8.lungu.et.al
TRANSCRIPT
COST C26: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events
Characteristics of strong ground Characteristics of strong ground
motion records in Romaniamotion records in Romania
WG2 Meeting in Timisoara, 26-27 October, 2007
motion records in Romaniamotion records in Romania
D. Lungu, C. Arion, A. Aldea and R. Vacareanu
Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest
Strong motion modeling
1111))))Radiation from source
2222))))Attenuation in Crust and Mantle
3333))))Amplification at site
Local site
Physical process of wave generation in source to propagation from source to site
深部堆積深部堆積深部堆積深部堆積層層層層
source
Crust and Mantle Seismic bedrock
(basement)
Local site
Engineering
bedrockDeep
basin
World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Münich Re, 1998
indicates for Bucharest: “Large city with Mexico-city effect”
“The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and
distribution of the structural damage have important bearing
on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.”
Jennings & Blume, NRC & EERI Report
"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed to
earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source"
Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the Romanian government
indicates for Bucharest: “Large city with Mexico-city effect”
Seismicity of Vrancea subcustral source (60-180 km) in
Carpathian Mountains
Intra-Alpine
subplate
East-European
plate
Vrancea
source
Hungary
Rep. of
Ukraine
subplate
Moesian subplate
Black Sea
subplateBucharest
source
Black
Sea
Bulgaria
Yugoslavia
Rep. of
Moldova
Seismic zones in Romania and epicenters
of earthquakes (984 to 2007)
1000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakes
• Major historical events and major earthquakes in the XX century
Event
Epicentral intensity Io
Focus depth. km
Moment
magnitude Mw
Obs
1802, October 26 > 9 7.9 Largest Vrancea event ever occurred
≥≥≥≥≥≥≥≥
1802, October 26 1829, November 20 1838, June 23
> 9 8 8
7.9 Largest Vrancea event ever occurred
1940, November 10 1977, March 4 1986, August 30
9 8/9 7/8
150 109 133
7.7 7.5 7.2
Largest seismic losses ever experienced
Romania
Seismic networks
Station Comp. PGA
cm/s
Tc
s
INCERC NS 194.9 1.40s
March 4, 1977
seismic station INCERC
Bucharest
INCERC
O
NS
Z
EW
194.9
105.8
162.3
1.40s
1.20s
0.89s
First strong ground motion recorded in Romania
Norm
alized SA
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50March 4, 1977, INCERC Station in Bucharest
NS comp.
32 tall buildings completely collapsed
Period, s
0.000.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
High dynamic amplification at long periods,
dangerous for high-rise buildings,
that makes Bucharest the
most dangerous capital city of Europe
Elastic response spectra for INCERC N-S’77 recordINCERC N-S'77
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
T , s
SA, cm
/s2
INCERC N-S'77
75
100
125
150
SV, cm
/s
ξξξξ =0,05
ξξξξ =0,05TC=1,34s INCERC N-S'77
500
600
700
ξξξξ =0,05
ADRS
0
25
50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
T , s
SV
INCERC N-S'77
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
T , s
SD
, cm
ξξξξ =0,05
TD=1,90s
0
100
200
300
400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SD , cm
SA, cm
/s2
TC=1,34s
TD=1,90s
The recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania
during 1977, 1986 and 1990 Vrancea earthquakes
%
#
#
&
%
#&
#
21 22 23 2425 26 27
28 29
48
47
Ukraine
Hungary Republic of Moldova
Moldova
Cris
Prut
#
#
#
Satu-Mare
Cluj-NapocaOradea
Iasi
Adjud
Bacau
Barlad
Dochia
Onesti
Botosani
Chisinau
Krasnogorka
Transilvania 86.6
11.5
50.9
82.0
132.0
168.6
212.8146.4
232.1
N
EW
S
200 - 300
150 - 200
75 - 150
0 - 75
PGA, cm/s2
ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes
Seismic stations with
free-field records:
# INCERC network
INFP network
#·
#·
#·
#·
#
%
%
%
$
#
%
###
#
#
#
#
&
#
$$
&
#
#
%
##
&
&
&
#
&
#
#
#
46
45
44
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
BlackSea
Banat
Valahia
Mures
Danube
Dobrogea
#
#Craiova
Timisoara
Bucuresti
Turnu Magurele Ruse
Baia
Adjud
Peris
Varna
Surduc
Tulcea
Focsani
Istrita
Giurgiu
Otopeni
Pitesti
Kavarna
Campina
Branesti
Calarasi
Carcaliu
Provadia
Cernavoda
Vrancioaia
Vidra Lotru
Muntele Rosu
Bolintin Vale
Vidraru Arges
Transilvania
Cahul
Shabla
Fetesti
Ramnicu Sarat
1977
1986
1990
1940
86.6
79.1
97.2
45.8
14.3 26.1
90.8
36.2
48.2
32.9
93.6
33.6
61.5
297.1
109.4
186.9
157.2
208.6 150.8
194.9
114.1
223.8
112.4112.2
168.6
136.6
232.1
164.0
107.1100.4
158.6
#Constanta
Valenii de Munte
219.8
Ploiesti
Olt
#
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.
