Section 1: Reading

Passage 1

Read the passage and answer the questions.

The Civil War was waged because 11 southern states seceded (broke away and started their own government) from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The secession took place primarily because of a long-standing debate concerning states’ rights, and more specifically the issue of slavery. As new territories became states, opponents of slavery and advocates of slavery often clashed over whether or not that state should allow slavery. After violence broke out in Kansas over the issue, and after Kansas entered the Union as a free state, southerners began to believe that the new president, Abraham Lincoln would take away their rights to make local decisions and would abolish slavery. Henceforth, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas broke away from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. Richmond, Virginia was made its capital and Jefferson Davis was made president. Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and Missouri were divided on the issue and were declared "border states". On April 14, 1861, Congress declared war on the Confederate States of America for the purposes of preserving the Union.

The first shots of the Civil War were fired April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Although there were no deaths reported that day, the shots at Fort Sumter signified the start of a long, bloody war that would become the most deadly in the history of the United States. Many major battles such as Bull Run I and II, Antietam and Shiloh, among others, claimed tens of thousands of lives on both sides in 1861 and 1862. Neither the Union nor the Confederacy had the upper hand. 

The turning point in the war, however, occurred on July 1, 1863, when Confederate and Union armies met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle that ensued was one of the bloodiest battles in American history. Eventually, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was driven away from Pennsylvania by Union general George Meade and his Army of the Potomac. The battle did much to cripple the Confederate army. Meanwhile, in the western battlegrounds, Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant had gained control of the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans which effectively split the Confederacy in two. 

Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was further decimated after Ulysses S. Grant was made commander of the Union Army. Grant waged dozens of surprise attacks against Lee's army in the wilderness of Virginia in 1864. Although the battles resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of soldiers on the Union side, the Confederate Army was at the brink of collapse. Meanwhile, Union general William T. Sherman marched through Georgia and the Carolinas, destroying everything in his path. The march came to be known as "Sherman's March to the Sea". 

Finally, after Union forces had invaded the Confederate capital of Richmond, the Confederate states surrendered on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. The Union was preserved.

1

** Circle the right letter.

1. What does secede mean?A. To break away from B. To join C. To accomplish D. To lose

2. Which of the following best describes why 11 southern states seceded from the Union?

A. Because the government wanted the states to make important decisions concerning slavery.

B. Because the southern states wanted the government to make important decisions concerning slavery.

C. Because the southern states did not want the government to make important decisions for them concerning slavery

D. Because the government did not want to make important decisions for the southern states concerning slavery

3. Which of the following is true?

A. Congress declared war before the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter.

B. The first shots fired at Fort Sumter occurred after Congress declared war.

C. Congress declared war after the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter.

D. Abraham Lincoln was president of the Confederacy.

4. Which of the following was NOT a state that seceded from the Union?A. MarylandB. VirginiaC. North CarolinaD. Florida

5. What was the turning point of the Civil War?A. ShilohB. Appomattox CourthouseC. AntietamD. Gettysburg

6. Which general was responsible for the retreat of General Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia at the Battle of Gettysburg?

2

A. Ulysses S. GrantB. William T. ShermanC. George MeadeD. Jefferson Davis

7. Which of the following is not true?

A. Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War.

B. Robert E. Lee's Army of the Potomac was forced out of Pennsylvania by General George Meade and the Amry of the Potomac.

C. After Ulysses S. Grant was made commander of the Union army, he staged a series of attacks in Georgia that decimated Lee's army.

D. William T. Sherman and his army destroyed much of Georgia.

8. After which event(s) did the Confederate States of America surrender?A. GettysburgB. The invasion of RichmondC. Sherman's March to the SeaD. The Wilderness attacks

9. What happened first?A. The invasion of RichmondB. The surrender of the ConfederacyC. The Battle of GettysburgD. Sherman's March to the Sea

10. Why did Congress declare war on the Confederate States of America?A. To make the southern states submit to the will of the north.B. To destroy Georgia.C. To invade RichmondD. To preserve the Union

3

*Passage 2

Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States

**Read the following paragraphs and circle the right answer

1) The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jackson who swept to power in1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837. During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. “The President is the direct representative of the American people,” he lectured the Senate when it opposed him. “He was elected by the people and is responsible to them.” With this declaration, Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to the people.

