8c120 college 06 sensors and transducers.ppt

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8C120 - 2010 Inleiding Meten en Modellen – 8C120 Prof.dr.ir. Bart ter Haar Romeny Dr. Andrea Fuster F aculteit Biomedis che T echnologi e Biomedische Beeld Analyse www.mia.mt.tue.nl

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Page 1: 8C120 College 06 Sensors and Transducers.ppt

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8C120 - 201

Inleiding Metenen Modellen – 8C120

Prof.dr.ir. Bart ter Haar Romeny

Dr. Andrea Fuster

Faculteit Biomedische Technologie

Biomedische Beeld Analyse

www.mia.mt.tue.nl

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8C120 - 201

Inleiding Metenen Modellen – 8C120

Sensor & Transducers

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8C120 - 201

!e Meetcyclus" senso#s en t#ansduce#s

$%ect &ignaal Meting Analyse In'o#matie

Cont#olen(o' 

Feedac)

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8C120 - 201

&enso#s en t#ansduce#s

 T#ansduce# ont*angt ene#gie *an het te meten o%ect. T#ansduce# +et de+e ene#gie om in een *o#m die

#ui)aa# is *oo# het meetsysteem.Voorbeeld: een )wi)the#momete# +et tem,e#atuu#

om in hoogte *an de )wi))olom.In dit college" t#ansduce#s die ene#gie om+etten naa#

het ele)t#ische domein. T#ansduce#s )unnen +owel aan de ingang senso# als

aan de uitgang actuato# *an een meetsysteem

*oo#)omen.Meestal een wis)undig *e#and tussen ingang enuitgang *an een t#ansduce#.

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&enso#s en T#ansduce#s

 Twee ty,en t#ansduce#s" actie' en ,assie' 

1. Actief senso#

/ te#ne ene#gie#on nodig

/e#ande#ing in 'ysische g#ootheid leidt tot een *e#ande#ing ineigenscha,,en *an de senso#

/ oo#eeld #e)st#oo)%e" *e#ande#ing in lengte leidt tot een

*e#ande#ing in wee#stand. !e+e *e#ande#ing in wee#stand

)an alleen wo#den waa#genomen in een ete#n ele)t#isch

ci#cuit ete#ne ene#gie#on nodig

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&enso#s en T#ansduce#s

 Twee ty,en t#ansduce#s" actie' en ,assie' 

2. Passief  o' sel'-gene#ating t#ansduce#

/ 3een ete#ne ene#gie#on nodig

/ Con*e#tee#t 'ysische g#ootheid #echtst#ee)s naa# ele)t#isch

signaal

/ oo#eeld" the#mo)o,,el  tem,e#atuu#*e#schil tussen

twee d#aden leidt tot ele)t#ische st#oom

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&enso#s en T#ansduce#s

4lassi5catie

$, asis *an o,e#ationeel ,#inci,e"

1. 6esisti*e senso#s en #idge ci#cuits

2. Ca,aciti*e senso#s

7. Inducti*e senso#s

. &el'-gene#ating t#ansduce#s

9. &electie c#ite#ia *oo# t#ansduce#s

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8C120 - 201

6esisti*e senso#s

1. Restroo!e dit college". RTD #esisti*e tem,e#atu#e de*ice" wee#stand ,latina

neemt toe i% toename tem,e#atuu##. T$ermistor :TC; 6eade# 1" wee#stand hal'geleide#

neemt toe i% toename tem,e#atuu#%. P$otoconductie cells 6eade# 2" lichtaso#tie

leidt tot *e#ande#ing in ele)t#onencon5gu#atie watleidt tot a'name wee#stand

'. Potentiometer" ,ositie *an de )no, e,aalt de

wee#stand dit college

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8C120 - 201

6e)st#oo)%e – st#ain gauge

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

6esisti*e senso#s – st#ain gauge

6e)st#oo)%e st#ain gauge

6wi#e  D(A

soo#teli%)e wee#stand EmG

D lengte *an de d#aad EmGA doo#snede Em2G

*a#iee#t ,e# metaalsoo#t

!unne d#aden 29 Hm wo#den ge#ui)t om)leine lengte *e#ande#ingen te meten nm

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

6esisti*e senso#s – Jheatstone #idge

6esisti*e senso#s ,#oduce#en *aa) )leine *e#ande#ingen in

wee#stand

$m de+e )leine *e#ande#ingen te detecte#en ge#ui)t men *aa) de

+gn. #ug *an Jheatstone +ie BK2 o,g L

61 is de senso#. e#schil inwee#stand wo#dt gemeten doo#

s,annings*e#schil te meten tussenA en B

@at

   6   1

6  8      6   7

6   2   

A B

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8C120 - 201

6esisti*e senso#s - otentiomete#otentiomete#

@

6 A

i

5

1i

@

6i

5

1i

R +

R 7

Positie Ci /epaalt de erhouding tussen R + en R 7

&leine Ci /ete9ent grote R + en 9leine R 7De erhouding R +:R 7 /epaalt de uitgang 5

