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No. 'Iitles

8. Decade of logging and dieback distr ibution .. . . . . .9. Soil weight carried by unwashed equipment

10. Percentage of soil weight falling onto the road in the first30 metres

11. Soil weight on equipment after washing12. Mechanical analysis and rnoisture cont€nt of soils13. Soil carried by the Bedfard 3-ton truck14. Recovery of P. cinnamomi from soils at different moisture

tension15. Soil moisture after iwo .,nd four weeks' drying ...16. Recovery of P, cinnaltuomi by lupin baiting from dried soils1?. R,ecovely of P. cinnd.morni from various ecolagical sites ....

FIGUR,ES

1a. Stereogram with aerial photo Types 1 and 2 indicated1b. TVpe 1: Unaffected forest1c. Type 2: Moderately affected forest2a. Stereoglam with aerial pl'loto Types 3 and 4 indicated ...2b. Type 3: Severely affect€d forest ...2s. Type 4: Swamps and creeks3. TVpes from strip lines compared with those lrom aerial

photos4. Dieback map prepared from aedal photos .. . . . .5. Dieback distribution in southwest Western Australia

. 6. Soil spread patterns of units tested7. Soil spread patl,erns of Eedford 3-tonne truck8. Moisture cur'\'es for soils in the moisture terNion trial ..L Moisture curves lor soi ls in the drying tr ial .

10. Soil temperature and rnoisture in the first drying trial ..11. Soil temperature and moisture in the second drying tria!12. Weekly rainfall and soil moistules and temperatures ilr

the season and location trial .. .

Page

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I1 01 125283334

36

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MAPPING DISEASED AREAS FR,OM AER,IAI, PHOTOGR,APHS

INTRODUCTION

The dedicated State Forests of Western Australia cover about 1 800 000 hain the extreme southwestern portion of the State. Jafiah (Eucaluptus mqr-gino,ta sm,) is the main timber species of this dry sclerophyll forest andaccounts for ?5 per cent of the annual cut from Statc Forests.

This forest is threatened by a serious disease known as dieback, causedby the soil-borne funeus Phatophthora cinn1Jtuoni Rands (Podger, 1972). Thefirst sign of the disease is normally observed in the understorey strata whereBanksio, gr1,nd,is WlIld., Xarltkorrhoect preissii Endl. and Mocro?(ania rei.dleiiC. A. Gardn. yellow and die. The jarrah overstorey is affected later, oftenafter most of the understorey has died. A typical symptom is a thinning outof the Ieaves leading to twig and branch dieback fouowed by the eventualdeath of the tree. Boundaries of diseased patches may be gradual or abrupt.Some tree species such as marri (t. caloplLalla R. Br. ex Lindl), blackbutf(8. patens Benth), buUich (E. megacan)cl F.v.M) and w^ d,oo (E. wondooBlakely), which are of less abundance and economic value than jaDah, displayconsiderable resistance and can recolonize diseased areas.

one of the initial requirements in the management of a forest diseasesituation is to determine the extent and location of the diseased areas. Varioustechniques including ground reconnaissance, aerial survey and photo interple-tation have been used to map the extent of fungal and irsect damage.

A number of attempts at mapping jarlah dieback from I : 15 840 black-and-white and infla-red photographs were made in the period 1956-1962. Becausenone of these succeeded, there \rere no reliabie maps of the diseased areasnor estimates of thet size.

During 1965, 1:40000 aerial photographs of the northeln jalrah forestbecame available. These showed distinct tonal differences within the forestarea and subsequent field checks correlated areas of lighter tone wilrh knownareas of dieback. The interpretation of the diseased area from the availablephotographs was begun. As errors are inherent in any system of interpreta-tion, a numerical expression of reliability of the estimates produced was need€d.

METHOD

A number of diseased areas were inspected, the disease syndrome wasdescribed in detail and specimens of indicator species were collected forfuture reference. A number of stereograms were prepared covering the rangeof types to be interpreted (Figures 1 and 2) and other factors likely to causedifficulty, e.9., flre damage, Iogging and thinning.

