9thgradeworldhistoryfinalstudyguide

7/31/2019 9thGradeWorldHistoryFinalStudyGuide

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9th Grade World History Final Study GuidePut together by: Sokunvichet Long and Beatrix Lu

All information comes from World History Pattern of Interaction Textbook 1. Estates General (C23:S1, p653)

a. Definition: An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France2. Tennis Court Oath (C23:S1, p654)

a. Oath made by Third Estates delegates pledging that they will continue to meet until a new French constitution is

drawn up. In response, Louis XIV stationed his mercenary army of Swiss guard around Versailles3. Old Regime (C23:S1, p651)a. Definition: the political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

4. Marie Antoinette (C23:S1, p653)a. French Queen; wife of Louis XVI; member of the royal family from Austria; Madame Deficit; famous for lavishspending that contributed to the sinking debt of France; tried & beheaded by guillotine for treason during FrenchRevolution

5. Louis XVI(C23:S1, p653) a. King of France during French Revolution; Weak king that paid no attention to his people; Spent lavishly which

contributed to the sinking debt of France; Borrowed heavily to help the American Revolution by supplying money;Was tried and beheaded by guillotine for treason during French Revolution

6. Third Estate (C23:S1, p651-652) a. One of the three French social class; made up 97% of French population; lowest class and lacked privileges;

paid highest income tax (50%); Subgroups within Third Estates--highest to lowesti. Bourgeoisie (Middle Class: Bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans)ii. Workers (Tradespeople, apprentices, laborers, and domestic servants)iii. Peasants (Had to pay half of income to nobles, titles to Church, and tax to kings agents)

7. Second Estate (C23:S1, p651) a. One of the three French social classes; privileged social class; 2% of the French population; paid almost no

taxes; owned 20% of the land in France; Made up of NOBLES8. First Estate (C23:S1, p651) a. One of the three French social class; privileged social class; 1% of French population; paid 2% income tax;

Made up of ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH CLERGY; provided education & relief service to the poor 9. National Assembly (C23:S1, p654) a. Definition: French Congress established by representatives of the Third Estate to enact laws and reforms in

name of French peopleb. The idea came from Emmanuel-Joseph Sieys after he gave a speech that suggested the ideac. Created because Third Estates tired of the First and Second Estates dominating the French government andhaving no say in the government

10. Great Fear (C23:S1, p655) a. Definition: Wave of senseless panic that spread throughout Frances countryside after the storming of Bastille.

b. Wild rumors circulated that nobles hired outlaws to terrorize PEASANTS; peasants took up arms and soonbecame outlaws themselves.

11. Legislative Assembly (C23:S2, p657) a. After Louis XVI is forced to live in Paris; the National Assembly forced Louis to approve its new constitution. The

new constitution created a new legislative body: the Legislative Assemblyb. The Assembly has the power to create laws and approve/reject declaration of war.

12. Sans-culottes (C23:S2, p658) a. Definition: In French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers who

wanted greater voice in government, lower price, and end to food shortagesb. Wore Regular Trousers, name means, those without knee breeches

13. migrs (C23:S2, p658)a. Definition: Person who leaves his or her country for political reasons; like the nobles and others who fledFrance during French Revolution and wanted to restore the Old Regime

14. Left Wing (C23:S2, p657) (Bottom right in Connect to Today) a. A term used to describe where people stand politically

b. Definition: People who wanted to radically change the government; would sit on the left in the Legislative Assemblys meeting

15. Right Wing (C23:S2, p657) (Bottom right in Connect to Today) a. A term used to describe where people stand politically

b. Definition: People who wanted few or no change in the government; would sit on the right in the Legislative Assemblys meeting16. Maximilien Robespierre (C23:S2, p660) a. Jacobin leader who gained power during French Revolution; tried to build republic of virtue by wiping out all

traces of France--he changed the calendar dividing it into 12 months of 30 days and renaming months with noSunday and closed down all churches all over Franceb. Became leader of Committee of Public Safety and governed France as a dictators, his rule became known asRight of Terror, because he used terror to enforce Revolution ideas--tried and executed any who committedanti-revolutionary acts. He sent out secret polices to listen on peoples conversation

17. Jean- Paul Marat (C23:S2, p658) a. A Jacobin (radical political organization) who edited a newspaper called LAmi du Peuple meaning Friend of the

People that called for the death of those who supported the king; Was stabbed to death in bathtub


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18. Georges Danton (C23:S2, p661) a. Jacobin who wanted to end the senseless killing ordered by Robespierre; he ended up being executed19. National Convention (C23:S2, p655) a. New governing body created by Legislative Assembly

b. When the government body took office, it abolished monarchy, declared France a republic, and granted adult malecitizen right to vote and hold off ice