#· Epicenters of strong Vrancea events
(Mw > 6.9)
Lungu, Aldea, 1999
March 4, 1977
Mw=7.5h=109 km
Aug.30, 1986
May 30, 1990
Mw=7.2h=133 km
Mw=7.0h=91 km
Mw - moment magnitude
h - focus depth
& Bulgaria network
$ GEOTEC network
&
% INFP network
R. of Moldova network
Bucharest
Seismic networks
No. SiteStation
ID
Surface sensor
location
Depth of sensor
in shallow
borehole, m
Depth of
sensor in deep
borehole, m
Type of equipment
1 UTCB Tei UTC1 free field -28 -78
2 UTCB Pache UTC2 1 storey building -28 -66
3 NCSRR/INCERC INC 1 storey building -24 -153
4 Civil Protection Hdq. PRC 1 storey building -28 -68
5 Piata Victoriei VIC free field -28 -151
6 City Hall PRI free field -28 -52
7 Municipal Hospital SMU free field -30 -70
K2 +
FBA-23DH
(Kinemetrics)
Seismic instrumentation for
site response studies in Bucharest
7 Municipal Hospital SMU free field -30 -70
8 UTCB Plevnei UTC3 free field -30GSR24+AC23 DH
(Geosig)
Bucharest - Location of borehole instrumented sites
Borehole sensor
Altus K2
accelerometer
Borehole sensor
Free field
Shallow
borehole
24÷30m
Deep
borehole
60÷153m
Surface and
borehole cables
Borehole seismic instrumentation
20th
Free fieldborehole
BRD - Société Générale
bank headquarters
RC structure, 2002
19 storeysborehole
B3
Acceleration
-70
0
70
Acc. (cm/s/s) Top - transv. (peak:- 69.4 cm/s/s)
-70
0
70
Acc. (cm/s/s)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150Time (sec)
Basement - transv. (peak: 36.9 cm/s/s)
27 October, 2004 seismic event
PA, cm/s
2
Tc, s
Td, s
EPA, cm/s
2
EPV, cm/s
EPD, cm
f10, Hz
f50, Hz
f90, Hz
f90-f10, Hz
Characteristics of the horizontal components of motions
recorded by NCSRR seismic station BLD1
- 10 July 2004,Mw=4.3, h=150km,
- 27 Sept. 2004,Mw=4.6, h=166km,
- 27 Oct. 2004,Mw=6.0, h=99km,
- 14 May 2005,Mw=5.2, h=144km,
- 18 June 2005,Mw=5.0, h=135km,
- 8 Sept. 2005,Mw=4.3, h=140km.