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(b) Severely afected forcst type code 3. (c) Swamps and creeks, type code 4.Note the reststant mard (8. coto- Nauow swamps of tea-tree withphl\a) rL trre ioreground. E. nresacarpa erawiIq on the sw&mp

ecrge.

Figure 2STEREOGRAMS AND GROUND PHOTOGRAPIIS OF SEVIRELY A!'FECTED AND SWAMP

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Figure 4plan prepared iroE interpreted photosraphs.

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R,ESULTSSome 750000ha of State Forest and Crown Land in the northern jarrah

forest have been mapped, revealing the following situation:

Total area mapped

Total area of diseased forest ...

Area nloderately afiected

Area severely affected .. . .

?48 600 ha

3? 200 ha

23 400 ha

13 B00 ha

The diseased forest is unevenly distributed, being strongly concentratedin-the region of the Darling Scarp (Figure 5) and predominating in gullies andother water-gaining sites.

The errols were analysed in two ways, as suggested by Ilumphries [961):_(a) Errors in total area. These aliow for compensating error.s anal

may be expressed as a per cent ol the total area of that type.(b) Reliability of the map produced. This was expressed as the

probability of a point r.andomly selected on the map. falling intothe corleci type when it is located in the fleld. This factordoes not al low for compensaring errors.

Errors in total ai.ea and reliability for a sample were determined by fietdchecking an area of 251 ha with b9.6km ol str ip l ines (Table 1).

TABLE 1

Interpretrtion Accura,cy from a Strip Line Chectr

The unatrected forest has been accurately mapped and reliably located.fhe affected forest has been underestimated by about 6 per cent whilst theswamp and creek type was overestimated.

A comparison between the stdp line and random plot method of fieldchecking is shown in Table 2. Area and reliability values for both the un_afiected and thc affected type are quite comparable.

T.r I'e Rel iabi l i ty

From Photos From Striplines

Ilnaffected forestAtrected for€stSw.amps and Creeks

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59 ?tig7 8581 531

83'1

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selection oJ access routes and the discovely of the disease in poorly accessibleareas previously considered healthy.

The pians produced have also been used to pr.ovide a stlatification forthe selection of jnventory plots. As shown in Table 3, the clifferences in salablevolume between air photo types are considerable and have increased thecmciency of the sulvey. Volume estimates by disease classes ale now availablefor several permit, areas, thus allowing coherent planning ol logeing opera-tions minimizing losses of salable logs.

Data obtained from field checks indicate that the mapping has been quiteIel iable. The extent of the diseased aleas has been underestimated bv 0_5per cent for the severely afiected and by 10 pef cent for the moderatelyaffected types. The reason for the underestimation is that photographic toneis not affected until a high percentage of trees itave died. The overallunderestimate of 6 per cent is considered to be quite acceptable Jor the bloadplanning stage for which these data are used. The area errors for healthvlorest ale negligible, whilst those for the sv/amp type may be Iarge

Reliabi l i ty values for healthy foresl are good (96 per cent). Those Jorslvamp types vary (?2-96 per cent) with the type of field check employed.It is considered that the higher value is closer to the actual flgure. SwampsaDd cleeks are readily identifiable on the aedal photographs. They have,however, a very large perimetel per' unit area. With the stfip line check, lalgeexpanses of swamp were deliberately avoided because of their low economicvalue. The swamp and creeks encountered were usually quite narrow andit 1l/as not uncommon to flnd these 40-60m either side of their expectedl)ositions.

Reliability values for diseased forest raDged from 61 to ?3 per' cent. Withnroderately afiected and sevelely affected types, ihe valites were as low as 35and 53 per cent respectively. An atea interpreted as either moderately orreverely affected, often contained a mixtule of these two types. The diseaseis patchy in nature and the diseased areas have a large perimeter pel unit area.Small pockets of healthy forest are commonly found vrithin a dieback area.The minimum area outlined in the aedal photograph was 2 ha whereas theunit size used in the field check was 0.08ha. AII of these factors contributedto the observed errors in reliability.