20. Guillotine (C23:S2, p660)a. Nicknamed The National Razor in France; contraption that beheaded heads

21. Coup dtat (C23:S3, p664)a. Means a blow to the state in French; a sudden seizure of political power in a nation; was used by Napoleon.Napoleon used it to become consul of France, but ruled as dictator

22. Napoleon as leader (C23:S3, p665)a. Wanted to control and assert French power all over Europe and America

b. Haiti, a French colony, revolted, and Napoleon failed to crush revolt and decides to cut losses to American andfocus on Europe and sold Louisiana Purchase to United States for $15 million dollarsc. Annexed Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy to France

23. Napoleons reform programs (C23:S3, p664) a. Supported laws that both strengthen central government power and achieve goals of French Revolution b. Set up efficient method of tax collection and established national banking system

c. Dismiss corrupt government officials and set up lyces which were government-run public school that awardedpeople on merit and not family connectiond. Signed Concordat with Church, an agreement in which the government recognized the influences of Church,but rejected it in national affair. By doing so, he got the support of the Church and many French peoplee. Napoleonic Code: Laws that eliminated injustice, but limited liberty to promote order and authority

24. Napoleons leadership role (C23:S3-S4, p664-665;p667-668) a. Pretended like he was the chosen leader and France was a f ree republic by holding an election to approve the

new constitution that gave him all the power as first consul, but he actually ruled as a dictator b. Decided to crown himself emperor and during his crowning in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris; he did not letthe pope crowned him, instead, he took the crown from the pope and placed it on his own head, which symbolizethat he was more powerful than the Churchc. In trying to create his empire, he lost the Battle of Trafalgar, where the British navy defeated him, forcing him togive up plan to invade Britain. His other victories gave him mastery over Europe, and he controlled independentcountries and loosely controlled other.d. Married Marie Louise, grand niece of Marie Antoinette, to form alliance with Austrian royal family

25. Napoleons relationship with the pope (C23:S3, p664) a. Signed Concordat with Pope Pius VII, and established new relationship between Church and State; government

recognized influence of Church, but rejected their control in national affairs. Separation of Church and State astwo completely different powers in France.

26. Napoleons military failures (C23:S4, p668-670) a. Passed the policy Continental System which called for the end to all trade and communication between Great

Britain and other European countries. However, his allies disregarded his policy and continued to trade. Britainresponded by forcing its own blockade against France; Britain had better navy, so the blockade worked better thanNapoleons.b. He tried to get Portugal to accept Continental System by sending in an invasion force to replace the Spanishking with his brother. This outraged Spanish people, and they feared he would weaken the Catholic Church inSpain like he did in France. Guerrillas attacked his troops and, aided with troops sent by the British to help Spain, causedhim to lose over 300,000 men during the Peninsular War.c. The Russian czar Alexander I refused to accept Napoleons policy and continued to trade grain with Britain.Napoleon decided to invade Russia with his Grand army of 420,000. They marched into Russia, but the Russiantroops kept retreating and used the scorched-earth policy in which they burned their own crops and livestock to starve theenemy. The two armies finally clashed in the Battle of Borodino and the Russian retreated leading Napoleon into Moscow,and the czar burned the Holy City of Moscow down rather than surrender it to Napoleon. Napoleon decides to retreat backto France. Along the way his troops died from wounds, raiders, exhaustion, hunger, and the cold winter. His grand armieswere reduced from 420,000 to 10,000.d. His enemies took advantage of this and Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria declared war onNapoleon. Napoleon later gets invaded by the allies enemies and surrenders his throne. He is exiled to Elba, atiny island and is replaced by Louis XVIII as ruler.e. Napoleon escaped Elba and created an army and clashed in village of Waterloo. Britain held the French army

off until Prussia forces arrived and Napoleon lost and was exiled to St. Helena. Ended Napoleons last bid for power called the Hundred Days.27. Blockade (C23:S4, p668) a. Definition: The use of troops or ships to prevent trade vessel from entering or leaving a city or region to prevent

trade.28. Peninsular War (C23:S4, p669) a. Definition: Conflict lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to

drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain. Started out because Napoleon wanted Spain to accept theContinental System and stop trading with Britain

29. Guerrillas (C23:S4, p669)a. Definition: Member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupyinghis or her country.


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30. Continental System (C23:S4, p668)a. Definition: Napoleons policy of preventing trade with Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroyGreat Britains economy.

31. Scorched Earth Policy (C23:S4, p669)a. Definition: The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land.

32. Hundred Days (C23:S4, p671) a. Definition: Brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and

again becoming emperor of France.33. Battle of Waterloo (C23:S4, p671) a. Battle during the Hundred Days in which Napoleons forces clashed with Britain in Waterloo, Belgium. Prussian

army later arrived and with the combined forces, defeated the French forces.34. Czar Alexander I (C23:S4-S5, p669-671; p674) a. Czar of Russia during the time of Napoleon; practiced the scorched-earth policy on Napoleon when Napoleon

invaded Russia and reduced Napoleons army dramatically.b. Later invaded France with many other allies forcing Napoleon to give up his thronec. Signed the Holy Alliance with two other countries pledging to combat revolutionary forces.