Op deze manier 9an de potentiometer positie Ci /epalen

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8C120 - 201F#om" htt,"((www.eng.cam.ac.u)(!esign$Nce(md,(elect#icOwe(!C(!CO>.html

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

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Figure 2.2 (a) Unbonded strain-gage pressure sensor. The diaphragm is directly coupled by

an armature to an unbonded strain-gage system. With increasing pressure, the strain on gagepair B and C is increased, hile that on gage pair ! and " is decreased, (b) Wheatstone

bridge ith #our acti$e elements. R % & B, R 2 & !, R ' & ", and R  & C hen the unbonded

strain gage is connected #or translational motion. esistor Ry  and potentiometer Rx  are used

to initially balance the bridge, vi  is the applied $oltage and "v o is the output $oltage on a

$oltmeter or similar de$ice ith an internal resistance o# Ri . 

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8C120 - 201

Figu#e 2.9 Isolation in a dis,osale lood-,#essu#e senso#. !is,osale lood ,#essu#esenso#s a#e made o' clea# ,lastic so ai# ules a#e easily seen. &aline Pows '#om an

int#a*enous I ag th#ough the clea# I tuing and the senso# to the ,atient. This Pusheslood out o' the ti, o' the indwelling cathete# to ,#e*ent clotting. A le*e# can o,en o# closethe Push *al*e. The silicon chi, has a silicon dia,h#agm with a 'ou#-#esisto# Jheatstone#idge diQused into it. Its elect#ical connections a#e ,#otected '#om the saline y acom,liant silicone elastome# gel; which also ,#o*ides elect#ical isolation. This ,#e*entselect#ic shoc) '#om the senso# to the ,atient and ,#e*ents dest#ucti*e cu##ents du#ingde5#illation '#om the atient to the silicon chi .

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8C120 - 201

!is,osale and wea#alood ,#essu#e senso#s

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8C120 - 201

Ca,aciti*e senso#s

Ca,aciti*e senso#s"

?et o%ect dat gemeten wo#dt )an de ca,aciteit *an een

,laatcondensato# *e#ande#en

e#ande#ing in ca,aciteit wo#dt o.a gemeten m..* #ugci#cuit

5

' +)r 

n AC 

d ε ε 

=

ε0  ,e#mitti*ity *#i%e #uimte 8.89 10-11 

F(mε#  #elatie*e ,e#mitti*ity

n aantal ,latenA o,,e#*la) ,laat Em2Gd a'stand tussen ,laten EmG

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8C120 - 201

Ca,aciti*e senso#s

  oo#eelden1. Ca,acitance mic#o,hone" #uimte tussen twee

,a#allelle ,laten wo#dt eRn*loed doo#

a)oustische d#u)

2. Ca,aciti*e le*el indicato#" het ni*eau *an een

*loeisto' tussen twee ,a#allelle ,laten e,aalt

de ca,aciteit

7. Ca,aciti*e dis,lacement indicato#" *e#,laatsing

*an een *an de ,laten leidt tot *e#ande#ing in

ca,aciteit

motion

le*el

motion

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8C120 - 201

Ca,aciti*e

senso#s

?et te)en *an @ wo#dt e,aald doo# ewegings#ichting 0

&nelle eweging  g#ote st#omen hoge s,anning @

Dang+ame eweging

 )leine st#omen

 lage s,anning @

acte eigenscha,,en meetsysteem a'han)eli%) *an 6 en wee#stands,anningmete#

i

C

6

u

0

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8C120 - 201

Figu#e 2.> Ca,acitance senso# 'o#measu#ing dynamic dis,lacement changes.