A) The word “immeasurably” in the passage is closest in the meaning to

frequently – greatly – rapidly – reportedly

B) According to paragraph 1, the presidency of Andrew Jackson was especially significant for which of the following reasons? 1. The president granted a portion of his power to the Senate. 2. The president began to address the Senate on a regular basis. 3. It was the beginning of the new presidency in the United States. 4. It was the first time that the Senate had been known to oppose the president.

2) During Jackson’s second, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig Party. A

Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market,

banks, and commerce. B

The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between

“the people”—farmers, planters, and workers—and a set of greedy aristocrats. C

This “paper money

aristocracy” of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation’s virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for

sudden, unearned wealth. D

The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.

4

C) The author mentions “bankers and investors” in the passage as an example of which of the following? 1. The Democratic Party’s main source of support 2. The people the Democrats claimed were unfairly becoming rich 3. The people most interested in a return to a simple agrarian republic4. One of the groups in favor of Andrew Jackson’s presidency

3) Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the market. For them, commerce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportunity. The government’s responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.

D) According to paragraph 3, Whigs believed that commerce and economic development would have which of the following effects on society? 1. They would promote the advancement of society as a whole. 2. They would cause disagreement between Whigs and Democrats. 3. They would supply new positions for Whig Party members.4. They would prevent conflicts between farmers and workers.

E) According to paragraph 3, which of the following describes the Whig Party’s view of the role of the government? 1. To regulate the continuing conflict between farmers and businesspeople2. To restrict the changes brought about by the market 3. To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit 4. To reduce the emphasis on economic development

4) Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about how active the central government should be in people’s lives. Despite Andrew Jackson’s inclination to be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limited government. Government’s role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government, Democrats also rejected the idea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of legislation.

F) The word inclination in the passage is closest in meaning to

argument – tendency – example – warning

G) According to paragraph 4, a Democrat would be most likely to support government action in which of the following areas? 1. Creating a state religion

5

2. Supporting humanitarian legislation 3. Destroying monopolies 4. Recommending particular moral beliefs

5) The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.

H) The word concept in the passage is closest in meaning to

power – reality – difficulty – idea

I) Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefs within the Whig Party?1. They were focused on issues of public liberty.2. They caused some members to leave the Whig Party. 3. They were unimportant to most Whigs. 4. They reflected regional interests.

6) In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wants to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

J) According to paragraph 6, the Democrats were supported by all of the following groups EXCEPT 1. Workers unhappy with the new industrial system 2. Planters involved in international trade 3. Rising entrepreneurs4. Individuals seeking to open the economy to newcomers

6

K) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 1. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because

Democrats dominated in other areas. 2. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas,

respectively. 3. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by

the Whig’s control of the market economy. 4. The Democrats’ power was greater in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those

areas where the market was already fully operating.

7) During Jackson’s second, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig Party. A

Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market,

banks, and commerce. B

The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between

“the people”—farmers, planters, and workers—and a set of greedy aristocrats. C

This “paper money aristocracy” of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation’s virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for

sudden, unearned wealth. D

The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing

the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.

L) Look at the four letters, A, B, C, D, that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and his party in a number of important areas, beginning with the economy.

Where would the sentence best fit?

A – B – C – D

7

Section 2

Part One

** Answer the following questions with reference to the article which follows. Choose from 1 to 10. You can use the same number more than once.

According to the passage, who... ...

1. suggested women were linked with food? 2. thought words were not made by women? 3. considered masculinity to be a matter of grammar? 4. sat on a committee? 5. accepted a neutered religion? 6. said that gender varied from language to language? 7. renamed a means of access? 8. hypothesised that the images used in marketing created

stereotypes? 9. felt women were always in danger? 10. did not require protection?