35. King Louis XVIII(C23:S4, p671) a. Louis XVIs brother who gained power after Napoleon was defeated; was unpopular to his subjects36. Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria (C23:S5, p672) a. Foreign minister of Austria; most influential representative in the Congress of Vienna; he wanted to prevent

future aggression by surrounding France with strong countries, wanted to restore balance of power so no countrycould be threat to other, and restoring Europe royal family to throne before Napoleons conquest.b. Help Devised the Concert of Europe, which ensured nation would help one another if any revolution broke out

37. Congress of Vienna (C23:S5, p672) a. Series of meetings held between European leaders to try and establish a long-lasting peace and security after

defeat of Napoleon. As a result, steps were taken: To weaken France, to balance the power of Europe so nocountry can be a threat to other, & to return rulers that were driven from throne by Napoleon to be restored topower

38. Holy Alliance (C23:S5, p674)a. An alliance between Czar Alexander I, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia thatpledge to base their relation with other nation on Christian principles in order to combat the forces of revolution.

39. Robert Boyle (C22:S1, p628) a. Considered as founder of Modern Chemistry. Wrote The Sceptical Chymist . Challenged Aristotle idea that

physical world consisted of four elements and proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particle (atoms). Hislaws, Boyles laws explain how volume, temperature, and pressure affected each other.

40. Isaac Newton (C22:S1, p626-627) a. English scientist who discovered the theory of motion and gravity: All physical objects were affected equally by

same force. Wrote The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The book described the universe like agiant clock and said God was the clockmaker who set everything in motion

41. Galileo Galilei (C22:S1, p625) a. Published two books called Starry Messenger and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.

b. Observed the stars at night through telescope and concluded that Jupiter had 4 moons, sun had dark spotsand earths moon was rough and uneven. He supported Copernicus theories and was later tried and put under housearrest, because his discoveries conflicted with the Churchs view

42. Francis Bacon (C22:S1, p626) a. Statesman and writer who attacked medieval scholars for heavily relying on conclusion of ancient thinkers and

encouraged scientists to experiment and draw new conclusion. Published Empiricism or Experimental Method 43. Rene Descartes (C22:S1, p626) a. Developed Analytical Geometry which linked geometry and algebra. Relied on mathematical logic and believed

everything should be doubted until proven by reasoning. I think therefore I am Believed in only one thing: He existed44. Johannes Kepler (C22:S1, p624) a. Brilliant mathematician that used the work of Copernicus and Tycho Brahe to conclude that the planets revolved

around the sun in elliptical orbit instead of circles.45. Nicolaus Copernicus (C22:S1, p624) a. Created the Heliocentric theory which placed Sun centered of universe instead of Earth. Published On the

Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies on his deathbed because he knew scholars would reject his idea46. Mary Wollstonecraft (C22:S1, p633)

a. Published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Disagreed that womens education should be secondary tomens.47. Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (C22:S2, p632) a. Italian philosopher who focused on JUSTICE SYSTEM. Believed law existed to preserve order, not to avenge

crimes. Criticized common abuses of justices such as tortures of witness and suspects, and cruel punishments.Believed in right to speedy trial and did not believe in capital punishment

48. Jean Jacque Rousseau (C22:S2, p631-632) a. Committed to individual freedom; disagreed with Enlightenment thinker; Believed civilization corrupted peoples

natural goodness. Direct Democracy. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chainb. Published The Social Contract ; agreement among free individual to create society and government

49. Montesquieu (C22:S2, p631) a. Believed British government was best and most balanced government


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b. Published On the Spirit of Laws; in his book he described the separation of power in government to keepindividual or group from gaining total control of government which later would be called CHECK AND BALANCE. Power should check power

50. Thomas Hobbles (C22:S2, p629) a. Wrote Leviathan and described rule like a sea monster and believe in ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

b. Believed with government, there would be wars and chaos and humans were naturally selfishc. Believed in Social Contract: People handed their rights to strong ruler in exchange for law and order

51. Voltaire (C22:S2, p630) a. Wrote 70 essays on politics, philosophy, and drama. Targeted aristocrats, clergy, and governmentb. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious, and freedom of speech. Was jailed twice and exiled fromEngland for two years.c. I do not agree with a word you say but will defend it to the death your right to say itd. Used pen as his sword to fight humanity worst enemies--intolerance, prejudice, and superstition

52. John Locke (C22:S2, p630) a. Inspired modern democracy; believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves

b. Believe people are all born free and equal with three natural rights: life, liberty, and propertyc. Believed in power should rest in the consent of the people and RIGHT TO REBEL AGAINST UNJUST LEADER