cm/s2 s s cm/s
2 cm/s cm Hz Hz Hz Hz
SNS 1.61 0.23 0.35 1.36 0.05 0.003 3.03 5.08 9.96 6.93 07/10/2004 SEW 2.03 0.29 0.38 1.57 0.07 0.004 2.54 4.49 9.08 6.54
SNS 8.59 0.22 0.40 5.85 0.20 0.01 2.64 4.98 8.11 5.47 09/27/2004 SEW 7.62 0.30 0.44 7.13 0.34 0.02 2.25 4.39 7.62 5.37
SNS 22.26 0.31 0.62 22.57 1.13 0.11 1.46 3.13 8.30 6.84 10/27/2004 SEW 26.12 0.41 0.78 24.66 1.62 0.20 1.46 3.71 8.79 7.32
SNS 5.65 0.25 1.18 3.90 0.15 0.03 2.64 4.59 10.06 7.42 05/14/2005
SEW 6.33 0.28 0.69 4.89 0.22 0.02 1.76 4.49 8.30 6.54
SNS 6.99 0.29 0.46 5.58 0.25 0.02 2.44 4.39 7.62 5.18 06/18/2005 SEW 6.89 0.33 0.63 5.36 0.28 0.03 1.76 3.81 7.91 6.15
SNS 0.59 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.03 0.002 2.64 4.10 10.06 7.42 09/08/2005 SEW 1.29 0.30 0.38 0.99 0.05 0.003 2.64 3.42 7.91 5.27
#Y
#Y
#Y
CENTURA
ODAI
STEFANESTI
1 MAI
TUNARI
BANATULUI
PIPERA
RUDENI AF
UMATI
UNDENI
LACU
L TEI
NORDULUI
BUCURESTI - TIRGOVISTE
RE
GARII OB
STEFAN CEL MARE
TERASA COLENTINAGOL
CONSTANTA
PETRILA
TII
AVI ATORILOR
MARASTI
VIILOR
EREN
Titulescu87.5
219.8
156.0
Otopeni
#Y
#Y
#Y
CENTURA
ODAI
STEFANESTI
1 MAI
TUNARI
BANATULUI
PIPERA
RUDENI AF
UMATI
UNDENI
LACU
L TEI
NORDULUI
BUCURESTI - TIRGOVISTE
RE
GARII OB
STEFAN CEL MARE
TERASA COLENTINAGOL
CONSTANTA
PETRILA
TII
AVI ATORILOR
MARASTI
EREN
Otopeni
0.76
0.67
Titulescu
1.10
Bucharest. Aug. 30, 1986
Shake map for
PGA
Bucharest. Aug. 30, 1986
Microzonation of
control period Tc
#Y
#Y
$Z
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
%[
Colentina River
Dambovita River
ALEXA
NDRIE
I
BERCENI
PACII
SALAJ
UNIRII
PANTELIMON
TIMISOARA
CERNICA
OLTENITEI
FU
GHENCEA
RESSU CAMIL
PANDURI
LIBERTATII
IANCULUI
MIHAI BRAVU
REPUBLIC
II
VITAN BIRZESTI
UVERTURII
MARA
SESTI
ARII OBOR
CHISINAU
DECEBAL
COTRO
CENI
L MARE
PIEPTANARI
TINA
BUCURESTI - MAGURELE
GOLESCU
DINICU
VIRT
UTI
CENT
URA
CENTURA
CENTURA
MARASTI
VIILOR
INCERCPanduri
Militari ISPH/ARM
Metalurgiei
Drumul Sarii
Bucuresti-Magurele
86.896.2
71.7
95.3
100.6
135.4
Lungu, Aldea, 1999
#Y
#Y
$Z
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
%[
ALEXA
NDRIE
I
BERCENI
PACII
SALAJ
UNIRII
PANTELIMON
TIMISOARA
CERNICA
OLTENITEI
FU
GHENCEA
RESSU CAMIL
PANDURI
LIBERTATII
IANCULUI
MIHAI BRAVU
REPU
BLICII
VITAN BIRZESTI
UVERTURII
MARA
SESTI
ARII OBOR
CHISINAU
DECEBAL
COTRO
CENI
L MARE
PIEPTANA
RI
TINA
BUCURESTI - MAGURELE
GOLESCU
DINICU
VIRTUTI
CENT
URA
CENTURA
CENTURA
MARASTI
VIILOR
Militari
0.90INCERC
1.51
1.43
Metalurgiei
1.05
Bucuresti-Magurele
Drumul Sarii
Panduri
1.07
ISPH/ARM
1.26
1.10
Colentina river
Dambovita river
Lungu, Aldea, 1999
Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Demetriu, S., Arion, C., 2000. Zonation of seismic hazard for the city of Bucharest. Technical Report prepared for Association Française du Génie Parasismique, 59p.