A. Martha Mitchell ( )B. Minnie Robinson ( )C. Rod Skitz ( )D. Mary Daly ( )E. Andrea Dworkin ( )F. Marina Warner ( ) G. Lucy Manners ( ) H. Roger Scruton ( )

Person OnlyThe English language is no longer spoken by men or women or people, but by persons. In the lift, the notice says: "Capacity 13 persons". A person might now ask you how many persons there were at the party. Some of your best friends are probably persons, whether businesspersons or housepersons. Personkind is on the up and up. Here are a few examples, drawn from a variety of sources: Firstly, from The Listener, henchperson. This week Chairperson Martha Mitchell and her henchpersons looked at the way education brainwashes girls into accepting a submissive domestic role. Secondly, from the Tuscaloosa News, second baseperson. The parents of Minnie Robinson, a sometimes second baseperson say they will seek a federal injunction to allow their 8-year-old daughter to play without the protection of a boy's plastic athletic protector cup. Thirdly, from Time magazine, personhole. When Rod Skitz, the leader of the city council of Woonsocket, RI, approved some job descriptions that eliminated supposedly sexist language, a utility man became a utility person whose duties included "building personholes". By now you will understand that we have arrived at the lunatic fringe, the farthest shore of the English

8

language, a deserted and infertile spot, inhabited by persons. How have we come to these dire and chilly straits? Psychoanalysis might give some description, if not an explanation. One person, Mary Daly, in her book, Gyn/Ecology, uses the tools of psychoanalysis to demonstrate that all language is englishspeaker.com ©2000 English Teaching Systems 00-2 "polluted by the patriarchal myth": words are split to demonstrate their supposed "pollution", as for example, when "therapist" becomes "the-rapist", "remembering" becomes "re-membering", and "manipulate" becomes "man-ipulate". Yet another person, Andrea Dworkin, an American polemicist, considers the world to be a male-dominated system of social institutions, sexual practices, and economic relations in which women are silenced, exploited and damaged. For her, language is a weapon and a means of change, She writes: "Women live defensively, not just against rape but against the language of the rapist." Another person, Marina Warner, has described the images by which the sexes tend to differentiate themselves: she seems to do so with a faint tinge of regret, like Professor Higgins in My Fair Lady, asking: "Why can't a woman be more like a man?" Or vice versa. She writes: "In the current vocabulary of pleasure, women incline to metaphors of nourishment, not always of spectacle and violent action." She writes of toilet preparations," Eaux de cologne for men are called Polo, Denim, Aramis and Brut (the last no doubt after champagne, but not ignoring other connotations). The cosmetics companies want to avoid cissy overtones, obviously, so they stress the robust, musketeering, sporty character of their fragrances." She notes that with the perfumes Opium and Poison, the femme has become even more fatale. Just as in Japanese, the sexes differentiate themselves by the way they speak, the language they use. But, somewhere, could there not be a utopia where person shall speak neutered unto person? There is, there is. Well not exactly speak, but sing. Lucy Manners at church in New England, sings from the Inclusive Language Hymnal. In it, all references to God or Christ involving the words He, His, Him, Mankind, King, and men and brothers have been removed. God, whoever he/she is, help English literature if the Person Police get to work on Shakespeare. The critic, Roger Scruton, has observed: "English is unfortunate because gender only becomes apparent with the use of pronouns. In other languages, gender attaches to every adjective and every noun. Some languages are structured by gender. In Arabic, for example, numeral adjectives from three to nine are used in the masculine gender with feminine nouns and in the feminine with masculine nouns. In English, however, with very few rare exceptions, he and she are used exclusively of things with male or female sex. Gender in language is therefore seldom attributed to deep-rooted habits of grammar which are perceptibly beyond the reach of conscious change. It really may seem, to someone faced with a choice of using he as opposed to he or she, that he is confronting a question of sexual morality, rather than one of conventional usage."

Part Two

** Read the passage and answer the questions.

THE COMMONWEALTH

The Russian leader, Stalin, is supposed to have asked how many divisions the Pope had. Like the Roman Catholic Church, the British Commonwealth does not operate in the realms of realpolitik. It is closer, perhaps, to the world of Lewis Carroll than to that of Bismarck. As an idea, the Commonwealth dates from the year of Queen Elizabeth*s birth, 1926. It was to be an association of “autonomous communities within the Empire”, unified in one respect only: by their allegiance to the sovereign as the head of state. Even this requirement was dropped in 1949 when India asked to remain a member of the Commonwealth even though, as a newly-independent republic, it had ended its allegiance to the crown.

