9070 history class
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Cognitive Psychology
![Page 2: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History of Cognitive Psychology
Presentism – evaluation in terms of current knowledge
Historicism – evaluation in terms of what was known at the time
1984 Orange Bowl
![Page 3: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Dialectical Progression (Hegel, 1770-1831)
1. Thesis formed2. Antithesis formed3. Synthesis occurs
![Page 4: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dialectical Progression - Example
1. Thesis formed - Nature2. Antithesis formed - Nurture3. Synthesis occurs - Interaction b/w nature and nurture
![Page 5: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
History of Psychology – Philosophical Influences
Ancient GreeksAristotle (384-322 B.C.) – credited as being the first empiricist
empiricism - knowledge via observationtabula rasa – “blank slate”
rationalism – knowledge via logical reasoning (Plato, 428-348 B.C.)
![Page 6: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Associationism - how ideas become associated in the mindFirst associationist - Aristotle
Classic View of AssociationAristotleHobbes, Locke, Mill
1. We form mental associationsWe associate things in terms of:1. similarity - (cats and dogs)2. dissimilarity - (hot and cold)3. closeness in time - (lightning and thunder)
2. During thought, one memory leads to another- thinking of cats will make you think of dogs
![Page 7: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rich History of Association in Psychologyclassical conditioning
- learn association b/w CS and USoperant conditioning
- learn association b/w behavior and consequences
verbal learning- paired associate learning
semantic priming- related “primes” facilitate “targets”
false memory- critical lure is associated w/ list words
![Page 9: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1600sDescartes - Rationalist
Locke - Empiricist
![Page 10: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1700s - Kant
Argued that both rationalism and empiricism are important- dialectical synthesis
![Page 11: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
History of Psychology – Influence from Physiology
von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Broca (1824-1880) Wernicke (1848-1905)
![Page 12: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scientific Revolution (1550-1700)
Copernicus – discovered that the sun was the center of theuniverse.
later validated by Galileo and Newton
![Page 13: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Psychology as an independent discipline
Wundt1st laboratory - 1879 Leipzig, Germany 1st Journal in Psychology5400 pages in articles and books
![Page 14: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Psychology as an independent discipline
Titchner student of Wundtchampioned structuralism
- introspection
![Page 15: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Schools of Psychology - Structuralism
Structuralism – attempt to break down conscious perceptioninto its basic elements.
Introspection – technique
Titchner
![Page 16: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Schools of Psychology - Structuralism
Structuralism – attempt to dissect perception into elementsIntrospection – technique
introspection colors shapes size texture
![Page 17: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Problems with Introspection
1. Subjective
2. The conscious mind does not have access to basic perceptual processes
meaning
sounds
letters
features
BOOK
![Page 18: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Problems with Introspection
1. Subjective
2. The conscious mind does not have access to basic perceptual processes
3. The act of introspecting may change the experience itself
![Page 19: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Early Memory Research – The Work of Ebbinghaus
- CVCs (KUG)- Relearning Task
kugbapfoblepdupetc.
![Page 20: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
savings score
![Page 21: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Functionalism
William James – HarvardPrinciples of Psychology (1890)
Still in print!
Functionalism – focus is on the functions of the mindinfluenced by Darwin’s theory
Natural Selection – nature selects
How did the functions of the mind help us survive?
attentionmemoryconsciousness
![Page 22: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Psychoanalytic Psychology
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Major Contribution – thoughts and behaviors can be influenced by unconscious processes.
![Page 23: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Theme - The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
1. We perceive objects the same despite different views
![Page 24: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Theme - The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
1. We perceive objects the same despite different views
2. The mind fills in the gaps
![Page 25: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism
Watson (1913) – Psychology as the Behaviorist Views itBehavior is the proper subject matter for psychology.The mind is not.
Logical positivism – All knowledge should be expressedby statements that are directly verifiable.
Classical conditioningOperant conditioning
Law of Effect
![Page 26: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism
Watson (1913) – Psychology as the Behaviorist Views itBehavior is the proper subject matter for psychology.The mind is not.
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors" (Watson, 1930).
![Page 27: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism
Operant conditioningLaw of Effect
behavior positive outcome = repeat
behavior negative outcome = do not repeat
E. Thorndike
![Page 28: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism
Dominated experimental psychology b/w 1920 and 1960
Then psychologists started studying the mind again
Why?
1. Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’s book “Verbal Behavior”
2. The invention of the computer
3. WWII
![Page 29: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
History of Cognitive Psychology – The Winds of Change
1956 – Miller - STM
1959 – Chomsky reviews Skinner’s book
1959 – Selfridge - pandemonium theory
1960 – Sperling - iconic memory
1960 – Treisman - attention
![Page 30: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Schools of Psychology – Cognitive Psychology
The study of the mind and mental processes.
What about Logical Positivism?
inference
![Page 31: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cognitive Psychology – later in the 60s
Roger Sperry – hemispheric specializationQuillian (1968) coins “semantic memory”Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) propose memory modelSternberg establishes RT as important DV
![Page 32: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cognitive Psychology – the 70s
Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) – semantic primingCraik and Lockhart (1972) – levels of processingCollins, Quillian, Loftus – spreading activationBaddeley proposes STWM modelLoftus and Palmer (1974) – car accident studyTversky and Kahneman – heuristics and decision makingMcClelland (1979) – cascadic processingTulving – encoding specificity
![Page 33: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cognitive Psychology – the 80s
Implicit Memory – Schacter, Roediger, Squire, JacobyModularity of Mind – Fodor (1983)McClelland and Rumelhart – interactive activationSeidenberg and McClelland (1989) – PDP
![Page 34: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Current Trends
1. The study of the brain is big2. Connectionism is big
![Page 35: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Current Trends
1. The study of the brain is big2. Connectionism is big 3. Cognitive Science – interdisciplinary approach
cognitive psychologylinguisticscomputer scienceneurologyand more
![Page 36: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Current Trends
1. The study of the brain is big2. Connectionism is big 3. Cognitive Science – interdisciplinary approach4. Applications of Cognitive Psychology
![Page 37: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Current Trends
1. The study of the brain is big2. Connectionism is big 3. Cognitive Science – interdisciplinary approach4. Applications of Cognitive Psychology
Testing Effect
Control Study 1 Study 2 Final TestExperimental Study 1 Test Final Test
![Page 38: 9070 History Class](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062503/577cc9e11a28aba711a4da8b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The End of History of Cognitive Psychology