Bucharest:
Microzonation map
for shear wave
velocity (m/s)
averaged on 30m
The values in the
range between
224m/s and 310m/s
Elastic response spectra for August 30, 1986
free-field seismic records in Bucharest
Bucuresti, 30 august 1986 - miscari inregistrate in free-field
500
600
700
INCERC
Balta Alba-SS
Carlton-SS2
EREN
Metalurgiei-P
Metrou - IMGB
Militari
ξξξξ =0,05
TC=1,42s
TD=1,83s
0
100
200
300
400
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0T , s
Se, cm
/s2 Militari
Panduri
Titulescu
Otopeni-P
Bucuresti - ISPH
Bucuresti - Magurele
Bucuresti, 30 aug. 1986 - 16 miscari free-field
0
100
200
300
400
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
SA, cm
/s2
Valori medii
Valori medii+1abatere standard
ξξξξ =0,05 Bucuresti, 30 mai 1990 - 16 miscari free-field
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
SA, cm
/s2
Valori medii
Valori medii+1abatere standard
ξξξξ =0,05
Variability of free-field seismic records in Bucharest
T , s T , s
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
T , s
COV
SA
Bucuresti 1986
Bucuresti 1990
1986 earthquake (Mw=7.2) - maxSA(1.5s)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3
T, s
SA, cm
/s2
NS comp.
EW comp.
BUCHAREST
August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2
INCERC station
300
250
300
BUCHAREST
August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 1 2 3
T , s
SA, cm/s
2
L comp.
T comp.
BUCHAREST
August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2
TITULESCU station
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3
T , s
SA, cm
/s2
L comp.
T comp.
BUCHAREST
August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2
METALURGIEI station
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3
T , s
SA, cm
/s2 L comp.
T comp.
BUCHAREST
August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2
METROU - IMGB station
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3
T , s
SA, cm
/s2
N15E comp.
E15S comp.
August 30, 1986 Mw =7.2
ISPH station
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0Period T , s
Norm
alized SA
BUCHAREST
Aug.30, 1986, M w=7.2
20 horiz. comp.
0.1 probability
of exceedance
0.5 probability
of exceedance
4.0
BUCHAREST
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0 2 4 6 8 10Frequency f , Hz
Norm
alized m
edian PSD
Horiz. comp.M w=7.2
M w=6.3
M w=7.0
30 Aug. 1986, 22 comp.
30 May 1990, 22 comp.
31 May 1990, 12 comp.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0Period T , s
Norm
alized SA
BUCHAREST
May 30, 1990, M w=7.0
20 horiz. comp.
0.1 probability
of exceedance
0.5 probability
of exceedance
Mobility of average
normalized SA
Stronger earthquake
Narrower frequency band shifted
towards lower frequencies
Mobility of average
normalized PSD
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Norm
ali
zed
SA
March 4, 1977
Aug. 30, 1986
May 30, 1990
INCERC, NS comp.