&ensiti*ity"

MMA

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8C120 - 201

Figu#e 2.12 a ?igh-'#eUuency ci#cuit model 'o# ,ie+oelect#ic senso#. Rs is the senso#lea)age #esistance and Cs the ca,acitance. Lm; Cm; and Rm #e,#esent the mechanicalsystem; ie+oelect#ic senso# '#eUuency #es,onse. F#om Transducers for BiomedicalMeasurements: Principles and Applications; y 6. &. C. Coold. Co,y#ight c 1>L; VohnJiley and &ons; Inc. 6e,#inted y ,e#mission o' Vohn Jiley and &ons; Inc.

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201F#om" htt,"((www.+aoUiche.com(Uc++(Ucyy(ywlw(110>W.as,

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

Inducti*e senso#s

oo#eeld" *e#,laatsing *an magneet)e#n in de s,oel *e#ande#t 3 endus de self)inductance 5g a o' demutual inductance 5g

Mee# 'e##ic i%+e#-achtig mate#iaal in de s,oel *e#hoogt D Toe,assing" D!T – Dinea# a#iale !iQe#ential T#ans'o#me# 5g c

oo#deel *an dit ty,e senso#" geen mechanische sli%tage

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8C120 - 201

 T#ansduce#s -the#mocou,le&el' gene#ating t#ansduce#s

oo#eeld 1" the#mo)o,,elen )lein s,annings*e#schil the#mionic ontstaat wannee# twee

d#aden *an *e#schillend metaal aan een uiteinde met el)aa#wo#den *e#onden

&,annings*e#schil is ,#o,o#tioneel ge#elatee#d aan tem,e#atuu#&eeec) eQect

Als eide uiteinden *e#schillende tem,e#atuu# heen +i%ns,annings*e#schillen aan eide uiteinden *e#schillend

Als eide uiteinden *e#onden +i%n *ia een ci#cuit ontstaat st#oomXg#ootte *an de+e st#oom is a'han)eli%) *an tem,e#atuu#*e#schiltussen de twee uiteinden

&enso# uiteinde wo#dt YhotZ genoemd

6e'e#entie uiteinde wo#dt YcoldZ genoemd

 Tem,e#atuu# #e'e#entie li%'t constant i%*. smeltend i%s

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8C120 - 201

 T#ansduce#s - the#mocou,le

 The#mo)o,,el"

3e#ui) the#mo)o,,els om tem,e#atuu# te meten

?et tem,e#atuu#*e#schil tussen V1 en V2(V7 wo#dt gemeten. V2 en V7

 wo#den o, een )onstante tem,e#atuu# gehouden.

Metal A

Metal B

 V1 T1

 V2 T2

 V1 T1

Metal A

Metal B

o

 V2

 V7

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 T#ansduce#s - the#mocou,le

0 [ \ T1 – T2

!e metalen wo#den e,aald doo# het tem,e#atuu#e#ei)"i%+e# *e#sus )o,e#-ni))el" 0 oC tot L90 oC)o,e#s *e#sus )o,e#-ni))el" -200 oC tot 700 oC

Men neemt aan dat the#mo)o,,els een lineai#e ge*oeligheidsensiti*ity heen; i%*. 98.9 (oC &eeec) co]Ncient

Als sensiti*ity e)end is; dan is s,annings*e#schil een maat

*oo# de tem,e#atuu# onde# *oo#waa#de dat#e'e#entietem,e#atuu# e)end is

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8C120 - 201F#om" htt,"((www.eng.cam.ac.u)(!esign$Nce(md,(elect#icOwe(!C(!CO>.html

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8C120 - 201www0introtoccnursing0com.thermodilution0h

Thermo-dilution)

Measuring #lood flow #ythermal dilution

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8C120 - 201

T#ansduce#s – ,ie+oelect#icc#ystal

oo#eeld 2"

,ie+oelect#ic c#ystal

4#istalst#uctuu# wo#dt *e#stoo#d i%mechanische #e)

!it leidt tot #elatie*e *e#,laatsing *an,ositie*e en negatie*e ladingen ins,eciale ,ie+o )#istallen

!it leidt tot ele)t#ische lading aan detegeno*e#liggende +i%den *an het )#istal

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 T#ansduce#s – ,ie+oelect#ic c#ystal

Dading is ge#elatee#d aan )#acht F

S )F

) EC(:G ,ie+oelect#ic constant *oo# )#istal

!e tegeno*e#liggende +i%den 'unge#en als ca,acitancemet een s,annings*e#schil

S(C )F(^0^#A

a'stand tussen tegeno*e#liggende +i%denA o,,e#*la) *an het )#istal

^#  #elati*e di-elect#ische )onstante *an het )#istal

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 T#ansduce#s – ,ie+oelect#ic c#ystal

igenscha,,en"

