prince Autocrat Prophet Tyrant Berkeley University of California Press

Jensen Klaus Bruhn 1995 The Social Semiotics of Mass Communication London SAGE

Kandil Hazem 2012 Back on Horse The Military Between Two Revolutions In Arab Spring in Egypt Revolution and Beyond ed Bahgat Korany and Rabab El-Mahdi 175ndash198 Cairo American University in Cairo Press

Kassem Maye 1999 In the Guise of Democracy Governance in Contemporary Egypt London Ithaca Press

309BIBLIOGRAPHY

mdashmdashmdash 2004 Egyptian Politics The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule Boulder Rienner Publishers

mdashmdashmdash 2006 Democratization Reforms as a Means of Stabilizing Authoritarian In Democratisation and Development New Political Strategies for the Middle East ed Dietrich Jung 129ndash151 New York Palgrave Macmillan

Keller Evelyn 1985 Reflections on Gender and Science New Haven Yale University

Laqueur Walter and Barry M Rubin 2008 The Israel-Arab Reader A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict New York Penguin Books

Lasswell Harold 1938 Propaganda Technique in the World War New York Peter Smith

Laydes Lisa 2011 Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarakrsquos Egypt Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Livingston Steven 1994 The Terrorism Spectacle Boulder Westview PressLocke Terry 2004 Critical Discourse Analysis London ContinuumLovering Kathryn Matthews 1995 The Bleeding Body Adolescents Talk About

Menstruation In Feminism and Discourse Psychological Perspectives ed Sue Wilkinson and Celia Kitzinger LondonThousand OaksNew Delhi Sage

Lukes Steven 1974 Power A Radical View London MacmillanLutfi Hamdy 1976 Askariya al-Misriyayya fawqa Saynaa Cairo HelalMahboub Ali Ahmed Kamal al-Toubgi and Saad Shaaban 1975 Misr Baada

al-lsquoUbur Cairo Matbouat al-SharsquobMartel William C 2007 Victory in War Foundations of Modern Military Policy

New York Cambridge University PressMaykut Pamela and Richard Morehouse 1994 Beginning Qualitative Research

A Philosophic and Practical Guide Washington The Falmer PressMcLellan David 1986 Ideology Milton Keynes Open University PressMcQuail Denis 2000 McQuailrsquos Mass Communication Theory London SAGEMeital Yoram 2003 Who is Egyptrsquos lsquoHero of War and Peacersquo The Context Over

Representation History amp Memory 15(1) 150ndash183mdashmdashmdash 2005 Sadatrsquos Grave and the Commemoration of the 1973 War in Egypt

In National Symbols Fractured Identities Contesting the National Narrative ed Michael E Geisler 222ndash240 HanoverLondon University Press of New England

mdashmdashmdash 2012 The October War and Egyptrsquos Multiple Crossings In The October 1973 War Politics Diplomacy and Legacy ed Asaf Siniver 50ndash66 London Hurst amp Company

Mellor Noha et al 2011 Arab Media Arab Media Globalization and Emerging Media Industries Cambridge Polity Press

Meacuteszaacuteros Istvaacuten 1989 The Power of Ideology Hemel Hempstead Harvester Wheatsheaf

310 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Meyer Michael 2001 Between Theory Method and Politics Positioning of the Approaches to CDA In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis ed Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer 14ndash31 London SAGE

Mills Sara 2004 Discourse London Francis and TaylorMohamed Ebrahim El-Dessouki et al 1982ndash1993 Al-Derasat al-Ijtimirsquoaiyya leil

Daf al-Thaleth al-Thanawi 231ndash233 Cairo The Ministry of EducationMubasher Abdu 1976 Yawmiyat Uktubir of Sinaa wa Gulaan Cairo Dar

al-MarsquorifMubasher Abu 1980 Min Awraq Murasel Harbi fi October Cairo Markaz al-

Neil leil IrsquolamMubasher Abdu 2007 Asrar wa Hakaik al-Huroub al-Misriyya al-Israrsquoiliyya

Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa al-rsquoama leil KitabMueller Claus 1973 The Politics of Communication A Study in the Political

Sociology of Language Socialisation and Legitimation New York Oxford University Press

Mustafa Hala 1995 Al-Nizam al-Siyasi wa al-Mulsquoarada al-Islamiyya fi Misr Bayna al-Muhadana wa al-Muwajaha fi lsquoAhday al-Sadat wa Mubarak Cairo Al-Mahrousa Centre

Nagarajan KV 2013 Egyptrsquos Political Economy and the Downfall of the Mubarak Regime International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 10(3) 22ndash39

Nasser Munir Khalil 1977 Press Politics and Power The Story of Egyptrsquos Mohamed Hassanein Heikal Unpublished doctoral book Columbia University of Missouri

mdashmdashmdash 1990 Egyptian Mass Media Under Nasser and Sadat Two Models of Press Management and Control Journalism Monographs 124 December

Nawar Soliman and Brince Ahmed Radwan 1976 Tarikh Misr al-Hadith for the sixth primary year Cairo Al-Hayaa al-lsquoamaLeshoon al-Matarsquobi al-Amiriyya

Nawar Abdel-Aziz Soliman and Brince Ahmed Radwan 1988ndash1989 Tarikh Misr al-Hadith Cairo Al-Hayaa al-rsquoma lei Shoon al-Matabrsquo al-Amiriyya

Nawar Abdel-Aziz et al 1995ndash1996 Al-Tarikh leil Thanawiyya la-Ama al- marhala al-Thania Cairo Rose al-Youssef Publishing

Newman Bruce I 1999 A Predictive Model of Voter Behaviour The Repositioning of Bill Clinton In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 259ndash282 Thousand Oaks Sage

Norris Pippa Montague Kern and Marion Just 2013 Framing Terrorism In Framing Terrorism The News Media the Government and the Public ed Pippa Norris and Montague Kern 10ndash11 New York Routledge

