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10/17/2011 1 Vitruvius’ Judgment Vitruvius Codex, 9th or 10th century, Sélastat Vitruvius: The manuscript Poggio, a papal secretary had "rediscovered" one of the extant manuscripts in the monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland in 1415. The first printing of the manuscript appeared in 1487. This is after Alberti's De re aedificatoria was published in 1485. Later important editions are: Fra Giocondo, 1511; Cesariano, 1521; Daniele Barbaro and Palladio 1556; [Henry Wotton 1624] Claude Perrault 1674. The current most respected edition is that of Fensterbusch published in 1964. Vitruvius wrote his De architectura libri decem or Ten Books on Architecture around the time of Augustus. He had himself worked for Julius Ceasar in Spain, building Siege machines and perhaps bridges. After the death of Julius Ceasar in 44 BC he was involved in the Construction of the Roman water supply under Octavian. He retired at around 33 BC and through the good offices of Emperor Augustus’ sister, received a pension which ensured him a care-free old age. It grieved me that so many great and noble Instructions of Ancient authors should be lost by the injury of Time, so that scarce any but Vitruvius has escaped this general wreck: A Writer indeed of universal knowledge, but so maimed by Age, that in many Places there are great Chasms, and many Things imperfect in others. besides this, his style is absolutely void of all ornaments, and he wrote in such a Manner, that to the Latins he seemed to write Greek, and to the Greeks Latin: But indeed it is plain from the Book itself, that he wrote neither Greek nor Latin, and he might almost as well have never wrote at all, at least with regard to us, since we cannot understand him. Alberti (1955) Book VI, Chap. 1, p. 111. De Architectura First (edited) publication in 1486 and is divided into 10 books about; Book I: City planning and Architecture in general Book II: Building materials and constructions Book III: Temple construction Book IV: Temple proportions of columns Book V: Public buildings (theatres and baths) Book VI: Private and agricultural buildings Book VII: Floors and stucco decorations Book VIII: Water installations Book IX: Astronomy Book X: Civil and military engines

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10/17/2011

1

Vitruvius’ Judgment

Vitruvius Codex, 9th or 10th century, Sélastat

Vitruvius: The manuscript

• Poggio, a papal secretary had "rediscovered" one of the extant manuscripts in the monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland in 1415.

• The first printing of the manuscript appeared in 1487. This is after Alberti's De re aedificatoria was published in 1485.

• Later important editions are: Fra Giocondo, 1511; Cesariano, 1521; Daniele Barbaro and Palladio 1556; [Henry Wotton 1624] Claude Perrault 1674. The current most respected edition is that of Fensterbusch published in 1964.

Vitruvius wrote his De architectura libridecem or Ten Books on Architecture around the time of Augustus. He had himself worked

for Julius Ceasar in Spain, building Siege machines and perhaps bridges. After the death of Julius Ceasar in 44 BC he was

involved in the Construction of the Roman water supply under Octavian. He retired at around 33 BC and through the good offices

of Emperor Augustus’ sister, received a pension which ensured him a care-free old

age.

It grieved me that so many great and nobleInstructions of Ancient authors should be lost by theinjury of Time, so that scarce any but Vitruvius hasescaped this general wreck: A Writer indeed ofuniversal knowledge, but so maimed by Age, that inmany Places there are great Chasms, and manyThings imperfect in others. besides this, his style isabsolutely void of all ornaments, and he wrote in sucha Manner, that to the Latins he seemed to writeGreek, and to the Greeks Latin: But indeed it is plainfrom the Book itself, that he wrote neither Greek norLatin, and he might almost as well have never wroteat all, at least with regard to us, since we cannotunderstand him. Alberti (1955) Book VI, Chap. 1, p. 111.

• De Architectura• First (edited) publication in 1486 and is divided into 10 books about;• ∙ Book I: City planning and Architecture in general• ∙ Book II: Building materials and constructions• ∙ Book III: Temple construction• ∙ Book IV: Temple proportions of columns• ∙ Book V: Public buildings (theatres and baths)• ∙ Book VI: Private and agricultural buildings• ∙ Book VII: Floors and stucco decorations• ∙ Book VIII: Water installations• ∙ Book IX: Astronomy• ∙ Book X: Civil and military engines

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2

Vitruvian man, Hildegard von Bingen, Liber Divinorum Operum, 13th c, Lucca, representation of Macrocosm and Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Architettura, 

ignegnaria e arte militare, late 15th c, Turin, vitruvian man

De architectura libri decem, cum commentariis Danielis Barbari. Venedig, F. dei Franceschi u. G. Chrigero 1567 en Leonardo 

Francesco di Giorgio Martini, 01 Architettura, ignegnaria e arte militare, late 15th c, anthropometric entablature J.F. Blondel idem. 17° C.

