8th grade- biology- bones, muscles and skin
DESCRIPTION
8th grade Biology- Chapter 1- Bones, Skins and MusclesTRANSCRIPT
Bones, Muscles and Bones, Muscles and SkinSkin
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Main FunctionMain Function
Support the bodySupport the body Anchor point for muscle attachmentAnchor point for muscle attachment Protect vital organsProtect vital organs
206206 bones bones in the body in the body ½ are in the hands and feet ½ are in the hands and feet 2 main parts 2 main parts
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton Appendicular Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton
6 smallest in the 6 smallest in the middle ear :middle ear :MalleusMalleus, , Incus, StapesIncus, Stapes
(hammer anvil & (hammer anvil & stirrup)stirrup)
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Bones of the head & trunk Bones of the head & trunk
Skull, Spine & Rib CageSkull, Spine & Rib Cage Vertebral column – Vertebral column – 33-3433-34
bones in bones in 5 regions5 regions Separated by cushioning Separated by cushioning
cartilaginous diskscartilaginous disks Cervical RegionCervical Region
7 vertebrae7 vertebrae 11stst vertebrae called the vertebrae called the
AtlasAtlas 22ndnd Vertebrae called the Vertebrae called the
AxisAxis
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Bones of the head & trunk Bones of the head & trunk
Thoracic RegionThoracic Region 12 vertebrae w rib pairs 12 vertebrae w rib pairs
attachedattached 11stst 7 are 7 are true ribstrue ribs – connected to – connected to
the sternumthe sternum Next 3 have Next 3 have false ribsfalse ribs – attached – attached
to the last true rib w/ cartilageto the last true rib w/ cartilage Last 2 vertebrae have Last 2 vertebrae have floating floating
ribsribs attached attached Sternum (Breast Bone)Sternum (Breast Bone) XiphoidXiphoid process process
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Bones of the head & trunk Bones of the head & trunk
Lumbar RegionLumbar Region – (lower – (lower back) w/ 5 ribsback) w/ 5 ribs
Sacrum Sacrum – 4-5 fused to – 4-5 fused to help make up the pelvishelp make up the pelvis
Coccyx RegionCoccyx Region – the – the ““tail tail bonebone”” – made up of 4 – made up of 4 fused vertebraefused vertebrae
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton The Cranium (Skull) – about 22 The Cranium (Skull) – about 22
bonesbones
Frontal Bone, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic,
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The arms, legs, hands, feet, The arms, legs, hands, feet,
pectoral and pelvic girdlespectoral and pelvic girdles
4/16/154/16/15
Name the 5 regions of the spineName the 5 regions of the spine
SWBAT- Explain the role that joints SWBAT- Explain the role that joints play in the body play in the body
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The The pectoral and pelvic girdlespectoral and pelvic girdles
Pectoral Girdal: Scapula, Clavicle, head of the Humerus,
Pelvic Girdal: Illium, Ischium, pubis, Sacrum, head of Femur
Sacrum
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The arms and handsThe arms and hands
Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges.
Know how to name the fingers so you can identify the individual phalanges of each hand.
The Appendicular Skeleton The Legs and FeetThe Legs and Feet
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Talus, Calcaneus
The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone The Legs and FeetThe Legs and Feet
Marrow- It found in the spaces of many bones its a soft, connective tissue
Compact Bone – dense strong hard bone, makes up the shaft of long bones
Spongy Bone – porous bone filled w/ Marrow
red marrow – contains & makes red and white blood cells
Yellow marrow – contains fat and nerve cells
The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone Growth & ConnectionsGrowth & Connections
Know these structures and terms:
Epiphyseal plate, cartilage, ligament, tendons, joint, suture, immovable, pivot, hinge, ball & socket, gliding
Cartilage: flexible yet strong cushioning connective tissue usually between bones
Tendon – connects muscle to bone
Ligament – connect bone to bone
Do Now- "Skills activity " pg.15, open Do Now- "Skills activity " pg.15, open your book turn to this page and your book turn to this page and complete the activity with the complete the activity with the classmate to the left or right of you classmate to the left or right of you
SWBAT-Identify the types of muscles SWBAT-Identify the types of muscles found in the body and explain why found in the body and explain why skeletal muscles work in pairsskeletal muscles work in pairs
The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone Growth & ConnectionsGrowth & Connections
Joint – place where two bones come together
Immovable: joints in the cranium
Hinge – Elbow & knee
Ball & Socket – Widest range of motion, Circular type movement shoulder & hip
Pivot – Allows side-to-side and up-and-down movement Vertebrae, radius/ulna
Gliding – some bending and twisting: wrist & ankle, fingers & toes
The Musculature SystemThe Musculature System
The Musculature SystemThe Musculature System Includes 3 types of Muscle:Includes 3 types of Muscle:
Striated, Smooth & Striated, Smooth & CardiacCardiac
Function of the Muscles:Function of the Muscles: Provide means of Provide means of
MovementMovement Keeps blood pumpingKeeps blood pumping Moves food thru Digestive Moves food thru Digestive
SystemSystem Skeletal Muscle usually in Skeletal Muscle usually in