9

Still, even today, Elizabeth is Queen not only of the United Kingdom, but of 17 other countries as well. Of the other nation states in the Commonwealth, 26 are republics which recognize her only as head of the Commonwealth, and the other five (Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Tonga and Swaziland) have monarchs of their own. The 49 countries have a population of around one billion. The Commonwealth has one unifying factor: the Queen as its head. It is noteworthy, if not englishspeaker.com ©2000 English Teaching Systems 00-3 miraculous, that there has been this continuity, that the monarch of the imperialist nation should be accepted with affection and respect by the newly independent sovereign states. The reason lies in the status the Commonwealth offers, and in the framework it provides for useful work to be done. It is remarkable, for example, that all Commonwealth countries, without exception, gave Britain moral support during the Falklands crisis. The Commonwealth has seen much disunity as well, and a number of countries have ceased to be members, usually for political reasons. In 1948, Palestine became Israel. In 1949, the Republic of Ireland, neutral during the *39-*45 war, also left. In 1972, after war with India, and the creation of Bangladesh, Pakistan also departed. But the most significant departure has been that of South Africa, in 1961. The key issue of the Commonwealth is, of course, race, and in particular hostility to racism as practised by white people. For the past 15 years the focus of attention has been upon South Africa, especially upon the severing of sporting links with that country. The refusal of the former Thatcher government to impose economic sanctions on the apartheid-ridden country has caused tension not only between Britain and other Commonwealth countries, but also between the Queen and her Prime Minister. The Queen has to remain above all the issues, all the arguments. That she does so is one of the wonders of modern politics. The very looseness of the Commonwealth may be its greatest virtue, given the number of one-party states, military dictatorships, and personal regimes within it. Each member takes or gives what the realpolitik of its own government requires. Through the Commonwealth, for example, Canada has attained a degree of influence among Third World countries which otherwise would never have been possible. But the Commonwealth is also limited: for military help in a domestic crisis, Grenada had to turn to the United States. Still, Alice in Wonderland or not, a two-metre high portrait of the Queen does hang outside the entrance to Zimbabwe*s Senate. An official explained: “She*s not there because we love the royal family, but because she is the head of the Commonwealth.” It*s a matter of independence plus. Select the most appropriate answer from those given.

11. With whom is the Queen identified?

A. A policy of political realism.

B. Stalin.

C. Alice in Wonderland.

D. Bismarck.

12. Why is the Commonwealth compared to the Catholic church?

A. It has no army.

B. It is like a fairy story.

C. It is concerned with influence rather than political power.

10

D. It is a worldwide organisation.

13. How did relations between the British government and other Commonwealth members become strained?

A. It invaded the Falklands.

B. It continued to trade with South Africa.

C. It cut aid to developing nations.

D. It joined the EU.

14. By what criteria can member states of the Commonwealth be recognised?

A. They recognise the Queen as Head of State.

B. English is their official language.

C. They are former colonies.

D. They are members of the Commonwealth.

15. Why is it necessary for members of the Commonwealth to be tolerant of each other?

A. They have various political systems.

B. They have language problems.

C. Communication is not always easy.

D. Some of them are racist.

16. What is the main limitation of the Commonwealth?

A. It has no standing army.

B. Agreement is difficult.

C. It will not intervene directly in a member*s domestic affairs.

D. It cannot compete with American realpolitik.

PART THREE

Choose the best paragraphs from the choices below to complete the passage. There is one extra paragraph that does not fit.

DRUGS: SUPPLY AND DEMAND

11

Why has the illegal use of drugs become an epidemic worldwide? It is unlikely that there is one single cause, and the demand for illegal drugs is parallelled by their legal prescription as tranquillisers and sedatives, and by the entirely legal use of tobacco and alcohol. [17]...............................