53. Joseph II of Austria (C22:S3, p638) a. FROM AUSTRIA. Son and successor of Maria Theresa. In his radical reform, he introduced freedom of press,

freedom of worship for Protestants, Orthodox Christian, and Jews.b. He abolished serfdom & ordered peasants to be paid for their labor in cash. Reform was undone after his death

54. Franz Joseph Hayden (C22:S3, p637) a. Composer from Vienna, Austria that was among the greatest figures of the classical period in music55. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (C22:S3, p637) a. Composer from Vienna, Austria that was among the greatest figures of the classical period in music56. Ludwig van Beethoven (C22:S3, p637) a. Composer from Vienna, Austria that was among the greatest figures of the classical period in music57. Frederick the Great of Prussia (C22:S3, p638) a. Prussian king that reform Prussia by granting religious freedoms, reduced censorship, & improved education

b. Also reformed justice system and abolished the use of torturec. Believed serfdom was wrong, but did nothing to end it because he needed support of wealthy landownersd. Called himself, the first servant of the state and made it clear his goal was to serve and strengthen his country

58. Catherine the Great from Russia (C22:S3, p639) a. Proposed reforms based on philosophies ideas such as Voltaires and Beccarias. Formed a commission to

review Russias laws.b. Did little to improve life of Russian peasants; after an uprising of serfs, her army crushed the rebellion.c. She used to favor an end to serfdom, but after uprising she decided to give nobles absolute power over theserfs.d. Won access to the Black and Baltic Sea against the Ottoman Turks and was allowed to send ships throughOttoman-controlled strait. And later, she expanded Russia into Poland

59. Denis Diderot (C22:S3, p636) a. Created the Encyclopedia which was a large set of books based on the articles and essays of many leading

philosophers and published it60. Marie Therese Geoffrin (C22:S3, p636) a. The most influential salon hostesses in Voltaires time

b. Helped finance the project Denis Diderot creation of the Encyclopedia61. Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun (R54) (Credits to Jamie Schwartz for finding the page number!)

a. Wrote Memoirs of Madame Vige-Lebrunb. A very gifted artist who painted portraits of the French nobility, famous for frequently painting Marie Antoinette, who wasthe queen of France during the French Revolution and wife of Louis XVIc. During French Revolution, she fled the country of France

62. Samuel Richardson (C22:S3, p637)a. Wrote Pamela which was considered as the first true English novel. It told the story of a young servant girl whorefuses the advances of her master.

63. Henry Fielding (C22:S3, p637) a. Wrote Tom Jones, an English masterpiece that tells the story of an orphan who travel all over England to win

the hand of his lady.

64. Philip of Spains home (C21:S1, p591)a. It was called the Escorial. It was a gray granite palace that had massive walls and huge gates whichdemonstrated the kings power. Within the wall stood a monastery as well as a palace.

65. Spanish Armada (C21:S1, p590-591) a. Philip II launched the Spanish Armada by sending over 130 ships across the English channel to try and punish

Protestant England and Queen Elizabeth I for being Protestant. This demonstrated his commitment towardCatholic Church. However, his fleets of ship were defeated by the English warships

66. Bankers of Europe (C21:S1, p594) a. Gradually, the Dutch bankers replaced the Italians as bankers of Europe

b. Dutch had a stable government which allowed their people to concentrate on economic growth.c. Merchants would buy surplus grain from Poland for cheap prices and store them and would later sell them tosouthern Europe when there was a poor harvest in southern Europe while prices were the highest


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d. Dutch also had the largest fleet of ships in the world, 4800, and this help the Dutch East India Companydominate the Asian spice trade and the Indian Ocean t rade

67. United Provinces of Netherlands (C21:S1, p592-593)a. Philip used to rule over the Spanish Netherland, but the Netherlands later revolted because they wereProtestant and Philip tried to crush Protestantism. Dutch continued to fight Spain and the seven NORTHERNprovinces of the Netherlands united to form the United Provinces of the Netherlands and declared their independencefrom Spainb. They practiced religious toleration and were a republic that had an elected governor from each province

c. Had prosperous middle class, stable economy, and soon became the bankers of Europe68. Miguel Cervantes- Don Quixote (C21:S1, p591) a. The book was called Don Quixote de la Mancha and was it was published in 1605; it is often called the birth of

the modern European novel.b. Main character is Miguel de Cervantes; it was about a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading books about heroic knight; he rode on a horse and mistook windmills for giants

69. Phillip and Catholicism (C21:S1, p589-591) a. Philip II of Spain was a deeply devoted Catholic.

b. When pope called on all Catholic prince to take up arms against Ottoman Empire, he sent more than 200Spanish and Venetian ships to defeat the large Ottoman fleet.c. He also launched the Spanish Armada to try and punish Protestant England

70. Spains middle class (C21:S1, p592) a. The Spain did not have a middle class because the nobles pay no taxes; the tax burden was left on the lower

class. With the burden, the lower class could not accumulate enough wealth to start their own business and couldnot develop into a middle class.

