(9) phonotactics & coarticulation
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phonotactics
&
Coarticulation
Eka Andriyani, S.Pd., M.Hum
![Page 2: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PHONOTACTICS (PHONOLOGICAL RULES)
• Phonotactics is a branch of Phonology that
deals with restrictions (official limits) in a
language on the permissible combinations of
phonemes.
• In other words, Phonotactics are the rules that
govern the combinations and ordering of
phonemes in a syllable or a word.
![Page 3: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Phonotacticshas a correlation with the syllable
structure (including the
consonant clusters and vowel
sequences) by means of
phonotactical constraints (phonotactical controllers).
![Page 4: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dealing with the syllable, there are some basic
internal segmental structure as follows:
ONSET
NUCLEUS (PEAK)
CODA
![Page 5: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The nucleus is obligatory, usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable;
The onset is the optional sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus; and
The coda is the optional sound or sounds that follow the nucleus.
![Page 6: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thus, in the word cat /kæt/, for example, /k/ is the
onset, /æ/ is the nucleus, and /t/ is the coda.
SYLLABLE
ONSET
NUCLEUS CODA
C V C
![Page 7: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
In the pattern of consonant cluster, the English syllable twelfths [twelfθs], for instance, is divided into the onset /tw/, the nucleus /e/, and the coda /lfθs/, and its phonotactic can be described as CCVCCCC
twelfths [ twelfθs ]
CC V CCCC (phonotactic)
O N C (syllable structure)
![Page 8: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
In addition, commonly, in English and most other languages, a word that begins with a vowel is automatically pronounced with an initial glottal stop, whether or not a glottal stop occurs as a phoneme in the language.
Example: up /ʌp/ is supposed as /ʔʌp/
Thus, in the initial-vowel word above, the glottal stop /ʔ/ is called a null onset.
![Page 9: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
One phoneme pattern V I [aɪ], oh [əʊ]
Two phoneme patternVC
CV
On [ɒn], it [ɪt]
Be [bi:], see [si:]
Three phoneme pattern
CVC
CCV
VCC
Dog [dɒg], cat [kæt]
Tree [tri:], ski [ski:]
Its [ɪts], eats [i:ts]
Four phoneme pattern
CCVC
CCCV
VCCC
CVCC
Slab [slæb], bread [bred]
Straw [strɔ:]
Asked [ɑ:skt]
Desk [desk], fist [fɪst]
Five phoneme pattern
CCVCC
CCCVC
CVCCC
Sponge [spʌndʒ]
Street [stri:t], stress [stres]
Selves [selvz]
Six phoneme pattern
CCCVCC
CCVCCC
CVCCCC
Strand [strænd], sprint [sprɪnt]
Stamps [stæmps]
Sixths [sɪksθs]
Seven phoneme patternCCCVCCC
CVCCCCC
Scramble [skræmbl]
Twelfths [twelfθs]
Here are some examples of phonotactics of the English words:
![Page 10: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
COARTICULATION:
Coarticulation is the overlapping of adjacent articulations. -(Ladefoged, 1993:55)-
Coarticulation is the influence of the target phoneme on surrounding phonemes.-(Linda I. House, 1998:141)-
In other words, coarticulation is the secondary articulations of a phoneme.
![Page 11: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
In English, actually, many consonants
have unique qualities.
However, we will only discuss about the
following particular consonants in detail:
a. / ɹ /
b. / l /
c. / ŋ /
![Page 12: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
/ɹ/
“R” varies more in
pronunciation than any
other consonant in the IPA.
![Page 13: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
During the Old English period (449 – 1100 A.D), the /r/ was used by most speakers. This sound was carried into Middle English (1066 A.D) and is still used in British-English nowadays.
• In American-English, according to IPA (1949), the R with right tail / ɽ / or the lowercase R (/r/) were used by most speakers. Those symbols were transcribed in broad transcription (the transcription that is often used to draw a transcription that uses a simple set of symbols) as / r /.
NOTE: (A.D stands for Anno Domini (Latin) means “the time of our Lord”--in the
Christian calendar, means since the birth of Jesus Christ.