The professor of addiction behaviour at the University of London*s Institute of Psychiatry writes: “Being a drug taker means #being someone* for the young person [or old person, one might add] who does not otherwise know who he is, what he is worth, or where he is going. [18]...............................

A drug taker becomes a member of a group. Once a member of the group, outside the normal structure of family and work, he has nowhere else to go. Even something like glue-sniffing is nearly always a group activity. [19]...............................

With time, and increasing dependence on the drug, the need becomes physical as well as psychological. The hunger must be assuaged, no matter how expensively. [20]...............................

Government agencies have largely ignored the social reasons for addiction. They have attacked the growers, the smugglers, and the dealers. By and large, their efforts have not been crowned with much success. For example, in Malaysia, draconian laws have hanged 30 heroin dealers in the past five years and put another 40 on death row awaiting the noose. Despite these laws, 3.5 per cent of Malaysia*s population take the drug. [21]...............................

However, on America*s own doorstep, in the Bahamas, the world*s first modern drug epidemic has taken place. It is an epidemic that has spread in the past year to the United States. In the Bahamas more than 10 per cent of the population are addicts. Many are teenagers, hooked inside 10 minutes of their first introduction to drugs by “free-basing”. Free-basing is a lethal method of smoking a “rock” of cocaine that is 80 per cent proof, compared with 30 per cent from sniffing. [22]...............................

Choices:

A. In such places, the American government uses all possible means of economic persuasion to put pressure on countries which tolerate the drug trade. In some parts of the world, a country*s economy may depend on the coca crop.

B. At this point drug-taking becomes not only antisocial but probably criminal, as the addict steals to support his habit.

C. When the habit spread to New York, the substance became known as “crack”. Crack is instantly addictive, and the addict, as usual, requires rapidly increasing quantities. Being addicted to free-basing is just about as deadly as contracting Aids. You don*t have much life left.

12

D. Hence the very apt remark by the American author and former drug addict, William Burroughs: #You become a narcotics addict because you do not have strong enough motivation in any other direction. Junk wins by default.”*

E. Most of them, as elsewhere, are in their teens and early twenties, although, of course, drug users cannot be expected to live to a ripe old age. Apart from local police forces, governments sign agreements to control the trade, as between, for example, the United States and Pakistan or India.

F. In general, perhaps, addicts, both legal and illegal, are children. They are insecure, dependent. They need to escape responsibility.

G. The individual becomes dependent not only on the drug itself but also upon the other people within the drug-taking group. He needs their support.

** Section 2: Grammar

**If conditionals A)1. If I            to Leipzig, I'll visit the zoo.

2. If it           , we'd be in the garden.

3. If you            a lighter jacket, the car driver would have seen you earlier.

4. We            TV tonight if Peter hadn't bought the theatre tickets.

5. She wouldn't have had two laptops if she            the contract.

6. If I was/were a millionaire, I            in Beverly Hills.

7. You would save energy if you            the lights more often.

8. If we had read the book, we            the film.

9. My sister could score better on the test if the teacher            the grammar once more.

10.They            on time if they hadn't missed the train.

B)

1. If it rains, the boys            hockey.

13

2. If he            his own vegetables, he wouldn't have to buy them.

3. Jim            whisky distilleries if he travelled to Scotland.

4. Would you go out more often if you            so much in the house?

5. She wouldn't have yawned the whole day if she            late last night.

6. If you            a minute, I'll come with you.

7. If we arrived at 10, we            Tyler's presentation.

8. We            John if we'd known about his problems.

9. If they            new batteries, their camera would have worked correctly.

10. If I went anywhere, it            New Zealand.

C)1. If you like, you            for two days.

2. If I            the film in the cinema, I wouldn't have watched it on TV again.

3. If the parents bought the cat, their children            very happy.

4. Metal            if you heat it.

5. He            my e-mail if he'd been online yesterday evening.

6. They'd have been able to return the bottle if they            the labels.

7. If she            up her room, she must find the receipt.

8. What            if you had a million dollars.

9. Where would you live if you            younger.

10. If you            for a little moment, I'll tell the doctor you are here.

D)

1. If I   stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.

2. If we'd seen you, we  .

3. If we   him tomorrow, we'll say hello.

14

4. He would have repaired the car himself if he   the tools.

5. If you drop the vase, it  .

6. If I hadn't studied, I   the exam.

7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I   a driving licence.