Antagonistic PairsAntagonistic Pairs FlexorFlexor (bicep) (bicep) Extensor Extensor (tricep)(tricep)
The The Musculature Musculature
SystemSystem
Skeletal Skeletal StriatedStriated VoluntaryVoluntary
Organ Organ SmoothSmooth InvoluntarInvoluntar
yy
HeartHeart CardiacCardiac InvoluntarInvoluntar
yy
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac
How Muscles WorkHow Muscles Work Muscles can only Muscles can only contractcontract & &
get shorterget shorter They cannot push things, they They cannot push things, they
only pull. only pull. They are attached to two They are attached to two
different bones and cause different bones and cause them to bend at the jointthem to bend at the joint
OriginOrigin – place the muscle – place the muscle attaches or begins (proximal)attaches or begins (proximal)
InsertionInsertion – place on the other – place on the other side of joint muscle attaches side of joint muscle attaches (distal side)(distal side)
They work in Antagonistic PairsThey work in Antagonistic Pairs Flexors Flexors – cause the joint to – cause the joint to
bend – bicepbend – bicep ExtensorExtensor – causes the joint to – causes the joint to
extend ( straighten out) - tricepextend ( straighten out) - tricep
Muscles are attached to bones Muscles are attached to bones w/ w/ tendonstendons
Origin
Insertion
Smooth & Cardiac MuscleSmooth & Cardiac Muscle Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle – usually are not voluntarily controlled. Found in the – usually are not voluntarily controlled. Found in the
walls of hollow organs of the digestive tract & blood vessels. walls of hollow organs of the digestive tract & blood vessels. They assist in the movement of food thru the digestive system They assist in the movement of food thru the digestive system
and movement of blood thru the circulatory system. and movement of blood thru the circulatory system. Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle – found only in the heart. Similar to both Striated & – found only in the heart. Similar to both Striated &
Smooth Muscle tissue. Involuntarily controlled by brain.Smooth Muscle tissue. Involuntarily controlled by brain.
Skeletal Muscle StructureSkeletal Muscle Structure Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton and Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton and
provide the force that moves your bones. provide the force that moves your bones. At the end of each skeleton muscle is a tendon. Skeletal muscles At the end of each skeleton muscle is a tendon. Skeletal muscles
appear striated(stry ay tid) or banded appear striated(stry ay tid) or banded
tendon
Muscle
Lab on 4/21Lab on 4/21
Pg. 29 - "A look Beneath the Skin " Pg. 29 - "A look Beneath the Skin " SWBAT- Observe the structure and SWBAT- Observe the structure and
function of the muscles in a chicken function of the muscles in a chicken wingwing
Infer how the muscles work together Infer how the muscles work together to move the wingto move the wing
Classify muscles as smooth, cardiac Classify muscles as smooth, cardiac or skeletal or skeletal
4/23/154/23/15
Do Now: Turn to section 5 and do the Do Now: Turn to section 5 and do the "discover activity" "discover activity"
SWBAT- Describe the functions and SWBAT- Describe the functions and the structure of skinthe structure of skin
Functions of the Skin:Functions of the Skin: Protect from UV raysProtect from UV rays Regulate body tempRegulate body temp Waste removalWaste removal Barrier from infectionBarrier from infection Sensory receptorSensory receptor
Two Main Layers & Two Main Layers & lower layerlower layer Epidermis Epidermis DermisDermis HypodermisHypodermis
The SkinThe Skin
Arrector muscle
Dead skin cells
Erector muscle
The EpidermisThe Epidermis Two Main LayersTwo Main Layers Top layer is made of dead Top layer is made of dead
cellscells Rapid cell division – entire Rapid cell division – entire
skin is replaced every 4 skin is replaced every 4 weeksweeks
Bottom layer is the Bottom layer is the basalbasal layerlayer
Skin Color from Skin Color from MelaninMelanin Produced in Produced in melanocytesmelanocytes
located in the basal located in the basal layer of the epidermislayer of the epidermis
The more melanin – the The more melanin – the darker the skindarker the skin
The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System
Dermis
Epidermis
The DermisThe Dermis Composed mainly of Composed mainly of
Epithelial CellsEpithelial Cells Specialized Epithelial Cells Specialized Epithelial Cells
form hair & nailsform hair & nails 2 types of glands 2 types of glands
sebaceous (oil)sebaceous (oil) – – secretes oil to protect secretes oil to protect skin & moisturize skin & moisturize
sweat glandssweat glands (perspiration)– help (perspiration)– help control body temp control body temp removes salts & wastesremoves salts & wastes
Also its located in this Also its located in this layer islayer is
Hair FolliclesHair Follicles Capillaries Capillaries Nerve endings sense – Nerve endings sense –
heat, cold, pressure, painheat, cold, pressure, pain Wrinkles occur here.Wrinkles occur here.
The Skin – The Dermis LayerThe Skin – The Dermis Layer
Also known as Also known as (AKA):(AKA): Subcutaneous Subcutaneous
LayerLayer Adipose LayerAdipose Layer
Fatty tissue serves Fatty tissue serves to insulate, protect to insulate, protect and add formand add form
The Skin - The Skin - HypodermisHypodermis
4/24/154/24/15
"Sun safety" lab on pg.36 "Sun safety" lab on pg.36 "How well do different materials "How well do different materials
protect the skin from the sun"? protect the skin from the sun"?