Okasha Ahmed 2011 One of the Most Renowned Psychiatrists in an Interview with al-Masry al-Youm August 16 httpwwwalmasryalyoumcomnewsdetails138880 Accessed 13 Aug 2012

Orwell George 1946 Politics and the English Language Horizon April London httpswwwmtholyokeeduacadintrelorwell46htm Accessed 1 Apr 2015

310 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Meyer Michael 2001 Between Theory Method and Politics Positioning of the Approaches to CDA In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis ed Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer 14ndash31 London SAGE

Mills Sara 2004 Discourse London Francis and TaylorMohamed Ebrahim El-Dessouki et al 1982ndash1993 Al-Derasat al-Ijtimirsquoaiyya leil

Daf al-Thaleth al-Thanawi 231ndash233 Cairo The Ministry of EducationMubasher Abdu 1976 Yawmiyat Uktubir of Sinaa wa Gulaan Cairo Dar

al-MarsquorifMubasher Abu 1980 Min Awraq Murasel Harbi fi October Cairo Markaz al-

Neil leil IrsquolamMubasher Abdu 2007 Asrar wa Hakaik al-Huroub al-Misriyya al-Israrsquoiliyya

Cairo al-Hayaa al-Misriyaa al-rsquoama leil KitabMueller Claus 1973 The Politics of Communication A Study in the Political

Sociology of Language Socialisation and Legitimation New York Oxford University Press

Mustafa Hala 1995 Al-Nizam al-Siyasi wa al-Mulsquoarada al-Islamiyya fi Misr Bayna al-Muhadana wa al-Muwajaha fi lsquoAhday al-Sadat wa Mubarak Cairo Al-Mahrousa Centre

Nagarajan KV 2013 Egyptrsquos Political Economy and the Downfall of the Mubarak Regime International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 10(3) 22ndash39

Nasser Munir Khalil 1977 Press Politics and Power The Story of Egyptrsquos Mohamed Hassanein Heikal Unpublished doctoral book Columbia University of Missouri

mdashmdashmdash 1990 Egyptian Mass Media Under Nasser and Sadat Two Models of Press Management and Control Journalism Monographs 124 December

Nawar Soliman and Brince Ahmed Radwan 1976 Tarikh Misr al-Hadith for the sixth primary year Cairo Al-Hayaa al-lsquoamaLeshoon al-Matarsquobi al-Amiriyya

Nawar Abdel-Aziz Soliman and Brince Ahmed Radwan 1988ndash1989 Tarikh Misr al-Hadith Cairo Al-Hayaa al-rsquoma lei Shoon al-Matabrsquo al-Amiriyya

Nawar Abdel-Aziz et al 1995ndash1996 Al-Tarikh leil Thanawiyya la-Ama al- marhala al-Thania Cairo Rose al-Youssef Publishing

Newman Bruce I 1999 A Predictive Model of Voter Behaviour The Repositioning of Bill Clinton In Handbook of Political Marketing ed Bruce I Newman 259ndash282 Thousand Oaks Sage

Norris Pippa Montague Kern and Marion Just 2013 Framing Terrorism In Framing Terrorism The News Media the Government and the Public ed Pippa Norris and Montague Kern 10ndash11 New York Routledge

Okasha Ahmed 2011 One of the Most Renowned Psychiatrists in an Interview with al-Masry al-Youm August 16 httpwwwalmasryalyoumcomnewsdetails138880 Accessed 13 Aug 2012

Orwell George 1946 Politics and the English Language Horizon April London httpswwwmtholyokeeduacadintrelorwell46htm Accessed 1 Apr 2015

311BIBLIOGRAPHY

Owen Roger 1994 Socio-Economic Change and Political Mobilisation The Case of Egypt In Democracy Without Democrats The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World ed Ghassan Salame 183ndash199 (p 189) London IB Tauris

Patton Michael Quinn 2002 Qualitative Research amp Evaluation Methods Thousand Oaks Sage

Pollak Kenneth M 2002 Arabs at War Military Effectiveness 1948ndash1991 LincolnLondon University of Nebraska Press

Potholm Christian P 2010 Winning at War Seven Keys to Military Victory Lanham Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers

Rasmussen David M 1996 Critical Theory and Philosophy In Handbook of Critical Theory ed David M Rasmussen 11ndash38 Oxford Blackwell

Reid Donald 1972 Egyptian History Through Stamps The Muslim World 62(3) 209ndash229 (p 290)

Richards Jack C and Theodore S Rodgers 1986 Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Richardson John E 2007 Analysing Newspapers An Approach From Critical Discourse Analysis Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Rogers Rebecca et al 2005 Critical Discourse Analysis in Education A review of the Literature Review of Educational Research 75(3) 365ndash416

Rosen Stephen Peter 1991 Winning the Next War Innovation and the Modern Military Ithaca Cornell University Press

Rugh William A 1979 The Arab Press News Media and Political Process in the Arab World London Syracuse University Press

Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer 2010 Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis In Language and the Market Society Critical Reflections on Discourse and Dominance ed Gerlinde Mautner London Routledge

Sabri Musa 1977 Wataharsquoiq Harb Uktubir 3rd ed Cairo Akhbar al-YoumSaussure Ferdinand de 1983 Course In General Linguistics ed Charles Bally and

others Trans Roy Harris London DuckworthSchweitzer Arthur 1984 The Age of Charisma Chicago Nelson-HallShama Nael 2014 Egyptian Foreign Policy From Mubarak to Morsi Against the

National Interest 184ndash185 London RoutledgeSiebert Fred S Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm 1953 Four Theories of

The Press 1ndash37 Urbana University of Illinois PressSlembrouck Stef 2001 Explanation Interpretation and Critique in the Analysis

of Discourse Critique of Anthropology 1(21) 33ndash57Smith Timothy 1990 Texts Facts and Femininity Exploring the Relations of

Ruling 122ndash158 London RoutledgeSpringborg Robert 1989 Mubarakrsquos Egypt Fragmentation of the Political Order