8. If she   him every day, she'd be lovesick.

9. I   to London if I don't get a cheap flight.

10. We'd be stupid if we   him about our secret.

E)1. a. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was

canceled. b. But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if her business trip (be, not) had not been canceled. 

2. a. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.

b. But, he (come)   if you (insult)   him. 

3. a. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married. 

b. But, Marie (be)   happy if she (give, not)   up her career when she got married. 

4. a. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to take six months off to spend more time with his family. 

b. But, Dr. Mercer (accept)   the research grant at Harvard if he (take,

not)   six months off to spend more time with his family. 

5. a. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on African tribal groups. 

b. But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not)   so much about the Maasai tribe if

she (be, not)   an expert on African tribal groups. 

6. a. I am unemployed because I had a disagreement with my boss and I was fired. 

b. But, I (be, not)   unemployed if I (have, not)   a disagreement with

15

my boss and I (be, not)   fired. 

7. a. Nicole speaks Chinese fluently because she lived in China for ten years. 

b. But, Nicole (speak, not)   Chinese fluently if she (live, not)   in China for ten years. 

8. a. I will not help you study for your test because you have spent the last two weeks partying and wasting time. 

b. But, I (help)   you study for your test if you (spend, not)   the last two weeks partying and wasting time. 

9. a. Eleanor and Ben are not going skiing with us this year because Eleanor just had a baby. 

.b. But, Eleanor and Ben (go)   skiing with us this year if Eleanor (have, not,

just)   a baby. 

10. a. I am completely exhausted, so I will not go with you to the movies tonight. 

b. But, if I (be, not)   completely exhausted, I (go)   with you to the movies tonight. 

11. a. She is not worried about the conference tomorrow because she is not giving a speech. 

b. But, she (be)   worried about the conference tomorrow if she

(give)   a speech. 

12. a. Frank is not going to the graduation ceremony because he broke his leg snowboarding last week. 

b. But, Frank (go)   to the graduation ceremony if he (break)   his leg snowboarding last week. 

13. a. They are not releasing the prisoner next month because there was so much public opposition to his parole. 

b. But, they (release)   the prisoner next month if there (be)   so much opposition to his parole. 

16

14. a. The hotels filled up months in advance because the festival is going to include jazz artists from around the globe. 

b. But, the hotels (fill)   up months in advance if the festival

(include)   jazz artists from around the globe. 

15. a. We are not worried about the recent string of robberies in the neighborhood because the police have started regularly patrolling the area. 

b. But, we (be)   worried about the recent string of robberies in the neighborhood

if the police (start, not)   regularly patrolling the area.

**Passive and Active A) Decide whether the sentence is active or passive, then convert it. 1) Portuguese is spoken in Brazil 

People speak Portuguese in Brazil.

2) The Government is planning a new road near my house 

3) My grandfather built this house in 1943 

4) Picasso was painting Guernica at that time 

5) The cleaner has cleaned the office 

6) He had written three books before 1867 

7) John will tell you later 

17

passive

8) By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal 

9) Somebody should do the work 

10) The traffic might have delayed Jimmy 

11) Everybody loves Mr Brown 

12) They are building a new stadium near the station 

13) The wolf ate the princess 

14) At six o’clock someone was telling a story 

15) Somebody has drunk all the milk! 

16) I had cleaned all the windows before the storm 

17) A workman will repair the computer tomorrow 

18) By next year the students will have studied the passive 

19) James might cook dinner 

18

20) Somebody must have taken my wallet 

B) Rewrite the following sentences starting with the words given.

1. There is nothing we can do to stop the dangers of the volcanoes. ( )

Nothing …………………………………………………………………………………. .

2. You could have warned me before you made that call. ( )

I ……………………………………………………………………………………………. .

3. People think that some North African countries will have disappeared by 2030 due to global warming. ( )

It ………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

4. We could have easily won the game if the coach played with three strikers instead of two. ( )

The game ……………………………………………………………………………………… .