Although interpretation errors do exist, they do not invalidate operationaluse of the maps. For logging purposes pockets of healthy forest within adiseased a]:ea ar.e tleated as diseased. The neld check lines indicate thatfew gross errors in interpletation occur. The bulk of the errors were restr.ictedto either small pockets or to the boundaries between types. Few of theseboundary elrors would be obvious to the forester or sawmiller since neitherviould waste time locating his g-!-ound position accurately.

All checks lvere carried out in the Dwellingup Division which had beenaffected by a wildfire 4 years before the photographs were taken. Fire-damagealeas are difficult to interpret since scorch alters the tonal contrasi in theaerial photographs and the stands had not fuuy lecovered from the effectsof the fir'e. It is thought that the results over the whole ?50 000 ha would bebetter than those quoted here.

The western scalp poltion of the northern jarrah forest has the greatestconcentration 01 dieback. Healthy forest in this area usually has a denseunderstorey of the susceptible host, B. gr1,rLd.is, thus providing good contrast

14

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I I ._DISEASE ECOLOGY

INTF,ODUCTION

Aerial photo interpretation has indicated that the disease is not randomlvdistributed throughout the northern jarrah forest. The western po*ion ofbhe forest area is extensively afiected whereas the easiern section is relativelyfree ol dieback. Within the western portion, there appears to oe a srlongassociation between sireams, roads, cutting history and disease development.Further investigation of these aspects is warranted in order to assess theirrelationship to the disease.

METHOD

The Wungong, a relat ively small catchment area of 13 101ha about 40kmsouth-east of Perth, was selected. Of the total area, some 4?5 ha have beencleared for vadous purposes (farms, bauxite mining and pine plantation estab-l ishment), leaving a balance of 12626ha oi forest. This catchmen! rs con-sidered to be typical of the jarrah forest on the western edge of the DarlingPlateau and is severely afiected by dieback.

A number oi 31.7m per mm plans were available for the study: soil plandivided into 10 strata, dieback plan ? strata, roading plan S strata, rainfallplan 4 strata, cutting plan 5 strata, and stream plan 4 strata. Each ptan wasextlacted separately onto specially prepared computer sheets according to apr€determin€d coding syst€m. Each decision point was represented by aIectangle 4.2 x 5.1 mm, i .e., 0.22 ha on the 31.? m/mm plans. There was atotal of 6 065 decision points for each plan.

This data was processed in a computer. programme written in the UnitedStates (Amidon 1964) and modifled for use on the local computer by ResearchOfficer II. Campbell. With this programme two or more sets of planscan be combined and the resultant map printed out. Tabular slalemenlsof acreages for eacl stratum are also available as output. These acreages

' are rounded ofi io the nearest whole number and the plogramme can putout up to 98 factor combinations.

With the available maps, and if all strata were pr€sent, a total of 28 000lactor combinations would have been possible. Not only does this greaflyexceed the output of the programme but it would also be unwieldy to interpret.For this reason the number of factor combinations was reduced to a manase_able level by lumping together similar strata.

Two, three and four-way contingency tables were calculated and analysedusing the techniques outlined by Fienberg (19?0). Observed values were listedand compared with expect€d values calculated on several different log_linearmodels. In a three factor analysis, nine such models can be prepared; theserange from complete independence to complete dependence between thevaliables being tested. Then, the simplest model which best fits the observedvalues can be selected from the range of prepared models by means of analysisbased on the chi-square statistic.

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'sa8pa dw€.t\s aql8nq 01 pual sp€or lsoc d\ol du€lu'uo!1€col p€oJ sacuangul nqd€l8odol acurs'palnqlJlsrp ,{luopu€J Jr papadxa oq ptno^\ u€ql sad.{l d!u€^r.s q1r.{r pal€rross€IIasoIc arou aJ? sp€oJ auros sp€oJ urorJ d?d\€ lsaroJ .{qll€al{ o.rour sI 3Jaq1',{ISulpuodsauoC palnquqslp flluoputsJ aroa{ assaslp aql Jr palradx€ oq pno,{\ueql sp9or J€eu lsaroJ pos€aslp arou sI aroql 1€ql sal9trpur €l€p aqI

