IEA Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in Combustion

(E.C.E.R.C.) I. A.

Belgian Contributions

Presentation of ECERCStudies at UCLStudies at UMonsStudies at ULgConclusions and Perspectives

IEA "Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in Combustion" I. A.

Tasks shared and not costs shared I.A.

12 participant countries : BEL, CAN, CHE, DEU, FIN, GBR, ITA, JPN, KOR, NOR, SWE and USA

Executive Committee (ExCo) : 1 delegate and 1 alternate per participant country

Chair and vice-chair of the ExCo are elected (each year) by rotating procedure

3 Meetings per year:March 2012: Strategy group (USA)

April 2012: ExCo in Paris (France)

October 2012: Task Leaders Meeting (TLM) + ExCo (Republic of Korea)

I.A.'s public web site : http://ieacombustion.net/default/aspx

Active Research Activities (March 2011)

Annex 1: Individual Contributor Tasks

Annex 2: Sprays in Combustion (Collaborative Task): CHE, FIN, JPN

Annex 3: Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (Collaborative Task): CAN, JPN, KOR, SWE

Annex 4: Advanced Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engines (Collaborative Task): CAN, JPN, KOR, USA

Annex 5: Alternative Fuels (Collaborative Tasks): BEL, CHE, FIN, KOR, SWE

Annex 6: Nanoparticles Diagnostics (Collaborative Tasks): CAN, ITA

Annex 7: Hydrogen Enriched Lean Premixed Combustion for Ultra-Low Emission Gas Turbine Combustors (Collaborative Task): CHE, NOR, SWE

Annex 8: Supporting Activities

Annex 1: Individual Contributor Tasks

Area 1 : Advanced Piston Engine TechnologyArea 2 : Advanced Furnace Technology

Subarea 2.1 : Burner Phenomena (UMons, ULg)

Subarea 2.2 : Gas Flows

Subarea 2.3 : Fuel/air Mixing

Subarea 2.4 : Flame processes (UCL)

Subarea 2.5 : Postflame process

Area 3 : Fundamentals (development of diagnostics tool and simulation codes)

Area 4 : Advanced Gas Turbine Technology

Belgian activities(Advanced Furnace Technology : Area 2)(Advanced Furnace Technology : Area 2)

Subtask 2.1H : INVESTIGATION ON COMBUSTION IN OIL BURNER FLAMES

Contributor : Université de LiLi èègegeThermodynamics Laboratory – Thermotechnics

Subtask 2.1I : STUDY OF COMBUSTION AND HEAT TRANSFER PHENOMENA IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES FIRED WITH GAS BUR NERS USING PREHEATED AIR

Contributor : Faculté Polytechnique de l’Université de MonsMonsThermal Engineering and Combustion Unit

Subtask 2.4F : CHEMICAL KINETICS STUDIES OF FLAMES AND SOOT FORMATION

Contributor : Université catholique de LouvainLouvainInstitute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering

Presentation of ECERCStudies at UCLStudies at UMonsStudies at ULgConclusions and Perspectives

SUBTASK 2.4.F Chemical Kinetics Studies of Flames and Soot

Formation

Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Enginee ringPôle TFL – Thermodynamics and Fluid mechanics

Université catholique de Louvain

Véronique Dias and Hervé Jeanmart

Veronique.Dias@uclouvain.be and Herve.Jeanmart@uclouvain.be

Chemical Kinetics Studies of Flames and Soot Formation

Experimental studies of hydrocarbons and/or oxygenated species, by analysis flame structures at low pressure

Elaboration of kinetic model Elaboration of kinetic model to understand emission formation:to understand emission formation:

conversion of reactants, formation of pollutants, effects of conversion of reactants, formation of pollutants, effects of additivesadditives……

Reduction of the kinetic model according to initial conditions

Use of reduced mechanisms in industrial processes Use of reduced mechanisms in industrial processes (engines, furnaces, boilers, (engines, furnaces, boilers, ……))

Experimental studies

0.0E+00

2.0E-02

4.0E-02

6.0E-02

8.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.2E-01

0.00 0.33 0.65 0.96 1.28 1.61 1.93Height Above the Burner (cm)

Mol

e fr

actio

n

0.00E+00

2.00E+024.00E+02

6.00E+028.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.20E+031.40E+03

1.60E+031.80E+03

2.00E+03

Tem

pera

ture

(K

)

X-CO2X-TOLUENEX-C6H6Temperature

Premixed flat flames stabilized on a burner at low pressure, analyzed by:-mass spectrometry (MS) -or by gas chromatography (GC).