5. I don’t think your GPA will be negatively affected by the bad scores you got in the last test. ( )

I don’t think the …………………………………………………………………………….. .

6. The teacher didn’t actually give Sam the chance to finish his presentation. ( )Sam……………………………………………………………………………………… .

7. People usually spend most of their money on weekends. ( )

Most of ……………………………………………………………………… .

8. You need to replace some old parts in your car with new ones as soon as possible. ( )

19

Some …………………………………………………………………………………………… .

** TensesA) Choose the right option 1. Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She …………….. at the computer for five straight

hours. Finally, she took a break. A. is sitting B. has been sitting C. was sitting D. had been sitting

2. According to research reports, people usually …………….. in their sleep 25 to 30 times each night. A. turn B. are turning C. have turned D. turned

3. The little girl started to cry. She …………….. her doll, and no one was able to find it for her. A. has lost B. had lostC. was losing D. was lost

4. A minor earthquake occurred at 2:30 A.M. on January 3rd. Most of the people in the village …………….. at the time and didn’t even know it had occurred until the next morning.A. slept B. had slept C. were sleeping D. sleep

5. The city is rebuilding its dilapidated waterfront, transforming it into a pleasant and fashionable outdoor mall. Next summer when the tourists arrive, they ……………..104 beautiful news shops and restaurants in the area where the old run-down waterfront properties used to stand. A. will found B. will be finding C. will have found

20

D. will find

6. Jim, why don’t you take some time off? You …………….. too hard lately. Take a short vacation. A. worked B. workC. were working D. have been working

7. At one time, huge prehistoric reptiles dominated the earth. This Age of Dinosaurs …………….. much longer than the present Age of Mammals has lasted to date. A. lasted B. was lasting C. has lasted D. had lasted

8. The National Hurricane Center is closely watching a strong hurricane over the Atlantic Ocean. When it …………….. the coast of Texas sometime tomorrow afternoon, it will bring with it great destructive force. A. reaches B. will reach C. is reaching D. reaching

9. After ten unhappy years, Janice finally quit her job. She …………….. along with her boss for a long time before she finally decided to look for a new position. A. hadn’t been getting B. isn’t getting C. didn’t get D. hasn’t been getting

10. It’s against the law to kill the black rhinoceros. They …………….. extinct. A. became B. have become C. become D. are becoming

11. I know you feel bad now, Tommy, but try to put it out of your mind. By the time you are an adult, you …………….. all about it. A. forget B. will have forgotten

21

C. will forget D. forgot

12. Here is an interesting statistic: On a typical day, the average person …………….. about 48.000 words. How many words did you speak today? A. spoke B. was speaking C. speaks D. is speaking

13. My family loves this house. It …………….. the family home ever since my grandfather built it 60 years ago. A. was B. has been C. is D. will be

14. “Could someone help me lift the lawnmower into the pickup truck?” “I’m not busy. I …………….. you.”

A. help B. will help C. am going to help D. am helping

15. “I once saw a turtle that had wings. The turtle flew into the air to catch insects.”“Stop kidding. I …………….. you!”

A. don’t believe B. am not believing C. didn’t believe D. wasn’t believing

16. “Is it true that spaghetti didn’t originate in Italy?”“Yes. The Chinese ……………..spaghetti dished for a long time before Marco Polo brought it back to Italy.”

A. have been making B. have made C. had been making D. make

22

17. Paul, could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes …………….. for at least thirty minutes. A. are boiling B. boiling C. have been boiling D. were boiling

18. “Do you think Harry will want something to eat after he gets here?” “I hope not. It’ll probably be after midnight, and we …………….. .”

A. are sleeping B. will be sleeping C. have been sleeping D. be sleeping

19. “When are you going to ask your boss for a raise?”“…………….. to her twice already! I don’t think she wants to give me one.”

A. I’ve talked B. I’ve been talking C. Was talking D. I’d talked

20. “May I speak to Dr. Paine, please?” “I’m sorry, he …………….. a patient at the moment. Can I help you?”

A. is seeing B. sees C. has been seeing D. was seeing

23

24