0t-89+6S

0t+t9+

qI rIZ-IZ -

tI'992IZ

700 6682 tz0t

620 98f:a I9.:Z

8%L|'I

Ozi I€08 I0r.l

stl ctt9 7,z0z

spBor ruo{ {D,{Vsp€or ss€tc qli ']1 puz rEa_v

speor ss"p tst ro potl]rs rraN

spr:or uor; ,{€.r1-splror srlrtr Lt}t o1 Ptr; r1r.^\

spnor ssrp tsl ro Patrss rr?3,Nlsa.roJ pasrosr(I

sp€or nro{ ^r,{vsP€or ssEtc qli 01 !uz r€oti

spl r sselr ?sl Jo prt€Js JlrcNlsaroJ IqIFJH

sY'o00 t x

uo

("q)([)sanl€^pl)llr.dxI

(*q)(O) sonrBrsro]rr.rt paurquroJ

f,orlnqLtts,0 )p€qJr( pur sp€ou

r s'Ig\rJ

'ssauuropuEJ r,troJJuorlnqlrlsrp {r€.lolp Jo uorl€r^op aql al"crpur ol anltsA palcadxE aql Jo a8€luac-rod E s€ passordxa uaaq s€q sanle^ p?lredxg 0q1 pu" pa^rasqo aql uaar\\laqacuaraslp aqJ, 1I o1 JEau paJaplsuoc s€rA p€oJ aql Jo ur 08 urqlra €er? oqtr,'t alqEJ ur uitroqs sI {c€qarp uo sp€or Jo lcaga aqJ '{o?qalp puB sp€ou

srlosstrsJsur trorJv,{ o.4 .J

-l

Another study showed that as the distance from streams increased, the

proportion of diseased forest decreased.

Rainfall anal dieback. The effect of rainfall on dieback distribution is shown

in Table 6. Within this catchment area the rainfall varies from 1070 to

1420 mm per annum.

TABLD 5

Streams and Dieback Distribution

TABLE 6

Itainfall and Dieback Disiribution

Combined FactorsObservedvalues (o)

(h.)

Expectedvalues (D)

(ha)

o - D__ x 100%

E

Healthv forest-Nea i s r .am" in $ rdp ! s l lF \ s

Near s r rFamb in modcra tc va l leys

. \ "a r s r reams in s lFFp va l lF js

Awry f rom s t t e " ms

Dise.ased forestN c a r F r | F a m . i n $ i d F v a l l c l s

NF. ! r s t re€ms in mude" r lc va ' l cJb) ,JPar s , re rms in q iFPp \ a l lF ) "

A u r y f r " m s t t e r m -

N e r r s r r F d m . i n $ r d F r n l l e j s

N e € ' s , r F a m s i n m n d c r a i P \ h l l c ) .

: , , tear s t reams in b rFFp va l leyg

Awa\ J iom s i red m"

189272125

7 937

5 162323

2 520

415766

ri5

7'.|74531 1 2

7 1 8 0

3r018044

2 860

643'.7

591

+ 596+ 103

3t)- 7 0

- 4 0

+ r l

+ rj?+ 7 9, 2 3- t 2

Combinecl Fa.ctorsObservedvalues (o)

(h:,)

Expectedvalues (E)

(h ' )

o - Ex 100%

E

Healthv for€st: 1 . 2 ; 0 m m a n n r r ' r l r a i r t f r ' l

l , : ; 0 m m A n n r i l r r i n f a l l

Iliseased forest-l , :170 mm rnnual ra rnfa l l

' 1 , 2 ; 0 m m a n r ' u a l r r i n f , t l l

Srvampsl2;u rnm Ann,,a I rc in ln l ll , l ; 0 r . m s n n u n l r a i r r f a l l

2 2igI r 35

330371

4 8713 653

5 0383 486

2 0061 3 8 8

415287

35

+ 1 3- 1 8

,0

18

6I

qSnoqJ l€np€r8 aJour fla^lss3l8oJd sauocoq ,{all€d oql Jo odols oqt aJaqd\

soqa€ar u€oJlsdn aql ur {F€Incllred 'sdeilE^ Jo sapls pu€ Joog aql Jo IEcIddl

are sllun oaJql asaq& polcadxa 3q plno,{{ u€ql A puts AI 'I[ slrun ltos

uI ?saroJ pestsasrp puB dru".as .lrour sI eraql tEql saleclpul alqq aqJ.