Boulder WestviewStadiem William 1991 Too Rich The High Life and Tragic Death of King Farouk

New York Carroll amp Graf Pub

312 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stein Ewan 2012 Representing Israel in Modern Egypt London IB TaurisTannen Deborah 1994 Gender and Discourse New YorkOxford Oxford

University PressThomas Baylis 1999 How Israel Was Won A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli

Conflict LanhamOxford Lexington BooksTitscher Stefan et al 2000 Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis London

SAGETuchman Gaye 1978 Making News A Study in the Construction of Reality

New York Free PressTudor Andre 1974 Theories of Film London Secker and Warburgvan Dijk Teun A 1993a Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis Discourse Society

4ndash2 249ndash283mdashmdashmdash 1993b Elite Discourse and Racism Newbury Park SAGEmdashmdashmdash 2008 Discourse and Power Houndsmills Palgravevan Djik Teun A 2001 Critical Discourse Analysis In The Handbook of Discourse

Analysis ed Deborah Schiffrin Deborah Tannen and Heidi E Hamilton 352ndash371 London Blackwell Publishing Ltd

van Ham Peter 2001 The Rise of the Brand State The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation Foreign Affairs October 10

van Leeuwen Teo 2008 Discourse and Practice New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis Oxford Oxford University Press

Venuti Lawrence 1992 Rethinking Translation Discourse Subjectivity Ideology London Routledge

Verschueren Jef 2011 Ideology in Language Use Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research Cambridge Cambridge University Press

von Clausewitz Carl 1976 In On War ed Michael Howard and Peter Paret 233ndash234 Princeton Princeton University Press

Weatherall Ann 2002 Gender Language and Discourse Hove RoutledgeWebb Edward 2014 Media in Egypt and Tunisia From Control to Transition

New York Palgrave MacmillanWeiss Gilbert and Ruth Wodak Introduction Theory Interdisciplinarity and

Critical Discourse Analysis In Critical Discourse Analysis Theory and Interdisciplinarity ed Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak 1ndash32 London Palgrave Macmillan

White Hayden 1980a The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality Critical Enquiry 7(1) 5ndash27

mdashmdashmdash 1980b The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality Critical Inquiry 7(1) 5ndash27

Widdowson Henry G 1998 The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis Applied Linguistics 19(1) 136ndash151

Williams Kevin 2013 Understanding Media Theory London BloomsburyWodak Ruth 1989 Language Power and Ideology Studies in Political Discourse

Amsterdam Benjamins

313BIBLIOGRAPHY

mdashmdashmdash 1997 Gender and Discourse London Sagemdashmdashmdash What CDA is About ndash A Summary of Its History Important Concepts

and Its Developments In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 1ndash13Wodak Ruth and Martin Reisigi 2001 Discourse and Discrimination Rhetorics

of Racism and Antisemitism London RoutledgeWuthnow Robert 1989 Communities of Discourse Ideology and Social Structure

in the Reformation the Enlightenment and European Socialism Harvard Harvard University Press

Yadgar Yaacov 2002 From the Particularistic to the Universalistic National Narratives in Israelrsquos Mainstream Press Nations and Nationalism 8(1) 55ndash72

Zeiko Ali Othman 1974 Abtal al-Tayaran fi Maarakat Ramadan Cairo Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-Arsquoma leil Kitab

Zellig Harris 1982 Discourse and Sublanguage In Sublanguage Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains ed Richard Kittredge and John Lehrberger 231ndash236 BerlinNew York W de Gruyter

Websites

Al-MAsry Al-youM

httptodayalmasryalyoumcomarticle2aspxArticleID=355782 [accessed on 5 September 2015]

Al-youM Al-sAbersquohttpwwwyoum7comstory000000-379100Vf8h-DZRHIV

[accessed on 2 September 2015]

rosel youssef

httpdailyrosaelyoussefcomnews44932D988D8ACD8AFD989-D8A7D984D8ADD983D98AD985- D 9 8 A D 9 8 1 D 8 A A D 8 A D - D 8 B 5 D 9 8 6 D 8 AFD988D982-D8B0D983D8B1D98AD8A7D8AA- D 8 A 3 D 9 8 3 D 8 A A D 9 8 8 D 8 A 8 D 8 B 1 -D8ADD983D8A7D988D989-D988D8A3D8B3D8B1D8A7D8B1-D8A3D8BAD8A7D986D98A-D98AD988D985-D8A7D984D8B9D8A8D988D8B1 [accessed on 3 August 2015]

312 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stein Ewan 2012 Representing Israel in Modern Egypt London IB TaurisTannen Deborah 1994 Gender and Discourse New YorkOxford Oxford

University PressThomas Baylis 1999 How Israel Was Won A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli

Conflict LanhamOxford Lexington BooksTitscher Stefan et al 2000 Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis London

SAGETuchman Gaye 1978 Making News A Study in the Construction of Reality

New York Free PressTudor Andre 1974 Theories of Film London Secker and Warburgvan Dijk Teun A 1993a Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis Discourse Society

4ndash2 249ndash283mdashmdashmdash 1993b Elite Discourse and Racism Newbury Park SAGEmdashmdashmdash 2008 Discourse and Power Houndsmills Palgravevan Djik Teun A 2001 Critical Discourse Analysis In The Handbook of Discourse

Analysis ed Deborah Schiffrin Deborah Tannen and Heidi E Hamilton 352ndash371 London Blackwell Publishing Ltd

van Ham Peter 2001 The Rise of the Brand State The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation Foreign Affairs October 10

van Leeuwen Teo 2008 Discourse and Practice New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis Oxford Oxford University Press

Venuti Lawrence 1992 Rethinking Translation Discourse Subjectivity Ideology London Routledge

Verschueren Jef 2011 Ideology in Language Use Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research Cambridge Cambridge University Press

von Clausewitz Carl 1976 In On War ed Michael Howard and Peter Paret 233ndash234 Princeton Princeton University Press