Mobility with magnitude of normalized SA spectrum for
INCERC seismic station, East of Bucharest
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Period T , s
Norm
ali
zed
M w=7.5
M w=7.0
M w=7.2
Normalized SA spectrum
for Bucharest records
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Perioada T , s
SA norm
alizat
3.0
4 Martie 1977, comp. NS
PGA=1.95m/s 2
TC=1.5
TC=1.6 TD=2.0
4.8/T
9.6/T2
3.75/T
7.5/T2
Bucuresti
7 comp. orizontale
teren moale
0.1
0.5 probabilitate de depasire
2.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Perioada T , s
SA norm
alizat
0.1 probabilitate de depasire
0.5
TC=0.5
TC=0.6
TD=3
1.92/T
5.76/T2
1.25/T
3.75/T2
Moldova & Republica Moldova
20 comp. orizontale
teren tare
30 Aug. 1986, Focsani, comp.EW
PGA=2.97 m/s 2
3.2
2.5
Normalized SA spectrum for
Moldova records
Banat crustal source
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Spectru norm
alizat de acceleratii
Timisoara
8 comp. orizontale 3.5
3.0
2.1/T
1.5/T
media + 1 abatere standard
media
Normalised response spectra for
seismic records in Timisoara
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Perioada, T, s
media
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Perioada, T, s
Spectru norm
alizat de acceleratii
Banloc
2.5
2/T
20 componente orizontale
media + 1 abatere standard
media
Normalised response spectra for
seismic records in Banloc
Acc1_24
-0.25-0.20-0.15-0.10-0.050.000.050.100.150.200.25
0 5 10 15 20
t , s
a, 'g
Acc2_24
-0.25-0.20-0.15-0.10-0.050.000.050.100.150.200.25
0 5 10 15 20
t , s
a, 'g
Acc3_24
0.25
Acc4_24
0.25
Alternative description of seismic ground motion
artificial spectrum compatible accelerograms
-0.25-0.20-0.15-0.10-0.050.000.050.100.150.200.25
0 5 10 15 20
t , s
a, 'g
-0.25-0.20-0.15-0.10-0.050.000.050.100.150.200.25
0 5 10 15 20
t , s
a, 'g
Acc5_24
-0.25-0.20-0.15-0.10-0.050.000.050.100.150.200.25
0 5 10 15 20
t , s
a, 'g
a g =0.24g
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9Acc1_24
Acc2_24
Acc3_24
Acc4_24
Acc5_24
Medie
P100-1/2006
Alternative description of seismic ground motion
artificial spectrum compatible accelerograms
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
T , s
Se, 'g
P100-1/2006
Seismic hazard analysis for Bucharest
( )( )( )0wmax,w
wmax,ww
MMe1
MMe1M
ewMn−−
−
−−−−=≥
β
ββα
Recurrence of magnitudes
Truncated Gutenberg-Richter law (McGuire & Arabasz, 1990)
Vrancea subcrustal source (Lungu et al., 2000)
)wM(tronqueeMf
w =
)MM(e1
)MM(e
0wmaxw
0ww
−−−
−−
β
ββ
Attenuation lawAttenuation law
Modele type - Molas & Yamazaki (1995)
ln PGA = c0 + c1 Mw + c2 lnR +c3R +c4 h + ε
PGA – peak ground accelerationMw- moment magnitude R – hypocentral distance h – focal depth c0, c1, c2, c3, c4 - coefficientsε - random variable with zero mean and st. dev.σε=σln PGA
Vrancea subcrustal source (Lungu et al., 2000)
Hazard curve (Cornell, 1968, Cramer, 1996)
P(PGA>PGA*|m,r) – annual exceedance probability of PGA* for an earthquake of magnitude Mw occuring at hypocentrale distance R and depth h
(PGA – lognormally distributed)
f(Mw) – probability density function of magnitude
f(R) – probability density function of hypocentrale distance
P[PGA>PGA*] = ∫∫∫ > dhdRwdM)h(f)R(f)wM(f]h,R,wM*PGAPGA[P
Vrancea subcrustal source (Vacareanu & Aldea, 2002)
f(h) – probability density function of focal depth
PSHA - Bucharest
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
PGA , cm/s2
Annual exceedance rate,
Π(PGA)
Uniform hazard spectrum for Bucharest
PSHA Bucharest - 475 yr. MRI
400
500
600
700
800
900
SA, cm
/s2
ξξξξ =0,05
0
100
200
300
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
T , s
Risk-UE Project
Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design
P100/1-2006 Code: MRI =100 yr
Bucharest
MRI = 475 yr
PGA ≥ 0,35 g
Tp = 1.6
P100-1/2006 Control period of design spectra
T< TB
TB<T≤ TC β = β0
( )T
T
1 1
B
0 −+=
ββ
Normalised Response Spectra in EC8 format
P100-1/2006
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Amplification factor
T D =3T C =0.7 T C =1 T C =1.6
T D =2
ξ =0.05
Vrancea subcrustal source
TB<T≤ TC β = β0
TC<T≤ TD
T> TD
T
TC0 ββ =
20 T
TT DC ⋅= ββ
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Period T , s
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Perioada T , s
T B=0.07s
2.1/T
β 0 =3
T C=0.7sT D=3
6.3/T2
Tc ? 0.7s
ξ =0.05
Banat crustal source