'I xrpuoddy ur paqucs.p rrE pasn st,ur I'os rql *

tz-0900I -

,r.) +zOt ILLiz9-l8-

8-

LZ

ri€ +6Zl Izt

!-6ZI€I FtI lt!ril -

L.)trJtz 1-

8t9lOTIt:t

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tzl8I991z01iii096llI7LL9ILgI:786I €

xXIIIIAII,\II

IlfrIII lrun Iros

sdwer3

xXII II-\nl.1,\

AI]IITTI llun 0S

tssrol posrasr(I

XXIIIII.II,\II

-l\lllrTII lllru l'os

lsoroJ ̂rlltBoH

s%OOI X

a{o

("q )(c) $nrDtrI)atoadxU

(€q)(O)santhp3a.r3s{tt)

*sJot,t,{ pauquroJ

uo'|.rqrrlsr(t {l)1:'1artl Pu€ oo^J Iros

r S.ITIYJ,

'(I xlpuaddv aas) 996I Sulrnp lno palJr€c da^Jns Iros € ruorJ O tI I S C Jopr€^lqcJnqc l I H dq partsdaJd s"^\ dpnls aql u! pasn u"Id llos aqJ, qoltnq-rrlsrp {c€qarp uo addl IIos lo lcaga aq} solBclpul l alqBJ '{ceqalp pu€ stlos

'auoz lI€JuleJ JaqSIq oql

ol pa?€Ial ar? dur€als ssal Sulul€luoc s.{al[€^ u€aJls paprs deels palnqulslp,{Iruopu€J orer$ es€asrp aql Jr eq plnod\ araq! u?ql seaJE lI€JuI€J JaqBIq eql u[

lsaJoJ .{qll€oq ssal pu" pas€aqp aJoru sI aJaql ltsq} sol€.Ipul ?l€p aqJ,

soil unit IX is not closely associated with swamps it also has a greater propor-

tjon ol diseased forest than expected. It consists of yellow-brown to loamysands on the gradual slopes which occur at the head of Wungong Brookand its major tributaries. Downslope, this unit often merges with soil uDit V.

Soil units I, VI. VII and VIII, not usually associated with the developmentof extensive 6wamps, have more healthy forest than would be expected. Fre-quent outcrop o{ massive laterite and an associated thin mantle of loose sandygravel typify soil unit I which dominates the higher iopographical positions

in the landscape. Soil units VI, VII and VIII range from deep gravels throughgravelly sands to deep friable red clays. Steep slopes are a feature of ihesethree units. They occur mainly in the downstream area which has been sub-jected to deep cutting and the exposure of country rock.

Cuttins anal dieback. The cuttlDg plans used in this analysis wele the "cutting

by decades" records compiled by the Management and Inventorv branch TableB compares the decade an alea was cut over with the occurence of the disease

and swamps.

1'.{Bl,E 8

Dccade of Logging and Dicback Distribetion

The areas cut over before 1940 have a gleater proportion of diseased forest

than \rould be expected if the disease were randomly distdbuted. This isparticularly noticeable in the decades 1920-30 and 1930-40. There is remark-

ably less diseased area in the forest cut ovet between 1950 and 1955.

BeJore 1960 ihese areas were logged on a face using a group selection

system. During the 1960-19?0 period, however', salvage logging was carriedout within the catchment so this data has been excluded from the analysls.

coml,inerl l.acf, rsObservedvahs (o)

Expecled'a lues (E)

O l lx 1009i)

E

Healthy ti)rest -Cui over l )en 'e l9 l0Cut ovcr 1920 1930Cnt orer 1930 1910Cut over l9.1li 1i150Cut over 1950 1955

Diseased forest -Cut ovcr before 1920fi,l ovcr 1920 1930Crt o1'er 1930 1940Cut ofer 1940 l9;0Cut orer 1950 l1 l5;

