Leadership

Course 8 : Power and Leadership from the Top

Faculty : Brata T. HardjosubrotoSemester : 4/ 2009

Power is about regulating the relations of individuals to each other.

Power can be defines as the potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of one or more target individuals.

Influence is the degree of actual change in the target person’s attitudes or behaviors.

Influence tactics are, behaviors that one person uses to affect another’s attitudes or behavior.

Example Influence tactics: appeals to reason, emotion, inspiration, consultation, ingratiation, formation of coalition.

The power of individuals shapes the types of tactics they can use to influence others.

Power

The most common seven tactics

used to obtain influence Reason (most often cited)

Friendliness

Sanctions

Bargaining

Higher authority

Assertiveness

Coalition building

1. Their relative power

2. Their objectives

3. Their expectation that the other person would

comply

4. The culture of the organization

The Influence Tactics factors

Power and Leadership from the Top

Sources of Power

Expert power

Referent power

Legitimate power

Reward power

Coercive power

Position Power

Position power Authority

Control over information

Control over who does the work and where they do it

Control over rewards and punishments

Personal Power

Power Analysis

Alienative—those whose members are primarily unhappy, negative, and don’t want to be part of the organization.

Calculative—those whose members are constantly assessing the tradeoffs of belonging and ceasing to belong.

Moral—those whose members make sacrifices to further the larger cause.

Three types of organizations

Three components of power Power over—the traditional view of power

as domination.

Power to—enhance other people’s power or power as empowerment.

Power from—being able to resist the power of others’ unwanted demands.

Framework for the ethical exercise of influence:

Leading by example

Using rational persuasion

Developing a reputation as a subject-matter expert

Exchanging favors and bargaining

Legitimizing a request

Making an inspirational appeal and showing emotion

Consulting with others before making a decision

Forming coalitions

Being a good team player

Evaluating Influence Tactics

Ethical Influence

Leading by Example Using rational persuasion Subject matter expert Exch favor and bargaining Legitimizing a request Making inspiration appeal Consulting before decision Forming coalition Being good team player

Unethical Influence

Falsifying statements Coercion by threat,

criticism Debasing or demeaning Upward appeal Sulking, ignoring, silent

treatment Ingratiation and charm Joking and kidding

(depending on tone)

When they combine a high need for social power with relatively affiliation needs.

Four Characteristics:◦ Believe in the authority system which they draw power. ◦ Influence and being influenced.◦ Enjoy their work and they value work beyond its income

producing ability.◦ Altruistic. ◦ Put the company first.◦ Believe in seeking justice above all else and that justice

should extent to the workplace.

Successful Managers

Its relationship between supervisor and subordinate.

The in-group are typically quite loyal, committed and highly

trusting of the leader.

The leaders most often exercise reward, legitimate and

coercive power to influence.

Effective leaders are avoid creating groups of insider and

outsider because it will divisive and reduce group

performance.

Leaders must make everybody feel a part of the in-group.

Vertical Dyad Linkage

Leadership is a transaction between leaders and followers. The benefits may include status, praise, identity, money or

other type of reward. Relationship leader and followers is effective when the

benefits each receives are close to equivalent. Subordinates can stockpile ‘points’ by demonstrating

loyalty, problem solving and so forth. Leaders will acquire more power by sharing the power you

have with others. When followers increase their power, they perform better,

thus will raise the overal productivity. The sharing power is called empowerment

Social Exchange Theory

Differences in the Empowering Process as a Function of Role: Leaders Compared with Managers

Empowering Process Leader Activities Manager Activities

Providing direction for followers/subordinates

Via ideals, vision, a higher purpose, superordinate goals

Via involvement of subordinates in determining the paths toward goal accomplishment

Stimulating followers/subordinates

With ideas With actions; things to accomplish

Rewarding followers/subordinates

Informal; personal recognition

Formal; incentive systems

Developing followers/subordinates

By inspiring them to do more than they thought they could do

By involving them in important decision-making activities and providing feedback for potential learning by giving them training

Appealing to follower/subordinate needs

Appeal to needs of followership and dependency

Appeal to needs for autonomy and independence

SOURCE: Burke, W. Warner. “Leadership as Empowering Others,” Table 4, p. 73, adapted as submitted. In S. Strivasta and Associates, Executive Power. Copyright 1986 by Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers.

1. Rewarding and encouraging followers in visible ways2. Creating a positive work environment3. Showing confidence. Empowering leaders tell their

followers verbally and nonverbally that they have confidence in their abilities.

4. Promoting initiative and increasing responsibility with appropriate reward. The followers’ motivation to take on greater responsibility increases if the rewards are perceived to be appropriate.

5. Starting small, take on larger changes one step at a time6. Praising innitiative, even when results fall short. This

encourages innovation and reinforces a positive work environment.

Some methods to empower others

Six types of skills that particularly

influence presidential effectiveness: Skills as a public communicator

Organizational capacity

Political skill

Vision

Cognitive style

Emotional intelligence

Leadership requires the exercise of Power Political science studies the distribution and

use of power Influence tactics individuals in power use

and the sources

In Summary

Questions??

Case: Anda adalah pemimpin baru dari team Volley, propinsi SumBar yang akan melatih dan

memimpin pertandingan Volley seluruh indonesia. SumBar adalah juara bertahan yang sudah 2 x sebagai juara. Selama ini anda adalah

salah satu pemain unggulan SumBar. Seluruh masyarakat sumbar mendesak untuk bisa memecahkan record dengan keluar

sebagai juara 3 x berturut turut. Pertandingan akan diadakan 3 bulan dari sekarang.

 Tugas: Uraikan Positional Power dan Personal Power yang anda miliki, termasuk political

power. Bagaimana anda akan memanfaatkan Power tersebut untuk dapat meraih juara ke 3

kalinya. Bagaimana anda dapat melakukan ‘Empowerment’ kepada seluruh pemain dan stake-

holder lain. Uraikan bentuk dan kegiatannya. Bagaimana hubungan anda dengan para pemain, sebutkan beberapa contoh yang

spesifik. Tuliskan beberapa contoh kalimat/ komunikasi dalam melakukan empowerment pada

saat anda melakukan latihan, pada saat berhadapan dengan pemerintah pusat, pada saat memberikan semangat sebelum pertandingan.

Group Discussion

Questions for Discussion and Review:

1. What types of leaders are most effective? Why?

2.What are some of the ways leaders seek to influence followers?

3.What are different sources of power and which types are more associated with effective leadership?

4.How do you define personal power?

5.How important is it for leaders to be ethical?

6.Define empowerment and its place in leadership.

7.What is the difference between constitutional and extraconstitutional powers?

8.What is the cornerstone of presidential leadership, according to Neustadt?