Callimachus, R Freart de Chambray, Parallele des ordres antiques et modernes, and 

Claude Perrault, The Corinthian Order

Vitruvius, Cesariano edition 1521, the discovery of fire

The application of reason enables you to describe and

explain your work.

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architecture is a disciplinabased on scientia: the architect

must have knowledge of subjects which are already

established as systematiseddisciplines, such as writing, drawing, geometry, history,

philosophy, music, medicine, law and astronomy.

This is not as difficult as it sounds because (and I like this)

each subject is different in its practical method (opus) but their

theoretical basis (ratio) is common to all

i.e. all arts are different practical expressions of commonly held thought.

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (84‐14 BC)BOOK I, CHAPTER 3

Haec autem ita fieri debent, ut habeatur ratio firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis. Firmitatis erit habita ratio, cum fuerit fundamentorum ad solidum depressio, quaque e materia, copiarum sine avaritia diligenselectio; utilitatis autem, emendata et sine inpeditione usus locorumdispositio et ad religiones sui cuiusque generis apta et conmoda

distributio; venustatis vero, cum fuerit operis species grata et elegansmembrorumque commensus iustas habeat symmetriarum

ratiocinationes

Now these should be so carried out that account is taken of strength, utility and grace. Account will be taken of strenght when the foundations are carried down to the solid ground, and when from each material there is a choice of supplies without parsimony; of utility, when the sites are arranged without mistake and impediment to their use, and a fit and convenient disposition for 

the aspect of each kind; of grace, when the appearance of the work shall be pleasing and elegant, and the scale of the constituent parts is justly calculated for symmetry

Variations on the theme

"Well building hath three conditions: firmness, commodity, and delight." Sir Henry Wotton, 

1624

The ideal building has three elements; it is sturdy, useful, and beautiful.

Vitruvius’ criteria of judgement

Utilitas

Venustas

Architecture

Firmitas

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Vitruvius’ criteria of judgement

Useful-ness

Beauty

Architecture

Stability

Vitruvius’ criteria of judgement

Com-modity

Delight

Architecture

Firmness

What if…• We define these words not as separate entities each with its own territory… Maps of Europe, 1815 & 1870

But as words which help to defineeach other…

24

After the storm: A house humiliates a mountain

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Vitruvius’ criteria of judgement

Use

Desire

Architecture

Structure

Vitruvius’ criteria of judgement

Function

Form

Architecture

Force

BaroqueDutch C

lassicism

Rome Em

pire

Dutch Renaissance

Colonial Powers

Historicism &

oriëntalismN

eo Classicism

& Rom

aticism

500BC 0 1140 19001400

Classical G

reece

Romanesque

Hellenistic Greece

HighRenaissance

MannerismG

othic

Late Gothic

Rococo

17501600

Ottoman Empire

IslamChristianity

Judaeism

Early Gothic

Early Renaissance

300

Rome Repulic

Art N

ouveau

Modernism

InternationalismN

ationaal Socialism

ReactionPost M

odernismSuper M

odernism

Cubism

DadaSurrealism

Regionalism

Empire

1960

Brutalisme

High Tech

Byzantium British Empire

Eclecticism

Style

Early Christian

FrenchRev

WW

1 & 2

Asturian

The Middle Ages

Ottom

anC

arolingian

UTILITAS

Pelgrim The Road to Santiago de Compostella

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Santiago de Compostela, 

1080 ‐ 1130 and later. 

By Bernard the Old

more than 100mLong

Santiago de Compostela

Santiago de Compostela

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Conques, abbatiale Sainte Foy de Conques, 12e S

Conques, 

Ste Foy, 

Beeld relikwieënhouder 

van de heilige Fides

Conques, Ste Foy, 11th C

Santiago de Compostela, 

1080 ‐ 1130 

and later. 

By Bernard the Old

more than 100mLong

Conques

Ste Foy,

11th C

Conques, abbatiale Sainte Foy de Conques, 12e S, village

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Conques, approach to the town

Conques, Ste Foy, 1050‐1120 siteplan

Conques, Ste Foy, Groundplan and surroundings Huizen bij het westfront

Conques, Ste Foy, 

1050‐1130

Conques, Ste Foy, Main Portal, West facade, 1130

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Conques, abbatiale Sainte Foy de Conques, 12e S, Satan. qui préside aux supplices des damnésConques, abbatiale Sainte Foy de Conques, 12e S, Le Braconnier roti par les lapins

Conques, Ste Foy, Interior

Conques, abbatiale 

Sainte Foy de Conques, 12e S, la coupole à la croisée du transept

Conques, Aveyron, Sainte Foy, 1050‐1130, middenschip

Conques, abbatiale Sainte Foy de Conques, 

12e S, Le déambulatoire

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Conques, Ste Foy, view 

from the east

Vezelay, France, 

Processional path

FirmitasNotre Dame, 

Paris, 

Rose window

Chartres, Noordelijk en Zuidelijk Roosvenster Chartres, Noordelijk roosvenster, detail