71. Versailles (C21:S2, p600)a. Louis XIVs grand palace situated outside Paris, away from his subjects, which was a center of the artsb. Gold leafing, huge gardens, operas & ballets, paintings, and tons of water to run fountains.c. Was stormed by angry, hungry women with knives, axes and other weapons during the French Revolution.

72. Louis XIV(C21:S2, p598, 653-657) a. Most powerful ruler in French history who boasted Letat, cest moi (I am the state)

b. Weaken nobles power by excluding them from his councils & increasing power of govt off icial called intendantsc. Lived lavishly in his Palace at Versailles and was great patron of art (made the purpose of art to support hisabsolute rule)

73. Henry IV(C21:S2, p596) a. First king of the Bourbon dynasty in France; Was a Calvinist, but became a Catholic to please his people

b. Passed Edict of Nantes, declaration of religious toleration for the Huguenots (French Calvinist)c. Some people did not like his religious compromises and one fanatic stabbed him to death

74. Michel de Montaigne (C21:S2, p597) a. Developed new form of literature, the ESSAYbrief work that express persons thoughts and opinions

b. Pointed out that as new belief arose, it replaced old belief as accepted truth; therefore, humans could never have absolute knowledge of what is true

75. Intendants (C21:S2, p598) a. Definition: a French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice. Louis

XIV made sure they communicated with him daily and increased their power while decreasing the nobles power 76. Cardinal Richelieu (C21:S2, p598) a. Louis XIIIs minister, in effect, ruler of France

b. Increased power of Bourbon monarchy through 2 stepsI. Moved against Huguenot, did not take their right of worship away, but forbade Protestant cities to have wallsII. Sought to weaken nobles power. Order them to take down their fortified castles and increase power of

government agents who came from middle classc. Wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe, to do so, he tried to limit the Hapsburg ruler, who ruledthe surrounding land such as Spain, Austria, Netherlands, and part of Holy Roman Empire. He involved France inthe Thirty Years War to try and decrease the Hapsburgs power

77. Jean Baptiste Colbert (C21:S2, p598) a. Louis XIVs minister of finance who made France self-sufficient and tried to prevent it from relying on

importsb. To do so, he gave government fund and tax benefits to French companies to expand manufacturing andplaced high tariff on imported goods to protect Frances industriesc. Realized the importance of colonies to provide raw material and market for manufactured goods, so he

encourage people to migrate to Frances colonies in Canada78. Cardinal Mazarin (C21:S2, p598) a. Louis XIVs minister; Cardinal Richelieus successor, was true ruler of France for young Louis XIV, ended

Thirty Years War in 1648b. Nobles hated Mazarin because he raised tax and strengthen central governmentc. From 1648-1653, nobles led anti-Mazarin riots but nobles rebellion failed

79. Edict of Nantes (C21:S2, p596) a. Definition: 1598 declaration in which French King Henry VI promised that Protestants could live peacefully in

France and could set up a house of worship in some French cities.80. Thirty Years War (C21:S3, p603) a. Definition: A European conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling families, lasting from 1618

to 1648. Between Protestant and Catholic. Lutheran joined together in the Protestant Union and Catholic princes


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responded by forming the Catholic League.b. Protestants in Bohemia, Czech kingdom did not trust the foreign and Catholic Holy Roman Emperor FerdinandII, head of the Hapsburg family, and revolted; Ferdinand sent troops and several Protestant German princes tookchance to challenge the Holy Roman Emperor and thus began the Thirty Years War. War had two main phases:Hapsburg Triumphs & Hapsburg Defeatsc. Hapsburg Triumphs: In the first 12 years of the war, Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed thetroops hired by the Protestant princes. Ferdinand paid his army by allowing them to plunder German villages.d. Hapsburg Defeats: The Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden turned the war around with his disciplined army of

23,000 by succeeding in driving out the Hapsburg army from northern Germany, but Adolphus was later killed in battlee. Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin led the war in the remaining years; they sent French troops to support theGerman and Swedish Protestants against the Hapsburg armiesf. The treaty of Peace of Westphalia ended the war. The result of the war: Weakened Hapsburg state in Spain &

Austria, strengthen French by awarding it German territory, made German princes independent of Holy Roman Emperor,ended religious war in Europe, and introduced new method of peace negotiation instead of settling with just all out war.