Weatherall Ann 2002 Gender Language and Discourse Hove RoutledgeWebb Edward 2014 Media in Egypt and Tunisia From Control to Transition

New York Palgrave MacmillanWeiss Gilbert and Ruth Wodak Introduction Theory Interdisciplinarity and

Critical Discourse Analysis In Critical Discourse Analysis Theory and Interdisciplinarity ed Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak 1ndash32 London Palgrave Macmillan

White Hayden 1980a The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality Critical Enquiry 7(1) 5ndash27

mdashmdashmdash 1980b The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality Critical Inquiry 7(1) 5ndash27

Widdowson Henry G 1998 The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis Applied Linguistics 19(1) 136ndash151

Williams Kevin 2013 Understanding Media Theory London BloomsburyWodak Ruth 1989 Language Power and Ideology Studies in Political Discourse

Amsterdam Benjamins

313BIBLIOGRAPHY

mdashmdashmdash 1997 Gender and Discourse London Sagemdashmdashmdash What CDA is About ndash A Summary of Its History Important Concepts

and Its Developments In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 1ndash13Wodak Ruth and Martin Reisigi 2001 Discourse and Discrimination Rhetorics

of Racism and Antisemitism London RoutledgeWuthnow Robert 1989 Communities of Discourse Ideology and Social Structure

in the Reformation the Enlightenment and European Socialism Harvard Harvard University Press

Yadgar Yaacov 2002 From the Particularistic to the Universalistic National Narratives in Israelrsquos Mainstream Press Nations and Nationalism 8(1) 55ndash72

Zeiko Ali Othman 1974 Abtal al-Tayaran fi Maarakat Ramadan Cairo Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-Arsquoma leil Kitab

Zellig Harris 1982 Discourse and Sublanguage In Sublanguage Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains ed Richard Kittredge and John Lehrberger 231ndash236 BerlinNew York W de Gruyter

Websites

Al-MAsry Al-youM

httptodayalmasryalyoumcomarticle2aspxArticleID=355782 [accessed on 5 September 2015]

Al-youM Al-sAbersquohttpwwwyoum7comstory000000-379100Vf8h-DZRHIV

[accessed on 2 September 2015]

rosel youssef

httpdailyrosaelyoussefcomnews44932D988D8ACD8AFD989-D8A7D984D8ADD983D98AD985- D 9 8 A D 9 8 1 D 8 A A D 8 A D - D 8 B 5 D 9 8 6 D 8 AFD988D982-D8B0D983D8B1D98AD8A7D8AA- D 8 A 3 D 9 8 3 D 8 A A D 9 8 8 D 8 A 8 D 8 B 1 -D8ADD983D8A7D988D989-D988D8A3D8B3D8B1D8A7D8B1-D8A3D8BAD8A7D986D98A-D98AD988D985-D8A7D984D8B9D8A8D988D8B1 [accessed on 3 August 2015]

313BIBLIOGRAPHY

mdashmdashmdash 1997 Gender and Discourse London Sagemdashmdashmdash What CDA is About ndash A Summary of Its History Important Concepts

and Its Developments In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 1ndash13Wodak Ruth and Martin Reisigi 2001 Discourse and Discrimination Rhetorics

of Racism and Antisemitism London RoutledgeWuthnow Robert 1989 Communities of Discourse Ideology and Social Structure

in the Reformation the Enlightenment and European Socialism Harvard Harvard University Press

Yadgar Yaacov 2002 From the Particularistic to the Universalistic National Narratives in Israelrsquos Mainstream Press Nations and Nationalism 8(1) 55ndash72

Zeiko Ali Othman 1974 Abtal al-Tayaran fi Maarakat Ramadan Cairo Al-Hayaa al-Misriyya al-Arsquoma leil Kitab

Zellig Harris 1982 Discourse and Sublanguage In Sublanguage Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains ed Richard Kittredge and John Lehrberger 231ndash236 BerlinNew York W de Gruyter

Websites

Al-MAsry Al-youM

httptodayalmasryalyoumcomarticle2aspxArticleID=355782 [accessed on 5 September 2015]

Al-youM Al-sAbersquohttpwwwyoum7comstory000000-379100Vf8h-DZRHIV

[accessed on 2 September 2015]

rosel youssef

httpdailyrosaelyoussefcomnews44932D988D8ACD8AFD989-D8A7D984D8ADD983D98AD985- D 9 8 A D 9 8 1 D 8 A A D 8 A D - D 8 B 5 D 9 8 6 D 8 AFD988D982-D8B0D983D8B1D98AD8A7D8AA- D 8 A 3 D 9 8 3 D 8 A A D 9 8 8 D 8 A 8 D 8 B 1 -D8ADD983D8A7D988D989-D988D8A3D8B3D8B1D8A7D8B1-D8A3D8BAD8A7D986D98A-D98AD988D985-D8A7D984D8B9D8A8D988D8B1 [accessed on 3 August 2015]

314 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Al-AhrAM

httpgateAl-ahramorgegMalafat127954D8A3D8BAD8A7D986D989-D8A3D983D8AAD988D8A8D8B1-aspx [accessed on 20 June 2015]

httpmodernegyptbibalexorgCollectionsStampsStampsLuceneaspx [accessed on 8 August 2013]

httpwwwAl-ahramorgegarchiveIssues-ViewsNews82750aspx [accessed on 5 September 2014]

Al-dustour

httpwwwaddustourcom16539D8B4D98AD8B1D98AD98620D8B9D8A8D8AF20D8A7D984D988D987D8A7D8A820 20D986D8A7D8AFD9 85D8A920D8B9D984D98920D8A7D984D8 BAD986D8A7D8A120D984D98020C2ABD985 D 8 A 8 D 8 A 7 D 8 B 1 D 9 8 3 C 2 B B 2 0 D 9 8 8 2 2 D8ACD8B1D8B42220D985D8ADD8B7D8A920 D 9 8 5 D 9 8 7 D 9 8 5 D 8 A 9 2 0 D 9 8 4 D 9 8 3 D8A8D8A7D8B120D8A7D984D985D8B7D8B1D8A8D98AD986html [accessed on 2 September 2015]

