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Lecture 14 Content

Orientation in analytical plotters

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Orientation in analytical plotters– No mechanical motions are needed– Inner, relative, and absolute orientations are

performed computationally – Only the appropriate measurements have to be

completed prior to computations– Orientations are performed quicker and more

precise than in the case of analogue stereoplotters

– Analytical plotters require image coordinates of the fudicial marks, camera calibration report, ground control points

– Least squares computations is done using the colinearity and coplanarity conditions to generate the stereo model

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ANALYTICAL PLOTTERS– Development possible with advances in

computers, digital encoders and servosystems– Use exact mathematical calculations to define

stereomodel– Capabilities

Precisely measure x and y photo coordinates on both photos of a stereopair

Accurately move to defined x and y photo locations

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Wild BC-1Wild BC-1

Zeiss P-3Zeiss P-3

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ADVANTAGES OF AP No optical or mechanical limitations in forming models• Great versatility• Can handle vertical, tilted, low oblique,

convergent, high oblique, panoramic, terrestrial images, and satellite images

Accommodate photography from any focal length camera

Provide superior results than analog plottersOptical and mechanical errors are not introduced

Can correct for any combination of systematic errors

Take advantage of redundant observations and incorporate into least squares solution

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Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)Indication of accuracy of transformationIndication of accuracy of transformation

GCP coordinates transformed

into new coordinate

systemPoints can then be RE-transformed

into old coordinate

system

RMS Error

X residual

Y residual

Retransformed GCP

Source GCP

RMS value in what units?PIXELS of original image

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SOFTCOPY PLOTTERS– Similar to analytical plotters

Rely on digital imagery

Less expensive and more versatile than analytical plotters

Essential component – computer with high resolution graphics display– Must be capable of displaying both photos

simultaneously

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– Present day analytical plotters are compact and are typically high end workstations

– At the Geomatics Program (TU) use is made of Imagine software that is available on desktop PCs, and Dat\EM workstation which is executed on a dedicated dual processor high end PC which is integrated with a customized version of the AutoCAD software.

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SOFTCOPY PLOTTERS

Leica Socet Set ZI ImageStation

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VR Mapping– VrOne is a powerful photogrammetric

vector collection and editing system with Digital Terrain Modeling and image display capability.

– VrTwo allows the orientation of a stereo pair of photographs and the extraction of three-dimensional data using VrOne.

– Cardinal Systems, LLC is a provider of software for use in the mapping industry.

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– VrTwo is comfortable to the eyes and also VrTwo is comfortable to the eyes and also comfortable to the pocket. Running on comfortable to the pocket. Running on standard PCs, total hardware costs are kept standard PCs, total hardware costs are kept to a minimum.to a minimum.

– The power of VrTwo is derived from the The power of VrTwo is derived from the seamless integration into the VrOne vector seamless integration into the VrOne vector collection and editing system.collection and editing system.

– Single models may be oriented for VrTwo Single models may be oriented for VrTwo using the Orient VrTwo program.  This using the Orient VrTwo program.  This program provides project management, program provides project management, camera and coordinate management along camera and coordinate management along with inner, relative and absolute orientations. with inner, relative and absolute orientations. 

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