Elaboration of kinetic modelPredict the evolution for concentrations of present species in the flame (from fresh gases to burned gases)

InterestObtain valuable informations: degree of conversion rate of reactants, formation rate of pollutants, effects of additives onthe soot formation,…

Integration of these kinetic mechanisms in CFD simulation models of industrial processes (engines, boilers, furnaces...)

Modelisation

Elaboration of « UCL » kinetic model

The kinetic model includes the detailed formation and consumption reactions of species from C1 to C10. It contains 568 reactions and 107 chemical species.

This reaction mechanism has been extended and validated using flat flames experiments:

-Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6)-Ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), isobutene (iC4H8)-Benzene (C6H6)-Dimethoxymethane (C3H8O2), diethoxymethane (C5H12O2), ethanol (C2H5OH)-Formaldehyde (CH2O), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)

http://veroniquedias.github.com/UCLouvain-Mechanism/

C2H4 /O2 /Ar with C 3H8O2 or C5H12O2 (φφφφ = 2.5)

C2H2

Objectives of experiments

Observe and measure the reduction of concentrations for the soot precursors (with φ constant) with additives C3H8O2 (DMM) et C5H12O2 (DEM).

By keeping the equivalence ratio constant,(φ), the ratio C/O decrease :

→ Reduction of mole fractions for hydrocarbons produced in the rich ethylene flame.

Flames with additives

Objectives of modelisation

Elaborate a kinetic model able to predict the concentration of species present in these flames

Understand the effect of the additives on the reduction of soot precursors formation

0.0E+00

5.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.5E-02

2.0E-02

2.5E-02

3.0E-02

3.5E-02

4.0E-02

4.5E-02

0 10 20 30

Distance au brûleur (mm)

Fra

ctio

n m

olai

re

- 19,8 % with DMM - 16,4 % with DEM

Flames of methylal (DMM)

Rich flame of DMM

Lean flame of DMM

CH3OCH2OCH3

CH3OCH2OêH2 (DMM1)CH3OêHOCH3 (DMM2)

CH3OêH2CH3OCHO

CH3OêO

CH3O•••• CH2O

HêO CO CO2

H OH

OH O

OH H

OH O

H

OH

H

OH

M

O2

H

OH

M

O2

O OH

O

Elaboration of the reaction mechanism, named « UCL » :

Past studies: Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6)Ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), isobutene (iC4H8)Benzene (C6H6)Dimethoxymethane (C3H8O2), diethoxymethane (C5H12O2) Ethanol (C2H5OH)Formaldehyde (CH2O), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)

Present studies: Acetic acid (CH3COOH)

Future experimental and modeling studies of flame s tructure:

Triacetine (C9H14O6)

Methyl valerate or methyl pentanoate (CH3CH2CH2CH2COOCH3)

=> Use of the mechanism in industrial processes => Use of the mechanism in industrial processes (engines, furnaces, boilers, (engines, furnaces, boilers, ……))

Conclusions and perspectives

Conclusions and perspectives

Application of the mechanism of ethyl

acetate and ethanol in an HCCI engine

2008-2011: 17 articles ( ≈≈≈≈ 30 posters / oral presentations)

