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Early Years

1945 – 1959

M. Lingua-WhelessFirst Colonial High School

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1945

• Why did Churchill want the British and American forces to meet up with the Soviet forces as far east as possible (and if possible to for the Western allies to take Berlin?)

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• Key Issues: FDR wanted the creation of a United Nations, Stalin insisted “free elections” in Eastern Europe to protect the security of the Soviet Union, and Churchill feared the growing power of the SU. Also the restructuring of Germany was discussed.

Yalta Conference

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Potsdam Conference

•Truman replaced FDR; Atlee replaced Churchill 11 days after the conference began by Clement Atlee.•Key issues continued to be “free elections” in Eastern Europe, and the restructuring of Germany.•Truman announced the development of a new weapon which should bring the war with Japan to a swift end; indicating that the US no longer needed Soviet help in that arena.

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What was the Cold War?

• From the end of World War II in 1945 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War dominated international affairs.

• It was a global struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the Cold War was sometimes fought on the battlefield, it involved everything from political rhetoric to sports. Overshadowing all was the threat of nuclear war. (Santos, et al.)

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The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

(Pojer)

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The United Nations, founded in 1945

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“The Iron Curtain

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8_wQ-5uxV4&feature=related

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George F. Kennan studied HISTORY at Princeton University. He joined the foreign service and was trained as a Soviet expert.

Kennan was critical of the actions of Joseph Stalin throughout World War II. This included the decision by Stalin not to order the Red Army to support the Warsaw Uprising against the German Army in 1944.

After the war Kennan returned to the United States where George Marshall appointed him as director of the State Department's policy-planning staff. Over the next couple of years Kennan developed the foreign policy of containment. Kennan argued that communist influence should be contained within existing territorial limits, either by armed intervention or, more often, by economic and technical assistance.

(www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk)

George F Kennan and the Policy of Containment

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In 1947 Kennan wrote an article entitled “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X” in Foreign Affairs magazine, in which he argued that the Soviet Union was fundamentally opposed to coexistence with the West and desired a world-wide extension of the Soviet system. Kennan argued that communism could be contained if the West showed determined opposition to their expansion plans. Kennan's ideas became the core of United States policy towards the Soviet Union and was reflected in both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, as well as in Eisenhower’s “Domino Theory.”

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CONTAINMENTTHIS: Keep the Soviets bottled up!

NOT THIS: Soviets running amuck!!

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Early EventsTruman Doctrine• the policy stated that the U.S. would provide military and

economic aid to fight communism – policy of “containment”• was first used to aid GreeceMarshall Plan -- Secretary of State, George Marshall• “European Recovery Program.”• The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations

that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

• $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected, except for Tito].

Berlin Blockade and Airlift • After Germany blocked Berlin, the Western allies acted to

provide the people of West Berlin with supplies.• Planes supplied West Berlin, causing the Soviets to back down

after 324 daysChinese Civil War• 1949 – the communists triumphed in China – This new

developments caused many Americans to further fear the spread of communism

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Truman Doctrine: response to 1) Civil War in Greece; and2) Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg

Marshall Plan: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUd2W6aMng4&feature=related

Berlin Blockade and Airlift: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GoIL9gVonQ

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The Founding of Israel

Short statement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNWgfei6wO8

Longer movie: Let My People Go 5+ minuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOaNmrxwOCA

As a result of the Holocaust Western European nations were dedicated to securing a Jewish homeland in the Middle East. This pledge dovetailed with Britain’s Balfour Declaration of 1917 which stated that British policy was committed to the idea of establishing a Jewish home in Palestine.

Following World War II Britain attempted to keep peace between the thousands of Jews who were travelling to Palestine and the thousands of Jews and Arabs who already lived there. Finally in 1947, Britain ceded Palestine to the United Nations, which voted to partition Palestine into an Arab region and a Jewish one. Conflicting land claims led to war, but the Israeli military beat the Arabs. On May 14, 1948, the nation of Israel was declared.

As a result of the Holocaust Western European nations were dedicated to securing a Jewish homeland in the Middle East. This pledge dovetailed with Britain’s Balfour Declaration of 1917 which stated that British policy was committed to the idea of establishing a Jewish home in Palestine.