![Page 14: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The / ɹ / becomes voiceless in a CCV
syllable when preceded by a voiceless
stop such as:
/ p / in ‘pry’ [ pɹaɪ ] ;
/ t / in ‘trim’ [ tɹɪm ] ; or
/ k / in ‘crow’ [ kɹəʊ ]
![Page 15: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The / ɹ / also becomes voiceless in a CCV
syllable when preceded by a voiceless
fricative such as:
/ f / in ‘free’ [ fɹi: ] ;
/ ʃ / in ‘shrink’ [ ʃɹɪŋk ] ; or
/ θ / in ‘thread’ [ θɹed ]
![Page 16: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Variation of /ɹ/ in the Syllables
Consist of Diphthong /aɪ/ or /aʊ/
When the diphthongs /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are combined with / ɹ /, there are two kinds of pronunciation.
The word ‘fire’, for example, could be pronounced as
[faɪə(r)] or [faɪɹ], and ‘flower’ as [flaʊə(r)] or [flaʊ(r)].
[aɪ] or [aʊ] + [ɹ])
![Page 17: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The vowel /i/ variations and /e/ can be
combined with the /ɹ/ by changing the /ɹ/
into /ɚ/ (rhetoric sound) and placing an
approximant /j/ between the vowel and
the “r” variation.
Examples:
‘player’ [plejɚ] → [plejɹ] → [pleɪə(r)]
‘dear’ [dɪjɚ] → [dɪjɹ] → [dɪə(r)]
![Page 18: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
OTHER “r”
PHONEMESSymbols: Kinds of Articulation Types: Used in:
/ r / voiced alveolar trill LOWER-CASE R Spanish
/ R / voiced uvular trill SMALL CAPITAL R French
/ ɾ / voiced alveolar tap FISH-HOOK R Spanish
/ ɽ / voiced retroflex tap R WITH RIGHT TAIL Nigerian
/ ʁ / voiced uvular fricativeINVERTED SMALL
CAPITAL RFrench
/ ɹ / voiced alveolar/retroflex approximant TURNED-LEGGED R
Dialects of
American-
English
Note: In general English pronunciation, /ɹ/ is transcribed in broad transcription as /r/.
![Page 19: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
/l/ The / l / phoneme is the only lateral approximant
consonant, and it varies significantly based on its position in the word.
The voiced lateral approximant / l / is pronounced clearly when it is close to the beginning of the syllable, such as in ‘light’ [laɪt], ‘leaf’ [li:f], ‘black’ [blæk], ‘lose’ [lu:z].
When the / l / is close to the end of the syllable, it is
not pronounced clearly (often called a “dark l”), as in
‘milk’ [mɪlk], ‘full’ [fʊl], ‘pool’ [pu:l].
![Page 20: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
When vowels /i/, /u/ variations and diphthongs /eɪ/,
/aʊ/, /aɪ/, and /ɔɪ/ are combined with the final /l/,
the word can often be pronounced as monosyllabic
or supposed as bisyllabic by the adding of the
approximant /j/ or /w/ plus schwa (/ə/).
Examples:
‘feel’ [fi:l] → [fi:jəl]
‘cool’ [ku:l] → [ku:wəl]
‘fail’ [feɪl] → [fejəl]
‘tile’ [taɪl] → [tɑ:jəl]
‘boil’ [bɔɪl] → [bɔ:jəl]
‘fuel’’ [fjʊəl] → [fjʊwəl]
![Page 21: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
/ŋ/
Because of the nasal coarticulation and
phonological rules, the /ŋ/ can only be combined with the /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ɒ/, and /ʌ/ in British-English.
When pronouncing those vowels followed by
the /ŋ/, the quality of the vowels may sound different than they would in other contexts because of the influence of nasality.
![Page 22: (9) phonotactics & coarticulation](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032617/55a9da451a28ab493c8b4658/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Examples:
‘sing’ [sɪŋ]
‘length’ [leŋθ]
‘bank’ [bæŋk]
‘long’ [lɒŋ]‘sung’ [sʌŋ]
In the English language, the /ŋ/ is only found in medial and final positions.
Examples:
‘language’ [læŋgwɪdʒ]
‘song’ [sɒŋ]