Cui o'er before l92t)Cut over 1920 1930Cut over 1930-1940Cul over 1940-195(lCut over 1950 1955

265

l r-r-it

Tti2

1 1 22i2

r 06Jt '1'12

191

052

t.t2494

l 3

2;5398

2 0125 202

tt;5

2

r02t ; 8EOL0,- 1260

2 t32

42851

28-. t2L 1r t 6

+ t 0F 6 01 3 3

- t +, 2 ;

100+ 5 8- 1 4

F l i

20

TZ

'slu€a.rls puE II€Jur€r (9)'sp€or puts II€tuIeJ (9)

'as€asrp pug It€Jur€r (t)'spEo.r pue sLuealls,t'

'as€aslp pu€ sp€or (u)dsud5Lrr uuE !rsr- tJ r I)

:,{qc.r€;erqEuL\/loIloJ aql oABB urJal Jo.rra 6ql Surcnpar uo dauepuodap Jolc€J or$l qcEe Jouollnqlrluoc aq1 Jo uorl€ururBxa uV ?uapuadopralur dU€nlnlq ar" srolc€J tnoJIIE

'a'r 'slapour alqrssod 3q? Jo xalduoc lsolu aql oslts s€,r ?U lsaq Jo Iopou oqllgql patAoqs El€p aq? Jo slsjleuv '{c€qe.rp pu€ II€JuI€r 'sutBorls ,sp€ou

JSSJ UOJCV,{ 1JnO,E'lle]ur".r

l€nuu€ ]{q uEql appcap Aulllnc dq pacuanuul .4l8uorls alow sr s€a.r€paseeslp Jo atuaJJncco aq1 'pal€IoJ ar€ optscap Surl?nc pu€ II€Jul€l q8noqllv

.drqsuorl-EIaJ lu"cglu8ls ^tq€Iq E llrls lo^'lse{Eo,r..-esBesrp pue IIEIUT€J (t)

'ap€cep 8ur??nc puB II€lut€J (e)'as€esrD pue ap€rap .3ut11nc iI)

acuanbas .{qcJe.ralq aql srsdl€u€ srqJ uI {c€qerp puB epEcap tu!}lnc ,IIeJut"U'palgla.r are ap€Jap 3ur11nJ pu€ uorlnqtJlsip ur€ells

q5noqll" 'paJJncco Surllnc eq1 qcrq,r FurJnp opErap aql -{q u€ql qorl€cotrq"arls fq pacuanuul Ii6uorls aro',u sr ssal€ poseastp lo oruallnmo sqJ

'lUECgruSrs

flqSlq lII3s 1nq dlqsuorl"iar lseiBand-apEcop 3ur11n, puB s(utsarls (t)'os€asrp prr€ ap€cap Surllnc (Z)

'3stsasrp pu€ su€aJls (I)

: pa]1Jasqo se,\\fqcr"rolq €ulr.rolloJ 0r-11 'srsdl€u€ srql uI 'rlc?qerp pu€ op€cap Surllnc ,srq"erls

'uollnqiltslp p€or ,{q u€rl? uollnqrrlsrp ur€etls fq paruanEur ,{[8uoJ]saJour sI s€3J€ pas€asrp ]o ocuS,rJncco aqt .palElat ol" su€aJls pu€ spEorq5noqllv pe^resqo ser[ acuop-rcul es€oslp Surs€oJcu! uo sur€eJls Jo lcaloIrarrp v sru€aJls J€au palBrol aJ€ spEol tru€lu 1€ql 1c3J eql oJ olq€lnqrJllBdlalos lou sr sr[€atls l€au astsaqp Jo Io^al pas€aJcu! aql ,,4[J€ltr_urs .po4Jasqo

s€r$. as€aslp Jo acuaprcur aq? SursEalcur uo sp?ol Jo lcaJa adrlrsod Auotls ]/ 'sur€orls pu€ sp€o.r uaar!\loq drqsuorJ€Ior oql ol _{lalos patnqrrll€ aq ?ouu€c sp"oJreau s€ars pes€asrp Jo acuaplcul pasEatcu! oq1 l"ql padloqs srsdlELr€ aqJ,'luBrgru8rs ,{Iq8rq ftrls 1nq drqsuor]slal lsoitsard-slu€oJls puts sp€o.r (t)