Following World War II Britain attempted to keep peace between the thousands of Jews who were travelling to Palestine and the thousands of Jews and Arabs who already lived there. Finally in 1947, Britain ceded Palestine to the United Nations, which voted to partition Palestine into an Arab region and a Jewish one. Conflicting land claims led to war, but the Israeli military beat the Arabs. On May 14, 1948, the nation of Israel was declared.

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West German Political & Economic RecoveryWith the establishment of

the German Federal Republic in 1949, Konrad Adenauer, the leader of the Christian Democrats became the Chancellor. Under Adenauer’s government, with the economic leadership of Ludwig Erhard, West Germany experienced amazing economic growth along with a political miracle: building a strong stable democratic government on the ruins of Nazi dictatorship.

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Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-19511945-1951

• Limited socialist programLimited socialist program[modern welfare state].[modern welfare state].

Natl. Insurance ActNatl. Insurance Act

Natl. Health Service ActNatl. Health Service Act

• Nationalized coal mines, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, the Bank of industry, the Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.

• Social insurance legislation: Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-“Cradle-to-Grave” security.Grave” security.

• Socialized medicine Socialized medicine free national health free national health care.care.

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Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

• Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!

• The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.

India – 1947India – 1947

Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

Kenya Kenya Mau Mau uprising - 1955- 1955

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Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955

He never really tried He never really tried to destroy the to destroy the

“welfare state” “welfare state” established by established by

Attlee’s government.Attlee’s government.

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Chinese Civil War• Mao’s Chinese Communists’ oust

Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists from Mainland China.

• Chiang’s Nationalists settled on Taiwan and thereby two Chinas were created. Taiwan held China’s UN seat for the time being.

• Anti-Communists in U.S. charged Truman with “losing” China to Communists – believed Mao’s forces had been backed by Soviet weapons and advisors – most historians believe Soviet backing to be true

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The Arms Race: A Missile The Arms Race: A Missile Gap No More?Gap No More?

The Soviet Union The Soviet Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

Now there were Now there were two nuclear two nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

(Pojer)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiI62AZTQw8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiI62AZTQw8

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Eisenhower’s “Domino Theory”

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When a Russian-backed communist army of North Korea invaded South Korea, American-led United Nations forces intervened. The war between north and south ended in 1953 after a truce was negotiated. However, the U.S. saw that the threat of communism had spread to Asia; thus, they extended their policy of containment.

Korea

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A Real MASH Helicopter

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MASH Unit

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Robert Schuman Announces his Plan

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European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Also known as the Schuman Plan: this plan as originally proposed would integrate the coal and steel industries of France and West Germany, thereby reducing French fears of a West German economic recovery.

The negotiations eventually led, in 1951, to the ECSC which included France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries.

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French are defeated at Dien Bien Phu – the end to French Indo-China

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Geneva Accords, 1954

Suppose to be a temporary division until elections could be held in 1956. Ho Chi Minh, a communist held the North. U. S. will provide assistance to Ngo Dinh Diem (an anti-communist) under Domino Theory. Diem will refuse to hold elections in 1956

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Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our you like it our not, history is on our side. side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956

(Pojer)(Pojer)

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

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An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American

CitizenCitizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?(Pojer)

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Nassar Nationalizes the Suez Canal

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Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt, began plans to industrialize the country and build the Aswan Dam. He also demanded Arab independence and pointedly reminded the British government that the agreement allowing to keep soldiers at Suez expired in 1956.

President Dwight Eisenhower was concerned about the close relationship developing between Egypt and the Soviet Union, and cancelled a promised grant of 56 million dollars towards the building of the Aswan Dam. Nasser was furious and therefore, on 26th July, he announced he intended to nationalize the Suez Canal. The shareowners, the majority of whom were from Britain and France, were promised compensation. Nasser argued that the revenues from the Suez Canal would help to finance the Aswan Dam.

Anthony Eden, the British prime minister, feared that Nasser intended to form an Arab Alliance that would cut off oil supplies to Europe. On 21st October France’s Guy Mollet, Anthony Eden and Israel’s David Ben-Gurion met in secret to discuss the problem. During these talks it was agreed to make a joint attack on Egypt.

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On 29th October 1956, the Israeli Army, led by General Moshe Dayan, invaded Egypt. Two days later British and French bombed Egyptian airfields. British and French troops landed at Port Said at the northern end of the Suez Canal on 5th November. By this time the Israelis had captured the Sinai peninsula.