81. Frederick II (C21:S3, p606-607; C22:S3, p638)a. King of Prussia (1740-1786) who was an enlightened despot (monarchs/absolute rulers who embracedEnlightenment ideas, but didnt want to give up power. They wanted to make their countries stronger and their rules moreeffective)b. Religious freedom. Reduced censorship, reformed justice system, and abolished use of torturec. Believed serfdom was wrong, but didnt end it since he needed wealthy landowners supportd. First servant of the state (goal was to serve and strengthen the country, an attitude that appealed to thephilosophers)

82. Maria Theresa (C21:S3, p605;607)a. Daughter of Charles VI (ruler of Hapsburg Empire)b. Her father made other European leader sign an agreement to recognize her as his heir. This should have allowed her apeaceful rule, but she ended up dealing with lots of war and having Prussia as an enemyc. Was ruler during the War of the Austrian Succession. Lost Silesia to Prussia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelled. Also ruler of Austria during the Seven Years War e. Mother of Marie Antoinette

83. War of Austrian Succession (C21:S3, p607)a. 1740, Maria Theresa becomes ruler of Hapsburgs. Frederick of Prussia wants Silesia (Austrian land borderingPrussia) for its iron ore, textiles and food.b. Frederick underestimates Maria because she is a woman and sends his army to occupy Silesiac. Maria (who just gave birth) took her baby with her to beg Hungarian nobles for help. They agree though theyhate Hapsburgs.d. Britain joins Austria, France joins Prussia.e. Maria loses SIlesia in Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) but stops Prussias aggression.

84. Seven Years War (C21:S3, p607) a. Maria Theresa makes alliance with France, so Frederick makes a treaty with Britain. Austria, France, Russia vs.

Britain and Prussia (allies are switched, 1st time Russia involved in European affairs)b. Frederick attacks Saxony (Austrias ally)c. Fought in India, Europe, North America and involved all great European powers. Did not change territorialsituation in Europe but does elsewhere.d. France and Britain have colonies in North America and compete economically in India. France loses colonies inNorth America and Britain gained control of Indian economy,

85. Czar (C21:S4, p608) a. Means Caesar

b. Ivan was the first ruler to use it officially86. Ivan the Terrible (C21:S4, p608) a. Ivan IV comes to throne at age three and boyars fight to control him

b. Seizes power at age 16 and crowns himself czar, then marries Anastasia whos from an old boyar family(Romanovs)c. Ivans Good period: won wars, added land to Russia, code of laws, just ruled. Ivans Bad period: After Anastasias death, Ivan turns on the boyars and accused them of poisoning her. Heorganized his own police force to murder traitors (many boyars families and peasants were executed)e. Ivan gives boyar land to new class of nobles who were loyal to himf. Killed his oldest son (heir) and died three years later. Weak son is left to rule.

87. Boyars (C21:S4, p608)a. Russian landowning nobles who fought to control young Ivan the terrible.b. Many were killed during Ivans rule by terror. Their estates were seized and given to new class of nobles.

88. First Russian Czar (C21:S4, p608)a. Ivan IV (the terrible) seized power at age 16 and crowned himself czar (which means Caesar)

89. Peter the Great (C21:S4, p609) a. Shared throne with half-brother but took over the throne and increase czars power

b. Russia still had serfdom (landowners wanted serfs to stay on land and produce big harvests, serfs wereproperty and could not run away.)c. Russia looks to Constantinople, not Rome for leadership ( Mongols rule cuts Russia off from Renaissance, onlyone seaport = difficult for people to visit/exchange ideas, Russia=Eastern Orthodox while Western Europeans=Christianso Russians avoided Western Europeans and thought they were heretics)d. Peter goes on great embassy to western Europe to learn about customs and manufacturing techniques. He


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a. Period spanning from 1300-1600, refers to the revival of art and learning. People hoped to return to classicalGreece and Rome art and teachings.b. Renaissance started in northern Italy and spread to the rest of Europe.c. Italys three advantages that made it birthplace of Renaissance: Thriving cities, wealthy merchant class, &classical heritage of Greece and Rome

101. Secular (C17:S1, p472) a. Definition: More worldly rather than spiritual

b. Renaissance people remained devout Catholics but were more concerned about the present

c. Church leaders became secular and lived lavishly102. Patron during the Renaissance (C17:S1, p472-473) a. Patron are people who financially support artists. Renaissance merchants, wealthy families, and even Church

leaders were patron. By donating money or having their pictures painted, they demonstrated their ownimportance.

