03 Gaseous fuels (sources, properties, recovery, treatment)

96/03699 Separation of iron catalyst from coal liquefaction crude oil with high gradient magnetic separator Narita,, H. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2). 1323-1326. Descrrbes the magnetic separation of Fe-based catalysts carried out for coal liquefaction-derived oil using a high-gradient magnetic separator, in which the synthetic pyrite catalyst was separated as a chemical form of pyrrhotire, and the iron contents in the benzene-insolubles was concentrated approxi- mately 1.5 times, even at small mean particle size. The results suggest that the performance of a magnetic separation procedure can be improved at higher temperatures.

96/03700 Single and multistage reactions of various coals to produce high yields of fluid fuel Hulston, C. K. ef al., Coal Sci. Techno!., 1995, 24, (2), 1359-1362. Describes the adaptation of a known two-stage subbituminous coal lique- faction procedure in which the Ni-Mo hydrogenation catalyst is not added as a conventional supported catalyst but was dispersed into the coal in water-soluble form.

96/03701 Solubiliration of brown coals in polar solvent through liquid phase oxidation at room temperature Mae, K. et al., Coal Sci. Techno/., 1995, 24, (l), 365-368. The paper describes how brown coal was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium dichromate, or air and then extracted with 5 polar solvents. The oxidation gave various degrees of coal solubilization.

96lQ3706 A total package in utilization of low-rank coals and related fossil fuels Sen, S. and Sen, M. J. Geol. Sot. I/ldia, 1996, 47, (I), 11-14. In the Gondwana basins of northeast India, low-grade layers, such as shaly coal, high-durain-content coals, and carbonaceous shales, are an integral part of the coal seams which may sometimes contain considerable amoum of exinite, a principal hydrocarbon-generating coal maceral. In the beneficiation of the low-rank coals, these materials are likely IO be incor- porated in the high-ash fractions as rejects. In order to derive full benefit of these coals, high-ash low-rank coals should be subjected to low-tempera- ture carbonization. The tar or crude hydrocarbons obtained from different sources, could be brought lo a central pool for further treatment for conver- sion to petroleum substitute fuels and chemicals.

96103709 Unusually high extraction yield from the liquefac- tion of an Egyptlan coal from Al Maghara coalfield Bakr, M. Y. et ai., Fuel Procers. Technol., 1996, 46, (l), 71-76. The paper describes the liquefaction of an Egyptian coal collected from Al Maghara coalfield in the northern Sinai which has been carried out using hydrogenated anthracene oil in a stirred autoclave. The solvent, coal solu- tion and light distillate product were characterized by gas chromatography, including simulated distillation.

96103710 Viscosity of coal-derived liquids. 1. Application of the model to coal liquid fractions Kabadi, V. N. and Palakkal, M. Ejlergy Fuels, 1996, 10, (2), 341-347. The eroun contribution viscositv model for uure coal model liquids descrybed’in a previous paper (Eiergy Fuels 19’95) has been extenddd to binary liquid mixtures of coal model compounds, and a procedure has been developed to use the model for computation of viscosities of coal-derived liquids.

96103702 Solubilization of Taiheiyo coal at mild conditions by the aid of HFIBF, Shimizu, K. et al., Coal Sci. Techlrol., 1995. 24, (l), 369-372.

96103703 Static stabilitv of a coal-water mixture ICWM) Takao, S. and Kusuda, H. kagaku Kogaku Ro~~humhu, i996, i2, (1). 22-28. (In Japanese) 03 GASEOUS FUELS Statical‘stabiiity tests were conducted according to the CWM Quality Test Method (CCUJ United Method). Hard and soft sediments both increased with the &orage time due to setiling and flocculation of coal particles. The amount of hard sediment increased within reoresentative range of viscositv of initial CWM. Conversely, the thickening’in coal concen;ation of harb sediment decreased with the increase in representative viscosiry of initial CWM. The amounl of hard sediment and the coal concentration of the hard sediment are roughly predictable through rheological properties of the ini- tial CWM.