Al ArAbiyA

httpwwwalarabiyanetarticles2007091339078html [accessed on 25 June 2015]

Al bAyAn

httpwwwalbayanaebooksfrom-arab-library2013-05-24-11889526 [accessed on 2 September 2015]

Al JAzeerA

httpwwwaljazeeranetspecialfilespages46609207-599c-4f9d-ad6e-618fec866c14 [accessed on 2 September 2014]

315BIBLIOGRAPHY

dAily neWs egypt

httpwwwdailynewsegyptcom20130211the-rise-and-fall-of-mubarak [accessed on 2 September 2014]

islAM todAy

httpwwwislamtodaynetnawafethartshow-99-162119htm [accessed on 10 August 2014]

stAte inforMAtion service

h t t p w w w s i s g o v e g A r Te m p l a t e s A r t i c l e s t m p A r t i c l e s aspxArtID=28284Vga1LzZdHIU [accessed on 2 September 2014]

the guArdiAn

httpwwwtheguardiancomworld2010sep17al-ahram-newspaper-doctored- photo-hosni-mubarak [accessed on 20 August 2014]

youtube

httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8PD3p9vExvo [accessed on 2 September 2015]

httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=HI7Zf32e9ds [accessed on 2 September 2015]

httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=JXFKPJurqIo [accessed on 2 September 2015]

httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=k-tkmeswxGk [accessed on 13 June 2015]httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=nffT2oODKqQ [accessed on 2 September

2015]httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=ozz35UwYv_w [accessed on 2 September

2015]httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=tev6NA2Pd-0 [accessed on 2 September

2015]httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=x6LWwOZWG64 [accessed on 20 June

2015]httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=ZzlGqD1WfAU [accessed on 15 June

2015]

316 BIBLIOGRAPHY

intervieWs

rsquoAssem El-Dessouki London 25 September 2015Abdu Mubasher Cairo 6 June 2014Galal Nassar Cairo 21 June 2014Gamal Affifi Cairo 16 June 2014Mohamed rsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Cairo 20 June 2014

317copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Index

NUMBERS amp SYMBOLS25 January 248

ArsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 165Abdel-Nasser Gamal 2Abu Ghazala rsquoAbdel-Haleem

106 125Afiffi Gamil 171the Agranat Commission 49Ahmed Makram Mohamed 148al-Ahram 8air force 111 112Al-akhbar 166lsquoAllahu Akbarrsquo 134Althusser Louis 6Anderson Lisa 11Arafa Sherif 124El-Ashqar Mohamed 127al-Assad Hafiz 89authoritarian media system

159ndash75Authoritarian President

150ndash9Ayubi Nazih 155

BBachrach Peter 5Badawy Hafiz 50Badrawy Hossam 243Bahgat Ahmed 119Bahaaeddin Ahmed 164Baratz Morton S 5Bar-Lev Line 91Basha Mohamed 33Bengio Ofra 18Bin Ali Zein Alabeddin 246Bush George W 248

CCamp David Accords 69Central Bank 67the Christ 70Christianity 247critical discourse analysis 5crossing 239

DDahl Robert 5Dayan Moshe 49

318 INDEX

Department of Morale Affairs 125

El-Dessouki rsquoAssem 226ndash7Diab Amr 110discourse 5lsquodiscrimination of discoursersquo 28lsquoDivinersquo War 57ndash61

EEagleton Terry 6economic liberalisation 5Egypt 32eid 234Eissa Ibrahim 251

Ffailed authoritarianism 238Farag Samir 66features and arts 231ndash5El-Fiqi Mustafa 124Foucault Michel 200frames 3

GGamson William A 2El-Gamsy Abdel-Ghani 229general books 227ndash31Gleeson Kathleen 16Golda Meir 14Grainge Paul 15grammar semantics 84ndash100Gray Colin S 30Greek TV 215

HEl-Hakeem Tawfiq 33Halliday MAK 24Hammad Abdel-Azeem 215

Heikal Mohamed 163Heikal Osama 217lsquohero of war and peacersquo 112Higher Press Council 160historical analogy 61ndash3Hume David 56hyperbolic use 130

Iinternet 247invasion of Badr 62Islam 247islamisation 149Islamist revival 175ndash81Israel 32

JJerusalem 44

KKamel Ahmed 127Kamel Fadya 199Kassem Hisham 252El-Koneissy Hamdy 124

Llanguage 18loss of morale 44ndash6

Mmacro-theme 4El-Magdoub Taha 228Mahfouz Naguib 65massive and consistent victory 4material strength 31ndash46mecca conquest 62Meital Yoram 14

319INDEX

Mekawy Sayyed 199metaphor 140ndash7metaphor and wording 95ndash100metonymical allusion 105Ministry of Agriculture 126miraclising the war 68ndash71modality 90ndash5 138ndash40Modigliani Andre 2Mohammed Ali 233Montasser Salah 133Morsi Mohamed 238Mubarak Hosni 1Mubasher Abdu 165myth 230

NNafie Ibrahim 266Nassar Galal 216Nasser Munir Khalil 163lsquonational narrative fidelityrsquo 3NATO 111

OOctober legitimacy 150October victory 126October War 266the October 1973 War 1official discourse 239ndash42open admission 46ndash55other newspapers 219ndash20Owen David 9the owner of the air strike 112

Pthe Panorama 233Parsons Talcott 243Pasha Talaat 18lsquothe pious presidentrsquo 10pragmatics 84ndash100