103. Perspective (C17:S1, p474) a. Definition: artistic painting technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface

b. Renaissance artists like Raphael Sanzio used it in their paintings104. Vernacular (C17:S1, p475)

a. Definition: Native Languageb. Renaissance writers followed Dantes example and wrote in their own language rather than Latin

105. Humanism (C17:S1, p472)a. Study of classical texts led to humanism, intellectual movement that focused on human potential andachievements.b. Humanists did not try to make classical text agree with Christian teachings, studied Greek values instead.They influenced artists and architects. They emphasized classical education such as history, literature, and philosophies,they are all called humanities

106. Renaissance painters (C17:S1, p475) a. Michelangelo depicts human bodies realisticallyb. Leonardo Da Vinci painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper c. Raphael Sanzio uses perspective. He paints Madonna and child with gentle, calm faces. He paints School of Athens ,which shows Renaissance figures as classical philosophers and students.d. Sofonisba Anguissola was the first female artist to gain international reputation. Painted portraits of her sisters andfamous people like King Philip of Spain.e. Artemisia Gentileschi trained with and helped her father who was a painter. She painted pictures of strong, heroicwomen.

107. Utopia (C17:S2, p482) a. Means no place in Greek; described in Thomas Mores book Utopia where greed, corruption, war were

nonexistent; a perfect society108. Movable types (C17:S2, p484) a. Invented in China by Bi Sheng. Printers craved words, or letter on wooden block then inked the block and use it

to print paper. Impractical in China, because its writing system contained thousands of different characters, butideal for European alphabets.

109. Johann Gutenberg (C17:S2, p484) a. From Germany; developed an open printing press after combining a number of printing technologies and

techniques. Made printing stuff cheaper and quicker b. The printing press allowed printer to produce hundreds copies of work. Information became spread easily

110. Thomas More- Utopia (C17:S2, p482) a. Thomas More tried to show a better model of society and wrote Utopia depicting a perfect society. His

work was translated into Latin and later French, German, English, Spanish, and I talian111. Elizabeth I (C17:S3, p494) a. Elizabeth wanted to return Church to Protestantism and order Parliament to set up Anglican Church, with

Elizabeth as head. She set up the Church to moderate Catholic and Protestants ideasb. For Protestants, she allowed priests in Anglican Church to marry and to please Catholics, AnglicanChurch kept some Catholic services such as rich robes and Anglican services were revised to be accepted by Catholicsc. By taking moderate stand, she faced opposition. Catholics tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin, Catholic Mary Queen of Scots and faced threats from Philip I I, Catholic king of Spaind. She was in constant need of money and allowed the voyage to create an American empire which did notbenefit her directly. Her constant need for money led to the next reign and cause bitter conflict between monarch andParliament

112. Catherine of Aragon (C17:S3, p492) a. Wife of Henry VIII of England; Aunt of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Could not produce male heir for Henry,so Henry took steps in weakening the Church and creates his own Church to get divorce from her.

113. Anne Boleyn (C17:S3, p493) a. Henry VIIIs second wife who gave birth to Elizabeth I; later beheaded on Henrys order, so he could get new wife

that would produce him a male heir.114. Act of Supremacy (C17:S3, p493) a. Act issued by Henry VIII and approved by the Reformation Parliament; Called for people to recognize Henrys

divorce and accept him as the official head of the Englands Church115. Protestant (C17:S3, p490) a. member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic

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b. Originally used to describe the German princes who supported Martin Luther and protested against thepope and Charles V. Some truly agreed with his ideas while others saw i t as an excuse to seize Churchproperty and become independent from Charles V.

116. Indulgence (C17:S3, p489) a. A pardon that a person can buy to pardon his or her sin. Friar Tetzel is famous for selling them

b. Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses attacking people who sold pardonsc. The Council of Trent later agreed that indulgences were valid expressions of faith but banned the false sellingof them.

117. Edward VI (C17:S3, p493) a. Male heir for Henry VIII, son of Jane Seymour; Edward ruled at nine and was guided by Protestant adviser and introduced Protestant idea to reform the England Church

118. Recant (C17:S3, p490)a. Definition: To take back, or say that one no longer holds a certain opinion or belief b. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summoned Luther to Worms and ordered him to recant his statements aboutthe suggestion that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force butLuther refused. This led to the Edict of Worms.

119. Edict of Worms (C17:S3, p490) a. Issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that declared Luther an outlaw and heretic and no one in his empire

is allowed to give Luther food or shelter. Called for all of Luthers book to be burned120. Vikings (C13:S2, p358-359)

a. Seafaring Germanic warriors who set sail from Scandinavia and invaded Europeb. Believed in warlike gods and had nicknames like Bloodaxec. Quick raids during which they beached their ship, struck quickly and moved out before locals could mount adefensed. Ships held 300 warriors who took turns rowing 72 oars. Ship prows had sea monster heads carved on them andcould sail in shallow water.e. Farmer, warriors, traders, explorers who went to Russia, Constantinople, North Atlantic before accepting Christianityand ceasing their raids on monasteries. Farming became easier in Scandinavia as the climate improved, causing lesspeople to live as Vikings.