Sources, Properties, Recovery, Treatment

96103704 Steam cracking of coal-derived liquids and some aromatic compounds in the presence of haematite Sharypov, V. I. et al., Fuel, May 19Y6, 75, (7), 791-794. Steam cracking in the presence of haematite catalyst was used for the upgrading of coal hydrogenation liquids with b.p.<350”C. The degree of conversion to light hydrocarbon fractions was influenced by the process temperature and reached 50 wt% at 470°C. The study of transformation of individual compounds (tetralin, 1-naphthol, 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene) under the conditions of the upgrading process indicated that light distillate fractions are produced from heavy coal liquids mainly through dealkylation and hydrogenation of aromatic rings, with subsequent cracking of hydro- genated compounds.

96103705 Studies of catalysed, solvent-mediated coal disso- lution without H, overpressure Wang, R. et al., Fue!. May 1996, 75, (6). 664-668. An investigation of the reaction chemistry of catalysed coal dissolution in recycle solvent in an inert atmosphere was carried out using low-rank British bituminous coal (Point of Ayr clean and Asfyrdby) and a high-rank coal (Cwm) in a tubins-bomb microreactor (25 cm capacity) at different temperatures (300-450 C) and reaction times (15-60 min). The results revealed that the initial rupture of the coal structure is primrily a thermo- lytic process, largely depending on the severity of the reaction conditions. The threshold temperature for the dissolution of Point of Ayr coal was approximately 375 C. The catalyst MO-based Akzo-153, did not Influence the overall conversion of coal as assessed by quinoline and THF extracts.

96103706 Synthetic gasoline and their manufacture and properties Lu, J. Farnrq Zhuml~ Shemplg Goqkal Shuomiq$ru, Ch’. I, 101.661. Apr. 1995. (III Chitme)

96103711 Diagenesis of an ‘overmature’ gas reservoir: The Spiro sand of the Arkoma Basin, USA Spoti, C. er al., Marijle & Petroleum Geology, Feb. 1996, 13, (l), 25-40. The Spiro sand is a laterally extensive thin sandstone of earliest Atokan (Pennsylvanian) age that forms a major natural gas reservoir in the western Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma. Petrographic analysis reveals a variety of diagnetic alterations, the majority of which occurred during moderate to deep burial. Crude oil collected in favourable structural locations during and after ankeritization. Whereas hydrocarbons apparently halted inorganic diagenesis in oil-saturated zones, cementation continued in the underlying water-saturated zones. As reservoir temperatures increased further, hydro- carbons were cracked and a solid pyrobitumen residue remained in the reservoir.

Transport, Storage

96103712 Gibraltar crossing guided to success Cotrrill, A. Offshore Gzgimer, Jan. 1996, 26-28. Discusses the pipelaying across the Strait of Gibraltar which presented one of the most varied challenges seen by the industry in recent years. With the project now in the final runup to the star( of glas flow, the author takes a detailed look in the invaluable experience gained in the operation.

96/03713 Three-dimensional computation for storing gas in salt cavities Guerber, B. Gaz d’auiourd’hui, Mar. 1996, 120, (3). 144-148. (In French) The use of geological&r complex salt formations io; the storage of natural gas as well as the optimisation of existing sites has led to a need for three- dimensional models 10 aid geotechnical studies. The computer package GE03D is based on the finite-element method and allows the simulation of the deformations, movements and stresses within two or three-dimensional structures made up of materials with elastic, elastoplastic, viscoplastic or elastovlscoplastic properties. GE03D allows different laws of rheologic behaviour lo be taken into account. In the particular case of natural gas storge in salt cavities, laws of viscoplastic behaviour are used to model the mechanics of rock salt.

96103707 Three-stage catalytic hydroliquefaction of coal: How to improve hydrogen transfers to coal Jamond, M. et al., Coal Sci. Tecktlol., 1995, 24, (2), 1355-1358. Describes a three-stage experimental coal liquefaction process with non- porous Fe oxide catalyst which was attempted to enhance hydrogen trans- fer. The experiments were carried out in the presence of l- methylnaphthalene and Terralin in the presence of HIS at staged tempera- tures of 300”, 400”, and 450”. By carrying out the reaction in the three

Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy

96103714 Comment Asserho. l’ Errergy Srudies ReL’iew, 1995, 7, (?), 137-140. The author the Executive Vice President. Dansk Natugas A/S. comments

stages it had beneficial effects on hydrogen transfer. on lhe natural gas market in Europe.

262 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 1996