'as€eslp pu" sp€oJ (Z)'os"asrp pug srq€aJls (T)

:pa^resqo sBd\ dqcJ€.rarq ButA\oIIoJ aql .urJa? rolJo oq1Bulcnpar uo druopuadop ,rolc?J-ori1 qctsa Jo uollnqrJtuoc oq1 Jo uorltsulru?xoruord 4uapuedop.ralur dllpnlnlu orB sJolc€J [I€

.a.r .alq€It€ g slapou euluaqt Jo xolduroc lsoru aql osi€ sert\ Iapou aurllu ?s3q 3q? l€q? port\oqs alq€l,{cua8ulJuoa l€uorsuaulpr}Inru slql Jo srsdl€uv .rlo€qarp pu? sul€arls ,sp?oU

srsE.I, uo,lcv,{ ss€rr,l

Models (5) and (6) lvere the weakest relationship obseryed, but wele still signi-f icant at the p = 0.01 level.

Although roads, streams and lainfall are inteuelated, the occurlence oIdiseased areas is more strongly influenced by stream distdbution than by roaddistribution. In tuln, road distribution is a stronget' factor than rainfall indetermining the incidence of diseased areas.

Apploximately 27has been afiected by the

DISCUSSION

cent of the forested area within the catchmentdisease and a further 5.5 per cent consists of

relatively unproductive swamp associations. Current evidence indicates thatthe disease has been plesent in this area since the early 1920's. To date,diseased areas have been recorded in aU of the ecological situations whichwere examined. The major differences between the various sites has beenthe degree of disease development rather than the presence or absence of thedisease.

A number of tributaries drain into the Wungong Brook and approximately14 per cent of the forest is Iocated within Bom of a stream in a moderate orwide valley. These sites ar'e very susceptlble to ihe extensive development ofjarrah dieback. This appeals to have ihe sirongest effect on the distributionof diseased areas within this catchment. Most of these sites are swampy orare close to swamps. The soils are water-gaining and are usually heavier intexture. Detailed examination of soil moisture data (S. Shea, pers.comm.)shows that these sites are mole suitable for' the activity of p. ctnnamomNdul'ing long periods of the year. crowth of ja ah in these areas is belowaverage. In contrast, those sites located near streams in steep-sided valleysare not so susceptible to the development of jauah dieback. The soils aremore feltile and have better internal drainage, and swamp development is veryI imited.

The strong Ielationship between soil types and disease developmen! rs norsulprising in view of the interrelationship between soils and topography inthe study area. All oi the soil types on which extensive disease developmentwas observed occur on moderate to gentle slopes and are either associatedwith, or close to, the main drainage lines.

The quality of the jal.rah forest improves whilst the susceptibility of thesites to disease development decreases with increasing distance from the streams.Proximity to roads and the length of time since cutting now become importantinfluences on the extent of disease development. Both factors involveactivity by ealth-moving equipment. The road bed has usually been built upwith gravel, which often came irom ]rits within dieback areas before theintroduction of hygiene restrictions. It is likely that the increased develop-ment of the disease is due to the introduction of p. citunamomi into thesesites as the result of man's activity. Some 40 per cent of the forested areais located within 80m of a road; this gives some indication of the intenseroading activity which is common in the northern jarrah forest. Otherrelevant factors which may have influenced the development of the diseaseis the increase of soil temperature and the alteration of soil moisture resimes