V. Dias, J. Vandooren, Comb. and Flame 158 (2011) 848-859 ;V. Detilleux, J. Vandooren, Proc. Comb. Inst . 33 (2011) 217-224 ;X. Lories, J. Vandooren, D. Peeters, Int. J. Quant. Chem . DOI:10.1002/qua.23035 (2011) ;N. Leplat, P. Dagaut, C. Togbé, J. Vandooren, Comb. and Flame 158 (2011) 705-725 ;X. Lories, J. Vandooren, D. Peeters, Int. J. Quant. Chem . DOI:10.1002/qua.23142 (2011) ;X. Lories, J. Vandooren, D. Peeters, Computional and Theoretical Chemistry 966 (2011) 244-249 ;V. Dias, J. Vandooren, Fuel 89 (2010) 2633-2639 ;V. Dias, X. Lories, J. Vandooren, Combust. Sci. And Tech . 182 (2010) 350-364.N. Leplat, J. Vandooren, Combust. Sci. and Tech. 182 (2010) 436-448 ;X. Lories, J. Vandooren, D. Peeters, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 (2010) 3762-3771C. Renard, V. Dias, P. J. Van Tiggelen, J. Vandoore n, Proc. Comb. Inst . 32 (2009) 631-637 ; V. Detilleux, J. Vandooren, J. Phys. Chem. A 113 (2009) 10913-10922 ;V. Dias, C. Renard, J. Vandooren, Z. Phys. Chem. 223 (2009) 565-577 ; V. Detilleux, J. Vandooren, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 45 (2009) ; X. Lories, J. Vandooren, D. Peeters, Chem. Phys. Letters 452 (2008) 29-32 ;N. Leplat, A. Seydi, J. Vandooren, Combust. Sci. and Tech. 180 (2008) 519-532 ;V. Detilleux, J. Vandooren, Combust. Sci. and Tech. 180 (2008) 1347-1469;

Publications

Presentation of ECERCStudies at UCLStudies at UMonsStudies at ULgConclusions and Perspectives

SUBTASK 2.1.IStudy of Combustion and Heat Transfer in

Industrial Furnaces Fired with Gas Burners Using Preheated Air

Faculty of Engineering of the University of MonsPôle Energie – Thermal Engineering and Combustion Unit

Delphine LupantDelphine.Lupant@umons.ac.be

= Faculty of Engineering of the University of Mons (founded thanks to the association of the University of Mons-Hainaut and the Faculty of Engineering of Mons)

POLYTECH

Research is organized around 5 multidisciplinary research centers5 multidisciplinary research centers :Information and TechnologiesMaterialsRisksBiochemical systems and bioprocesses (BIOSYS)Energy:

3 themes : Energy and buildingsCombustion and problems of CO 2Transport and production of electrical energy

Thermal

Engineering &

Combustion Unit

Participation in ECERC since 1992

�� Context: Context: Reduction of NOx emission in furnaces with air preheating at high

temperature (Rational use of energy)

�� Methodology: Methodology:

o Run experiments on furnaces built in our laboratory (funded by SPF)

o Concurrently, use a commercial software (ANSYS Fluent) to model the

combustion and use the measurements as validation data

�� Benefits: Benefits:

o Guidance and services contracts for industrial partners (FIB, Drever)

o Expertise in numerical modeling (AGC, Arcelor,…)

�� Since 2000: Flameless Oxidation or Diluted Combusti on Since 2000: Flameless Oxidation or Diluted Combusti on

== New Combustion technique which combine New Combustion technique which combine

high efficiency + very low NOx emissionhigh efficiency + very low NOx emission

Diluted combustion furnaces

�� At semiAt semi --industrial scale (300kW)industrial scale (300kW)

o Commercial burner (REGEMAT WS)

o Fired with natural gas + air

o Furnace is available for international research partners (IFRF)

o Used to test industrial burners (services contracts)

o Main results:

EXP: heat transfer, emissions, efficiency

SIM: validation of global combustion models with temperature and species measurements in the furnace

Combustion chamber

Diluted combustion furnaces

�� At laboratory scale I (3kW)At laboratory scale I (3kW)

o Simplified geometry (co-flow)

o Fed with natural gas or synthetic mixture

(CH4, CO, H2, N2, CO2)

� The objective was to study the evolution of

the operating conditions required to sustain diluted combustion with low calorific value gases (products from gasification of biomass

or from steel industry)

� Diluted combustion offers a smart way to

solve flame stabilization problemsencountered in standard burnersdue to the significant variations of their

heating value (fuel flexibility )

Preheated and diluted air

Fuel

Diluted combustion furnaces

�� At laboratory scale II (30kW) At laboratory scale II (30kW) = current project= current project

o Configuration similar to industrial furnaces (burnergeometry, injection velocities, load) but at small scale

� The objective is to study the evolution of the heat transfer (in the furnace and to the load), the combustion efficiency, the NO and CO emissions with those alternative fuels and give rules of design for industrial furnaces