121. Northmen (C13:S2, p358-359)a. Nickname for the Vikings, who were also known as Norsemen.

122. Turkish nomads (C13:S2, p359) a. Magyars, nomadic horsemen from the east (present day Hungary), who rode across the Danube River and

invaded western Europe. They attacked isolated villages and raided monasteries, selling captives as slaves. Theyreached Italy, Rhineland and Burgundy but didnt settle the conquered land.b. Muslims, expert seafarers, who struck from their southern strongholds in North Africa and passed through Italy andSpain. They wanted to conquer, plunder and settle Europe. They attacked the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts and gotas far inland as Switzerland.

123. Serfs (C13:S2, p360) a. People who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born; however, they were not slaves.

b. They worked the lands of their lords in exchange for protection, housing, and farmland.124. Feudalism (C13:S2, p360) a. System based on rights and obligations; The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the lord

gave the vassal land in exchange for military service, while the serfs were obliged to live on their lord's landand give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

125. Fief (C13:S2, p360) a. A terminology used in feudalism; granted land that a lord would give to a vassal126. Tithe (C13:S2, p363) a. Church tax, which was represented as 10% of a persons income in exchange for spiritual services127. Feudal System (C13:S2, p360-361) a. A system based on rights and obligation that was enacted to provide security. Lord gave land to vassal in

exchange for military service and serfs serve lord for military protection.b. The king was at the top, then powerful vassals like wealthy landowning nobles and bishops. Then, there wereknights, who defended their lords land in exchange for fiefs. Last came landless peasants who worked in thefields.c. People classified into three, distinct groups: those who fought (nobles, knights), those who prayed (people of the Church) and those who worked (peasants, aka serfs). Serfs were bound to the land and could not leave theplace they were born but they weren't slaves. Their labor belonged to the lord.

128. Manor (C13:S2, p360) a. A terminology used in feudalism; The lords estate; Usually consisted of a Manor House, Village Church,Peasant Cottages, Lords Demesne (fields), Peasants Crofts (gardens), Mill, Common Pasture, and Woodlandb. The manor was the lords estate and everyone lived there. The lord housed, fed and protected the serfs who,in exchange, would care for his land, family and animals. Peasants owed the lord work and a portion of their grain. Themanor was self sufficient.c. Peasants paid taxes on grain (baking bread elsewhere to avoid the tax was a punishable crime) and marriages to their lord in addition to a t ithe (10% of income, paid to the church).d. Peasants lived in crowded cottages, with one or two rooms. They warmed their floors by bringing pigs inside. They atesimple meals of vegetables, coarse brown bread, grain, cheese and soup. As soon as children were old enough, theyworked. They died young and suffered from illnesses and malnutrition.

129. Tournaments (C13:S3, p367)


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a. Definition: Mock battle between groups of knightsb. Two armies of knight charged at each other and crowds would cheer and watch; were fierce and bloodycompetition; winner could usually demand ransom from defeated knights

130. Troubadours (C13:S3, p367-368) a. Definition: Medieval poet and musician who t raveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of

courtly love.131. Eleanor of Aquitaine (C13:S3, p368) a. Most celebrated woman of the age was Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine; many Troubadours flocked to her courts

b. Later became Queen of England and mother of two kings: Richard the Lion-Hearted and John132. Song of Roland (C13:S3, p367) a. The most famous medieval epic poem which tells about a band of French knight who perish during against an

overwhelming army of Muslim from Spain133. Middle Ages clergy (C13:S4, p370)

a. Pope was the head of the Churchb. All clergy such as priests and bishops fell under his authorityc. Bishops supervised priests and settled disputes over Church teaching and practiced. Priests serve as main contact to the people with the Church

134. Holy Roman Empire (1100) (C13:S4, p371-372)a. Originally the Roman Empire of the German Nation, created by Otto Ib. Otto gained support from the bishops and abbots, who were the head of monasteries. He defeated the Germanprinces and invaded Italy on the popes behalf. the pope crowned him Emperor, leading to the creation of theGerman-Italian Empire, which remained the strongest state in Europe until 1100.c. This would lead to the Church being unhappy that Otto had power over the clergy and practiced lay investiture. Thepope and Italian nobles resented German power over Italy.

135. Canon Law (C13:S4, p371) a. Church laws that dealt with matter such as marriage and religious practices

b. Church established court to try people accused of breaking cannon lawsc. Two of the hardest punishments were excommunication and interdict. Church used these two to exert power over political leadersd. Excommunication meant a person is denied of salvation, banished from the Church, and freed all of kingsvassal from obligation to king. Interdiction meant sacrament and religious practice could not be performed in thekings lands which scarred all the kings subjects.

136. Emperor Henry IV (C13:S4, p372) a. German emperor who ordered Pope Gregory VII to step down after the pope banned lay investiture b. He was excommunicated and later tried to win popes forgiveness

c, Waited in the snow for three days before the pope ended his excommunication

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