Prisoners of War 107Prophet Muhammad 62

QQuran 57

Rradicalisation 178Rizq Yasser 216Rugh William 159

SSabri Ali 151Sabri Moussa 231Sadat Anwar 18Sadiki Larbi 248Safaa Abu al-Sursquood 234Salem Nasr 42Saudi Arabia 178school textbooks 192ndash5 220ndash7Schweitzer Arthur 72Sclumberger Oliver 12El-Sharif Safwat 234El-Shazly Sarsquoadeddin 41El-Sherbini Maged 251Shukrallah Hani 254Sinai Peninsula 197Sissi Abdel-Fatah 19lsquosocialrsquo phenomenon 24socio-politics 242ndash58South Korean 232lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo 10Springborg Robert 152Story John 15Suez Canal Authority 73Suez War 233Supreme Council of Armed Forces 118Supreme Press Council 231lsquosymbolic powerrsquo 6

320 INDEX

TTaba 233tabooisation 9Tahrir Square 19Tantawi Hussein 113El-Tawilla rsquoAbdel-Sattar 185the Tekbir effect 56 63ndash8Tel Aviv 44transitivity 85ndash9 136ndash8

UUnknown Soldier 232

Vvan Dijk Teun A 28victory 3lsquovictory religionised miraclisedrsquo 4von Clausewitz Carl 30

Wwar personalised 4war personified 4Weber Max 12wording 140ndash7

• Appendices
• • Appendix 1 Patterning Israelrsquos Material Loss Through Al-ahramrsquos Wartime Reporting
  • Appendix 2 Patterning the 1973 War as Divine Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 3 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 4 Patterning Sadat as War Personified in Mubarakrsquos Speeches Quoted in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 5 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act in Mubarakrsquos Speeches
  • Appendix 6 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act by Reporters Editors and Writers in Al-ahram During the Era of MubarakPatterning the 1973 War as Part of Curricula in International Academic and Military Schools
  • Appendix 7 Patterning the 1973 War as the Makings of the lsquoOctober Spiritrsquo
  • • Bibliography
    • • Websites
      • Al-Masry Al-Youm
      • Al-Youm al-Sabersquo
      • Rosel Youssef
      • Al-ahram
      • Al-Dustour
      • Al Arabiya
      • Al Bayan
      • Al Jazeera
      • Daily News Egypt
      • Islam Today
      • State Information Service
      • The Guardian
      • YouTube
      • Interviews
      • • Index

317copy The Author(s) 2017M Menshawy State Memory and Egyptrsquos Victory in the 1973 War Middle East Today DOI 101007978-3-319-50121-5

Index

NUMBERS amp SYMBOLS25 January 248

ArsquoAbdel-Monersquoim Mohamed 165Abdel-Nasser Gamal 2Abu Ghazala rsquoAbdel-Haleem

106 125Afiffi Gamil 171the Agranat Commission 49Ahmed Makram Mohamed 148al-Ahram 8air force 111 112Al-akhbar 166lsquoAllahu Akbarrsquo 134Althusser Louis 6Anderson Lisa 11Arafa Sherif 124El-Ashqar Mohamed 127al-Assad Hafiz 89authoritarian media system

159ndash75Authoritarian President

150ndash9Ayubi Nazih 155

BBachrach Peter 5Badawy Hafiz 50Badrawy Hossam 243Bahgat Ahmed 119Bahaaeddin Ahmed 164Baratz Morton S 5Bar-Lev Line 91Basha Mohamed 33Bengio Ofra 18Bin Ali Zein Alabeddin 246Bush George W 248

CCamp David Accords 69Central Bank 67the Christ 70Christianity 247critical discourse analysis 5crossing 239

DDahl Robert 5Dayan Moshe 49

318 INDEX

Department of Morale Affairs 125

El-Dessouki rsquoAssem 226ndash7Diab Amr 110discourse 5lsquodiscrimination of discoursersquo 28lsquoDivinersquo War 57ndash61

EEagleton Terry 6economic liberalisation 5Egypt 32eid 234Eissa Ibrahim 251

Ffailed authoritarianism 238Farag Samir 66features and arts 231ndash5El-Fiqi Mustafa 124Foucault Michel 200frames 3

GGamson William A 2El-Gamsy Abdel-Ghani 229general books 227ndash31Gleeson Kathleen 16Golda Meir 14Grainge Paul 15grammar semantics 84ndash100Gray Colin S 30Greek TV 215

HEl-Hakeem Tawfiq 33Halliday MAK 24Hammad Abdel-Azeem 215

Heikal Mohamed 163Heikal Osama 217lsquohero of war and peacersquo 112Higher Press Council 160historical analogy 61ndash3Hume David 56hyperbolic use 130

Iinternet 247invasion of Badr 62Islam 247islamisation 149Islamist revival 175ndash81Israel 32

JJerusalem 44

KKamel Ahmed 127Kamel Fadya 199Kassem Hisham 252El-Koneissy Hamdy 124

Llanguage 18loss of morale 44ndash6

Mmacro-theme 4El-Magdoub Taha 228Mahfouz Naguib 65massive and consistent victory 4material strength 31ndash46mecca conquest 62Meital Yoram 14

319INDEX

Mekawy Sayyed 199metaphor 140ndash7metaphor and wording 95ndash100metonymical allusion 105Ministry of Agriculture 126miraclising the war 68ndash71modality 90ndash5 138ndash40Modigliani Andre 2Mohammed Ali 233Montasser Salah 133Morsi Mohamed 238Mubarak Hosni 1Mubasher Abdu 165myth 230

NNafie Ibrahim 266Nassar Galal 216Nasser Munir Khalil 163lsquonational narrative fidelityrsquo 3NATO 111

OOctober legitimacy 150October victory 126October War 266the October 1973 War 1official discourse 239ndash42open admission 46ndash55other newspapers 219ndash20Owen David 9the owner of the air strike 112

Pthe Panorama 233Parsons Talcott 243Pasha Talaat 18lsquothe pious presidentrsquo 10pragmatics 84ndash100