Eisenhower grew increasingly concerned about these developments. On 30th October he decided to take action and announced he was going to suspend aid to Israel in protest against its invasion of Egypt. The following day the United States criticized Britain and France for trying to take the Suez Canal by force.

On November 1st , representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union at the United Nations joined forces and demanded a cease-fire. The General Assembly passed the resolution by a vote of 64-5 vote. Faced by a united international community, the governments of Britain, France and Israel agreed to withdraw. They were then replaced by UN troops who policed the Egyptian frontier.

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After Joseph Stalin died in 1953 Imre Nagy became prime minister of Hungary. As Hungary's new leader Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on political and economic reform. This included a promise to increase the production and distribution of consumer goods. Nagy also released anti-communists from prison and talked about holding free elections and withdrawing Hungary from the Warsaw Pact.

Matyas Rakosi, general secretary of the Hungarian Workers Party, led the attacks on Nagy, and in 1955 Nagy was dismissed for “rightest deviation.” However as a result of de-Stalinization, Rakosi was forced from power as a result of orders from the Soviet Union. Imre Nagy was also reinstated as a member of the Communist Party.

Prelude to the Hungarian Revolution

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The Hungarian Revolution itself

The uprising began on 23rd October by a peaceful demonstration of students in Budapest. The students demanded an end to Soviet occupation and the implementation of "true socialism". The police made some arrests and tried to disperse the crowd with tear gas. When the students attempted to free those people who had been arrested, the police opened fire on the crowd.

The following day commissioned officers and soldiers joined the students on the streets of Budapest. Stalin's statue was brought down and the protesters chanted "Russians go home", "Away with Gero" and "Long Live Nagy". The Central Committee of the Hungarian Communist Party respond to these developments by deciding that Imre Nagy should become head of a new government.

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Imre Nagy now went on Radio Kossuth and announced he had taken over the leadership of the Government. He also promised afar-reaching democratization of Hungarian public life, the realization of a uniquely Hungarian road to socialism, and the radical improvement of the workers' living conditions.

On 28th October, Nagy and a group of his supporters manage to take control of the Hungarian Communist Party. At the same time revolutionary workers' councils and local national committees are formed all over Hungary.

On 30th October, Imre Nagy announced that he was freeing Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty and other political prisoners. He also informed the people that his government intended to abolish the one-party state.

Nagy's most controversial decision took place on November 1st** when he announced that Hungary intended to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. as well as proclaiming Hungarian neutrality he asked the United Nations to become involved in the country's dispute with the Soviet Union.

**What else is happening on November 1st?

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Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4th November 1956 he sent the Red Army into Hungary. Soviet tanks immediately captured Hungary's airfields, highway junctions and bridges. Fighting took place all over the country but the Hungarian forces were quickly defeated.

Imre Nagy sought and obtained asylum at the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest. Nagy and his followers, were kidnapped after leaving the Yugoslav embassy.

On 17th June 1958, the Hungarian government announced that several of the reformers had been convicted of treason and attempting to overthrow the "democratic state order" and Imre Nagy, several followers had been executed for these crimes.

The End of Hungary’s Revolt

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Hungarian Revolution

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WY7_vSDPr6M&feature=PlayList&p=549E22DA6F7C7945&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=19

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=554ZJUv-avQ&feature=PlayList&p=C7EE8F16CC57B44F&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=3

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European Economic Community (Common

Market)

Established by the Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, by original six of ECSC

Eliminate trade barriers and promote free movement of capital and labor

Euratom

In 1957 the European Community developed the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for cooperation in developing

nuclear energy.

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1957: The Soviets successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G5I9h6CFaM&feature=PlayList&p=6CC755BD2B8A7CCB&index=1

Vice President Nixon & Premier Khrushchev's Kitchen Debate

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BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://blogs.lubbockonline.com/centennial/images/53_Stalin.jpg http://www.llgc.org.uk/illingworth/illingworth_s060.htmHungarian Revolution. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDhungarianU.htm George F. Kennan. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkennan.htm Prague Springhttp://www.prague-life.com/prague/prague-springSuez Crisis. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDsuez.htmPojer, Susan M. The Early Cold War: 1947-1970. Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYSantos, Rona, Blair, Paul, Norton, Tim, Huffman, Ben. The Cold War. Project for AP European History, 2008.Viault, Birdsall S. Modern European History. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. 1990.YouTube, various movie clipsGoogle images