10/17/2011

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Comparative sections, Laon, Notre Dame & Bourges, Chartres, Reims, Amiens

Cathedrale Saint‐Pierre de Beauvais; France, Beauvais; 1247‐72 Imaginary Model of the finished cathedral

Cathedral Saint‐Pierre de Beauvais is located 60km north of Paris. The cathedral is huge but only the choir and two transepts were constructed. Cathedral Saint‐Pierre de Beauvais was constructed in 10th century beside the earlier church of  the Carolingian Period.The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1180 and in 1225. The reconstruction began in 1225.The construction of the choir was completed in 1272 but the vault fell down in 1284. The Choir was reconstructed again in 1322, adding another pier between each pair and changing the quadripartite vaults to sexpartite vaults.The North and South transepts were constructed in 1500‐48. The tower on the crossing, 151m high, was constructed in 1558‐69 fell in 1773 and was never reconstructed again.

Beauvais, Cathédrale Saint‐Pierre, Chevet et trancept Sud, 13e & 16e s

Beauvais Cathedral, 10th C & Choir 1225‐1272

collapse of choir 28 Nov 1284, 

repair by Enguerrand le Riche, from 1338, 1499 

transept and nave by Martin Chambiges

tower built 1561 onw and collapsed 1563

Beauvais, Saint Pierre, begonnen in 1225 en na 

de instortingen van 1284 & 

1573 vernieuwd

Beauvais, 1225 and later, interior

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Beauvais, Cathédrale Saint 

Pierre, 

13e et 16e s. 

Voûtes du choeur, 

13e s, 48,5 m

Beauvais, Cathédrale Saint Pierre, 

13e et 16e s, 

Chevet Gothique, 13e s

Beauvais, Saint Pierre, 

gezicht op het koor, 

begonnen in 1225 en na de instorting van 

1284 vernieuwd

venustas

Florence, Pazzi Chapel, Sta Croce, By Brunelleschi, 1430‐

61

Urban Context Pazzi Chapel

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Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377‐1446, Second Cloister, Santa Croce

Florence, Sta Croce & Pazzi Chapel, plan

Filippo Brunelleschi, Pazzi, Kapel, 1429‐61, Florence Florence, Pazzi Chapel

Florence, Pazzi Chapel, section and plan Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377‐1446, Pazzi Chapel, detail facade

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Florence, Pazzi Chapel

Florence, Pazzi Chapel, section

Florence, Pazzi Chapel

Florence, Pazzi Chapel

Florence, Pazzi Chapel, Interior of 

Loggia

Florence, Pazzi Chapel

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Florence, Pazzi Kapel, Koepel.

Brunelleschi, Pazzi Chapel Interior, 1442

Filippo Brunelleschi, Capella dei Pazzi, S Croce, 1430 Filippo Brunelleschi, Capella Pazzi

Florence, Pazzi ChapelAlvar Henrik Aalto (1898 – 1976) 

affordance & the dispositive, the body in its space

10/17/2011

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Aalto wood sculpture Aalto, Glass

The Trout and the Stream, Alvar Aalto (1947)

When I have to solve some architectural problem, I am constantly ‐ almost without exception, indeed ‐ faced with an obstacle difficult to surmount, a kind of “three in the morning feeling”. The reason seems to be the complicated, heavy burden represented by the fact that architectural planning operates with innumerable elements which often conflict. Social, human, economic and technical demands combined with the psychological questions affecting both the individual and the group, together with the movements of human masses and individuals, and internal frictions ‐ all these form a complex tangle which cannot be unraveled in a rational or mechanical way. The immense number of different demands and component problems constitute a barrier from behind which it is difficult for the architectural basic idea to emerge. I then proceed as follows ‐ though not intentionally. I forget the entire mass of problems for a while, after the atmosphere of the job and the innumerable different requirements have sunk into my subconsciousness. I then move on to a method of working which is very much like abstract art. I just draw by instinct, not architectural syntheses, but what are sometimes childlike compositions, and in this way, on this abstract basis, the main idea gradually takes shape, a kind of universal substance which helps me bring the innumerable contradictory component problems into harmony.

Alvar Aalto, 

Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, 

aerial view, site plan

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, main facade

Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, facade

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Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, window

Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, interior entry

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, lobby

Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, section

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 

1927‐35, stairway

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, stools

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Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, reading room

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, 

plans

Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, interior

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35

Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, 

reading room

Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, auditorium

10/17/2011

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Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library, 1927‐35, auditorium accoustic study

Aalto, Viipuri City Library, 1933‐35, 

lecture room