� Interest from industrial partner (sponsorship from Arcelor-Mittal)

Preheated air

Fuel

Species NG COG BFG 50%COG50%BFG

Wood gas

CH4 90% 35% - 18% 1%

H2 - 60% 5% 33% 16%

CO - 5% 25% 15% 21%

CO2 1% 25% 13% 12%

N2 2% 45% 21% 50%

1 D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, E. Sezgin, P. Lybaert: Flam eless combustion of CH4/CO/H2 fuel blendsProceedings of the "European Combustion Meeting ECM 2011", Cardiff, 2011

2 E. Sezgin, D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, P. Lybaert: Déve loppement de diagramme de stabilité de flamme en combustion diluée, Actes du Congrès Annuel de la Société Française de Thermique, pp 351-356, 2010

3 D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, P. Lyabert: Impact des sond es de prélèvement sur la mesure d’espèces réactives en oxydation sans flamme, Actes du Congrès Annuel de la Société Française de Thermique, pp 363-368, 2010

4 D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, P. Lybaert: Influence of pr obe sampling on reacting species measurement in dil uted combustion, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34, 516–522, 2010

5 E. Sezgin, B. Pesenti, D. Lupant, P. Lybaert: Deve lopment of stability diagrams of flame in diluted c ombustion, Proceedings of the "European Combustion Meeting ECM 2009", Vienne, 2009

6 G. Seggio, B. Pesenti, P. Lybaert, P. Ngendakumana : Feasibility study of the diluted combustion in a semi-industrial boiler at low temperatures, Proceedings of the 8th european conference on industrial furnaces and boilers, Vilamoura, 2008

7 D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, P. Lybaert: Characterizatio n of flameless combustion of natural gas in a labor atory scale furnace, Proceedings of the "European Combustion Meeting ECM 2007", Chania, 2007

8 D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, P. Evrard, P. Lybaert: Nume rical and experimental characterization of a self-r egenerative flameless oxidation burner operation in a pilot-sca le furnace, Combustion Science and Technology (I. Glassman and R. A. Yetter eds.), Vol 179: 437–453, 2007

9-10 D. Lupant, B. Pesenti, P. Lybaert: Assessment o f combustion models of a self-regenerative flameles s oxidation burner, Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers, Porto, 2006 + Proceedings of the 7th National Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Mons, 2006

Publications

2006-2011

Presentation of ECERCStudies at UCLStudies at UMonsStudies at ULgConclusions and Perspectives

SUBTASK 2.1.HThe use of liquid biofuels in heating systems :

a review

University of LiègeThermodynamics Laboratory – Thermotechnics

Philippe Ngendakumana

pngendakumana@ulg.ac.be

17% of CO2 emissions in Europe are related to space heating function of gas and oil-fired boilers

Ref: ecoboiler.org

There are different pathways to convert biomass to biofuels

� Vegetable oil viscosity is 35 mm²/s at 40°C compared to 2.7mm²/s for gasoil

� it must be reduced by preheating (to 80°C) or mixing to gasoil

� LHV of vegetable oils (37MJ/kg) 10% lower than LHV of diesel (43MJ/kg)

� Vegetable oil must be appropriately stored to avoid oxidation and filtration problems

Vegetable oils combustion is feasableif the viscosity is reduced

CO emissions reduction with vegetable oil addition

Alonso et al., Energy & Fuels, Vol. 22, No 5, 2008.

� Biodiesels have similar physical properties to diesel fuels (viscosity 4mm²/s at 40°C)

� LHV of biodiesels (37MJ/kg) 10% lower than LHV of diesel (43MJ/kg)

� Quality requirements are defined in the standards EN14213

� They are quite stable but strong oxidizing agents must be avoided

Biodiesels are good candidates to petroleum diesel fuel substitution

Burning biodiesel decreases most pollutants emissions

Macor et Pavanello, Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 2025-2032, 2009.

� Bioethanol is less viscous than diesel and can lead to lubrification problems in the pumps

� LHV of bioethanol is 35% lower than that of the diesel� quantity of fuel injected must be adapted (greater capacity injection nozzle or increased injection pressure)

� Storage is more hazardous as bioethanol flash point is around 13°C (compared to 60°C for diesel fuel)

Bioethanol combustion in heating systems is more problematic

Bioethanol flame emissivity decreasescompared to diesel fuel flame emissivity

Barroso et al., Fuel processing technology, Vol. 91, pp. 1537-1550, 2010.