Prisoners of War 107Prophet Muhammad 62

QQuran 57

Rradicalisation 178Rizq Yasser 216Rugh William 159

SSabri Ali 151Sabri Moussa 231Sadat Anwar 18Sadiki Larbi 248Safaa Abu al-Sursquood 234Salem Nasr 42Saudi Arabia 178school textbooks 192ndash5 220ndash7Schweitzer Arthur 72Sclumberger Oliver 12El-Sharif Safwat 234El-Shazly Sarsquoadeddin 41El-Sherbini Maged 251Shukrallah Hani 254Sinai Peninsula 197Sissi Abdel-Fatah 19lsquosocialrsquo phenomenon 24socio-politics 242ndash58South Korean 232lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo 10Springborg Robert 152Story John 15Suez Canal Authority 73Suez War 233Supreme Council of Armed Forces 118Supreme Press Council 231lsquosymbolic powerrsquo 6

320 INDEX

TTaba 233tabooisation 9Tahrir Square 19Tantawi Hussein 113El-Tawilla rsquoAbdel-Sattar 185the Tekbir effect 56 63ndash8Tel Aviv 44transitivity 85ndash9 136ndash8

UUnknown Soldier 232

Vvan Dijk Teun A 28victory 3lsquovictory religionised miraclisedrsquo 4von Clausewitz Carl 30

Wwar personalised 4war personified 4Weber Max 12wording 140ndash7

• Appendices
• • Appendix 1 Patterning Israelrsquos Material Loss Through Al-ahramrsquos Wartime Reporting
  • Appendix 2 Patterning the 1973 War as Divine Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 3 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 4 Patterning Sadat as War Personified in Mubarakrsquos Speeches Quoted in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 5 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act in Mubarakrsquos Speeches
  • Appendix 6 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act by Reporters Editors and Writers in Al-ahram During the Era of MubarakPatterning the 1973 War as Part of Curricula in International Academic and Military Schools
  • Appendix 7 Patterning the 1973 War as the Makings of the lsquoOctober Spiritrsquo
  • • Bibliography
    • • Websites
      • Al-Masry Al-Youm
      • Al-Youm al-Sabersquo
      • Rosel Youssef
      • Al-ahram
      • Al-Dustour
      • Al Arabiya
      • Al Bayan
      • Al Jazeera
      • Daily News Egypt
      • Islam Today
      • State Information Service
      • The Guardian
      • YouTube
      • Interviews
      • • Index

318 INDEX

Department of Morale Affairs 125

El-Dessouki rsquoAssem 226ndash7Diab Amr 110discourse 5lsquodiscrimination of discoursersquo 28lsquoDivinersquo War 57ndash61

EEagleton Terry 6economic liberalisation 5Egypt 32eid 234Eissa Ibrahim 251

Ffailed authoritarianism 238Farag Samir 66features and arts 231ndash5El-Fiqi Mustafa 124Foucault Michel 200frames 3

GGamson William A 2El-Gamsy Abdel-Ghani 229general books 227ndash31Gleeson Kathleen 16Golda Meir 14Grainge Paul 15grammar semantics 84ndash100Gray Colin S 30Greek TV 215

HEl-Hakeem Tawfiq 33Halliday MAK 24Hammad Abdel-Azeem 215

Heikal Mohamed 163Heikal Osama 217lsquohero of war and peacersquo 112Higher Press Council 160historical analogy 61ndash3Hume David 56hyperbolic use 130

Iinternet 247invasion of Badr 62Islam 247islamisation 149Islamist revival 175ndash81Israel 32

JJerusalem 44

KKamel Ahmed 127Kamel Fadya 199Kassem Hisham 252El-Koneissy Hamdy 124

Llanguage 18loss of morale 44ndash6

Mmacro-theme 4El-Magdoub Taha 228Mahfouz Naguib 65massive and consistent victory 4material strength 31ndash46mecca conquest 62Meital Yoram 14

319INDEX

Mekawy Sayyed 199metaphor 140ndash7metaphor and wording 95ndash100metonymical allusion 105Ministry of Agriculture 126miraclising the war 68ndash71modality 90ndash5 138ndash40Modigliani Andre 2Mohammed Ali 233Montasser Salah 133Morsi Mohamed 238Mubarak Hosni 1Mubasher Abdu 165myth 230

NNafie Ibrahim 266Nassar Galal 216Nasser Munir Khalil 163lsquonational narrative fidelityrsquo 3NATO 111

OOctober legitimacy 150October victory 126October War 266the October 1973 War 1official discourse 239ndash42open admission 46ndash55other newspapers 219ndash20Owen David 9the owner of the air strike 112

Pthe Panorama 233Parsons Talcott 243Pasha Talaat 18lsquothe pious presidentrsquo 10pragmatics 84ndash100

Prisoners of War 107Prophet Muhammad 62

QQuran 57

Rradicalisation 178Rizq Yasser 216Rugh William 159

SSabri Ali 151Sabri Moussa 231Sadat Anwar 18Sadiki Larbi 248Safaa Abu al-Sursquood 234Salem Nasr 42Saudi Arabia 178school textbooks 192ndash5 220ndash7Schweitzer Arthur 72Sclumberger Oliver 12El-Sharif Safwat 234El-Shazly Sarsquoadeddin 41El-Sherbini Maged 251Shukrallah Hani 254Sinai Peninsula 197Sissi Abdel-Fatah 19lsquosocialrsquo phenomenon 24socio-politics 242ndash58South Korean 232lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo 10Springborg Robert 152Story John 15Suez Canal Authority 73Suez War 233Supreme Council of Armed Forces 118Supreme Press Council 231lsquosymbolic powerrsquo 6

320 INDEX

TTaba 233tabooisation 9Tahrir Square 19Tantawi Hussein 113El-Tawilla rsquoAbdel-Sattar 185the Tekbir effect 56 63ndash8Tel Aviv 44transitivity 85ndash9 136ndash8

UUnknown Soldier 232

Vvan Dijk Teun A 28victory 3lsquovictory religionised miraclisedrsquo 4von Clausewitz Carl 30