&,annings*e#schillen in m e#ei); a'han)eli%) *an)onstante )

Alleen toe,asaa# wannee# mechanische s,anning snel*e#ande#t" lang+ame *e#ande#ing in mechanisches,anning leidt niet tot lading in het )#istal

Jo#dt *aa) ge#ui)t *oo# meting *an ha#ttoon hea#tsound en 'ysiologische *e#,laatsingen

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8C120 - 201

 T#ansduce#s – ,ie+oelect#ic c#ystal

 Toe,assing" ult#ageluid ult#a sound; echo(!o,,le#

&,annings*e#schil o*e# )#istal leidt tot *e#,laatsing

Met de %uiste mate#ialen )an een ult#ageluidgol' mete,aalde '#eUuentie wo#den gegene#ee#d

3eluidgol' wo#dt ge#ePectee#d doo# ewegende loedcellenF#eUuentie *an ge#ePectee#de geluidgol' is ge#elatee#d aan

eweging *anwege !o,,le# eQect

3e#ePectee#de gol' *e#oo#+aa)t s,annings*e#schil o*e# het)#istal

&,annings*e#schil waa#genomen en de '#eUuentie isge#elatee#d aan de st#oomsnelheid *an het loed

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8C120 - 201

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8C120 - 201

 T#ansduce#s – ,ie+oelect#ic c#ystal

@lt#asound *oo# het meten *an wee'sel"

anwege de eindige snelheid *an het geluid; wo#denult#ageluidgol*en doo# *e#schillende geieden o,*e#schillende ti%den te#ugge)aatst

!ie,te a'stand tot ,#oe is ge#elatee#d aan hetti%d*e#schil tussen +enden en ont*angen

Am,litude *an de ont*angen gol' is ge#elatee#d aan dewee'selsamenstelling

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8C120 - 201

&enso#s en T#ansduce#s

Besch#i%*ing *an de domeinen niet *olledig"

Chemisch domein niet ehandeld

lect#omagnetisch domein niet ehandeld

# estaan oo) senso#en in de+e domeinen"

*on sensor ,?; C$2 o' $2" +et ion concent#atie

om naa# ele)t#isch signaal

P$otomulti+liers" +et licht om naa# ele)t#isch

signaal ,hotoemissi*e senso#s; +ie #eade# 2

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8C120 - 201

&enso#s en T#ansduce#s -selection

&electie *an senso#en(t#ansduce#s o, asis *an onde#staande

eigenscha,,en"

Ran,e" meete#ei)

*n+ut t$res$old" laagst detectee#a#e ingang

Dynamic be$aior" #eactie *an het systeem o,

*e#ande#ing in ingangsignaalAccuracy" nauw)eu#igheid

Resolution" )leinst detectee#a#e toename in ingangsignaal

Re+eatability" is meting #e,#oducee#aa#_

Hysteris" geheugeneQect; in*loed *an meethisto#ie o, het

#esultaat

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8C120 - 201

&enso#s en T#ansduce#s - selection

&electie *an senso#en(t#ansduce#s o, asis *an

o,e#ationele omstandigheden; +oals"

/ :atu#al ha+a#ds

/ ?uman-caused ha+a#ds

/ owe# #eUui#ements

/ &ignal am,li5cation #eUui#ements

/ hysical #eUui#ements

/ Doading eQects" im,edance matching

/ Cali#ation #ange and inte#*al

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&enso#s en T#ansduce#s -o*e#*iew

  Ty+e Af$aneli!$eid

6e)st#oo) senso# e#,laating  wee#standotentiomete# senso# e#,laatsing  wee#stand:TC; 6T! senso# Tem,e#atuu#  wee#stand

Ca,. Mic#o,hone senso# e#,laatsing

 ca,aciteitD!T senso# e#,laatsing inductieI&FT senso# &to' lading  geleidingIon senso# senso# Ion conc ,otentiaal*e#schilhoto multi,lie# senso# Fotonen ele)t#ische st#oomDiUuid C#ystal senso# le)t#. s,anning licht

,ola#isatie The#mo)o,,el t#ansducentThe#misch ele)t#ischie+o t#ansducent T#anslatie ele)t#isch