Bioliquids combustion in heating systems: Some conclusions

� Vegetable oils can be burnt in boilers if their viscosity is reduced

� Biodiesels are good candidates to fuel oil substitution. Pollutants emissions are mainly decreased but there is no clear trend for NOx emissions

� Bioethanol combustion is more difficult to achieve in conventional burners (low viscosity, low energy content, low vapor pressure, different flame emissivity)

Future work : What are the effects of fuel composition on flame temperature and pollutants emission?

370 KW boiler equippedwith visualisation windows We will burn biodiesels of various origins and compositions:

� to evaluate the effects of fuel composition on flame temperature and NOx emissions

� to evaluate the boiler performance working with different biodiesels

Other topics

• Combustion control and performance of household condensing boilers

• Feasibility study of the diluted combustion in a semi-industrial boiler at low temperatures (compared to furnaces)

• Combustion of wood pellets in a domestic heating boiler

L. Arias, S.Torres, D. Sbarbaro, P. Ngendakumana : On the spectral bands measurements for combustion m onitoring, doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.09.018

D. Makaire, P. Ngendakumana : Simulation model of a gas-fired condensing boiler at full load operatio n in steady-state regime , ASME-ATI-UIT 2010 Conference on Thermal and Environmental Issues in Energy Systems.

D. Makaire, P. Ngendakumana : Modelling the therma l efficiency of condensing boilers working in stead ystate conditions, Paper presented at 21st "journées d'études" of the Belgian Section of the Combustion Institute, Liège (Belgium), May 2010

D. Makaire, P. Ngendakumana : Modèle de simulation des performances d'une chaudière fioul à condensatio n de chauffage domestique , Energies et transports durables : SFT10, Le Touquet (France), 25-28 mai 2010

K. Sartor, P. Ngendakumana : Natural Gas as an Alt ernative Fuel for Spark Ignition Engines, Paper presentedat 21st "Journées d’Etudes" of the Belgian Section of the Combustion Institute, Liège (Belgium), May 2010

Luis E. Arias Parada. Arias : Photodiode-based sens or for flame sensing and combustion process monitor ing, by means the global detection of flame spectral inform ation, PhD thesis, University of Concepcion (Chile), March 2009

D. Makaire and Ph. Ngendakumana , Simulation model of a semi-industrial fuel oil boil er in steady-state regime .Proceedings of the 5th European Thermal-Sciences Conference (EUROTHERM 2008). Eindhoven (The Netherlands), May 18-22, 2008

G. Seggio, B. Pesenti, P. Lybaert, P. Ngendakumana: Feasibility study of the diluted combustion in a s emi-industrial boiler at low temperatures, Proceedings of the 8th european conference on industrial furnaces and boilers, Vilamoura, 2008

A. Ballant, D. Makaire, P. Ngendakumana : Modelling o f a domestic gas-fired condensing boiler, Paper presented at 21st "journées d'études" of the Belgian Section of the Combustion Institute,, GENT (Belgium), May 6-8, 2008

Publications

2006-2011

Presentation of ECERCStudies at UCLStudies at UMonsStudies at ULgConclusions and Perspectives

Future works:

Combustion of gases with low calorific values in furnaces(UMons-UCL)

Transition from commercial to open-source CFD software for combustion (UMons-UCL)

Feasibility studies of diluted combustion without air preheating(UMons-ULg)

Lending of experimental equipments, troubleshooting of experiments and measurement techniques (ULg-UMons-UCL)

Conclusions and Perspectives

Conclusions and Perspectives

Complementary themes and efforts among Belgian partnersBalance between fundamental and applied researchScientific production (publications, thesis)

Outcomes:Kinetic models (UCL)Experimental database (UCL, UMons)Semi-industrial size test facilities (UMons, ULg)

Perspectives: Facilities available for industrial testIndustrial deployment of numerical tools and know howInsights into long-term research plans at an international level through the ECERC agreement (TLM and ExCo)