Wwar personalised 4war personified 4Weber Max 12wording 140ndash7

• Appendices
• • Appendix 1 Patterning Israelrsquos Material Loss Through Al-ahramrsquos Wartime Reporting
  • Appendix 2 Patterning the 1973 War as Divine Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 3 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 4 Patterning Sadat as War Personified in Mubarakrsquos Speeches Quoted in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 5 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act in Mubarakrsquos Speeches
  • Appendix 6 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act by Reporters Editors and Writers in Al-ahram During the Era of MubarakPatterning the 1973 War as Part of Curricula in International Academic and Military Schools
  • Appendix 7 Patterning the 1973 War as the Makings of the lsquoOctober Spiritrsquo
  • • Bibliography
    • • Websites
      • Al-Masry Al-Youm
      • Al-Youm al-Sabersquo
      • Rosel Youssef
      • Al-ahram
      • Al-Dustour
      • Al Arabiya
      • Al Bayan
      • Al Jazeera
      • Daily News Egypt
      • Islam Today
      • State Information Service
      • The Guardian
      • YouTube
      • Interviews
      • • Index

319INDEX

Mekawy Sayyed 199metaphor 140ndash7metaphor and wording 95ndash100metonymical allusion 105Ministry of Agriculture 126miraclising the war 68ndash71modality 90ndash5 138ndash40Modigliani Andre 2Mohammed Ali 233Montasser Salah 133Morsi Mohamed 238Mubarak Hosni 1Mubasher Abdu 165myth 230

NNafie Ibrahim 266Nassar Galal 216Nasser Munir Khalil 163lsquonational narrative fidelityrsquo 3NATO 111

OOctober legitimacy 150October victory 126October War 266the October 1973 War 1official discourse 239ndash42open admission 46ndash55other newspapers 219ndash20Owen David 9the owner of the air strike 112

Pthe Panorama 233Parsons Talcott 243Pasha Talaat 18lsquothe pious presidentrsquo 10pragmatics 84ndash100

Prisoners of War 107Prophet Muhammad 62

QQuran 57

Rradicalisation 178Rizq Yasser 216Rugh William 159

SSabri Ali 151Sabri Moussa 231Sadat Anwar 18Sadiki Larbi 248Safaa Abu al-Sursquood 234Salem Nasr 42Saudi Arabia 178school textbooks 192ndash5 220ndash7Schweitzer Arthur 72Sclumberger Oliver 12El-Sharif Safwat 234El-Shazly Sarsquoadeddin 41El-Sherbini Maged 251Shukrallah Hani 254Sinai Peninsula 197Sissi Abdel-Fatah 19lsquosocialrsquo phenomenon 24socio-politics 242ndash58South Korean 232lsquothe spirit of Octoberrsquo 10Springborg Robert 152Story John 15Suez Canal Authority 73Suez War 233Supreme Council of Armed Forces 118Supreme Press Council 231lsquosymbolic powerrsquo 6

320 INDEX

TTaba 233tabooisation 9Tahrir Square 19Tantawi Hussein 113El-Tawilla rsquoAbdel-Sattar 185the Tekbir effect 56 63ndash8Tel Aviv 44transitivity 85ndash9 136ndash8

UUnknown Soldier 232

Vvan Dijk Teun A 28victory 3lsquovictory religionised miraclisedrsquo 4von Clausewitz Carl 30

Wwar personalised 4war personified 4Weber Max 12wording 140ndash7

• Appendices
• • Appendix 1 Patterning Israelrsquos Material Loss Through Al-ahramrsquos Wartime Reporting
  • Appendix 2 Patterning the 1973 War as Divine Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 3 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 4 Patterning Sadat as War Personified in Mubarakrsquos Speeches Quoted in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 5 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act in Mubarakrsquos Speeches
  • Appendix 6 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act by Reporters Editors and Writers in Al-ahram During the Era of MubarakPatterning the 1973 War as Part of Curricula in International Academic and Military Schools
  • Appendix 7 Patterning the 1973 War as the Makings of the lsquoOctober Spiritrsquo
  • • Bibliography
    • • Websites
      • Al-Masry Al-Youm
      • Al-Youm al-Sabersquo
      • Rosel Youssef
      • Al-ahram
      • Al-Dustour
      • Al Arabiya
      • Al Bayan
      • Al Jazeera
      • Daily News Egypt
      • Islam Today
      • State Information Service
      • The Guardian
      • YouTube
      • Interviews
      • • Index

320 INDEX

TTaba 233tabooisation 9Tahrir Square 19Tantawi Hussein 113El-Tawilla rsquoAbdel-Sattar 185the Tekbir effect 56 63ndash8Tel Aviv 44transitivity 85ndash9 136ndash8

UUnknown Soldier 232

Vvan Dijk Teun A 28victory 3lsquovictory religionised miraclisedrsquo 4von Clausewitz Carl 30

Wwar personalised 4war personified 4Weber Max 12wording 140ndash7

• Appendices
• • Appendix 1 Patterning Israelrsquos Material Loss Through Al-ahramrsquos Wartime Reporting
  • Appendix 2 Patterning the 1973 War as Divine Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 3 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act Through the Wartime Reporting in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 4 Patterning Sadat as War Personified in Mubarakrsquos Speeches Quoted in Al-ahram
  • Appendix 5 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act in Mubarakrsquos Speeches
  • Appendix 6 Patterning the 1973 War as Miraclised Act by Reporters Editors and Writers in Al-ahram During the Era of MubarakPatterning the 1973 War as Part of Curricula in International Academic and Military Schools
  • Appendix 7 Patterning the 1973 War as the Makings of the lsquoOctober Spiritrsquo
  • • Bibliography
    • • Websites
      • Al-Masry Al-Youm
      • Al-Youm al-Sabersquo
      • Rosel Youssef
      • Al-ahram
      • Al-Dustour
      • Al Arabiya
      • Al Bayan
      • Al Jazeera
      • Daily News Egypt
      • Islam Today
      • State Information Service
      • The Guardian
      • YouTube
      • Interviews
      • • Index