I

I

'alqlssod sI srolc€J aql JoSuIJapJo aluos 'paulllno s€ 'ra^erlAoll 'paleleJJolul erE sa^lasueq4 srolctsJ aq1

lnq 'paraplsuoc srolctsJ l€crSolocs aql Jo Il€ f,q palcag€ 4uaurdole^ap sll s! ,{luo

loN as"aslp aqt Jo alnlEu xolduoc fJa^ aql palq8uq8lq s€q fpnls EqI'luaur

-dolaaap as"aslp u! es€aJcap B qll^\ selEleJJoc ll€Jul€r lgnuu" aql uI ss"aJcap

B 'prmoJ8 reqSlq slql uO Sulu!€8-Jal€rd ,{ll€Jnl€u lou oJ€ qclqa salls

asoql ul peArosqo erort IttsJuItsJ Jo slcoJa Jo[Eur aqJ, paugutsxe sJol'tsJ al{l Jo

lutsuodurl 1s€€l eql s"a urur oztl-orol a8utsJ aql uql$\ Il€Jut€r Itsnuuv'996I pu" 096I uao^\leq ra^o lnc s€aJ€ aql ut os€aslp Jo loaal Jerdol aqt roJ 'lJ€d

uI 'slunocc€ slql pu€ ro4cBJ lutFodlu! uE osl€ sI olulJ, '8uIABoI 3uI'ldoIIoJ

III SOME ASPECTS OF LOGGING HYGIENE

INTR,ODUCTION

Aefial photo mapping indicates that Iess than 5 per cent of the WesternAustralian jarrah forest is currently afiected by dieback and that many ofthe diseased ar€as occur on the poorer jarrah sites. The pathogen has neverbeen isolated from areas of healthy forest whilst altiflcial inoculation withsmall plugs of diseased soil have initiated new centres of infection in previously

healthy sites (Podger, 19?2). Failure to i,soIabe Ptultophtllord. cinn&mamifrom healthy areas is not conclusive proof of its absence from these siies,but the evidence in Western Australia indicates that this pathogen is exotic.

Spread of the fungus by natural means is very slow compared to itsdistlibution by the transport of soil containing infected root material. Man,with his ability to transport large quantities of soil over great dislances ina very short time, is the most emcient spreader of this disease. However,no data was available on the relative quantities of soil carfied by differenitypes of equipment or on the patterns of spread

It has been recommended that logging units should be washed down witha high pressure hose whenever they are moved from diseased to healthy forest.As the efiectiveness of this technique had not been tested under operationalconditions, it was decided to investigate the quantities of soil carried andspread by both washed and unwashed equipment.

METIIOD

The tests were carried out in the Mundaring Division during the summel.in a plantation area not affected by P. cinnatnomi and located about Bkmnorth-east of the Mundaring Wetu Headquarters. The following units wereused:

(a) Caterpillar D ? tractor,(b) cateruillar D 4 tractor,(c) Michigan Tlactor Shovel (fitted with fork lift arms),(d) Bedford ?-tonne tip truck (one set of duals),(e) Chevrolet 0.?5 tonnes ex-military truck,(f) Land F,over (short wheelbase).

Each of the units ',{as bogced in a wet creek crossing and then drivenslowly for 201 m along a gravelled road. A 50 per cent (one side) sampleof the soil that fell onto the road in the first 151m was collected. At 201 m,any readily removable soil 1'as collected into bins, ihen the unit was thoroughlyhosed and the washings collecied on a tarpaulin. All samples were air driedand weighed.

fn the second run, the units were bogged in the same creek and drivenonto a nearby road, where they were washed thoroughly. where necessary,large clods of earth wele chipped away using a crowbar and the units weremoved forward and the remaindel of the tracks or tyres washed. The unitswere then driven slowly for 140 m along a gravelled road. The sampling andIewashing was then repeated.

The tests on the different soil types were carried out in early winter afterappreciable rainfall using a B€dford 3-tonne standard gang truck fltted with

I

IIL]

'd.rautqrBw sllqor\I urorJ pqddorp lqSraIA IloSI arn3r.{

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taL

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tuotudrnbI poqsrilull,tq poIlr€C ]q8lort\ IroS

6 S'IIIYJ'Il"rus AIa,{II€IOI

oJa& sqlun raqlo aql uorJ sassol oq1 s€oJaq,{\ SuIAolu olrqd{ IIos Jo salmuenb

lsal€orB aq1 lsol l, C pu? proJp3g '' C aqJ, -lualudlnba pa{c€1l oql dq

paul"lar are^! IIos Io Eq8le.u olq€Japlsuoc '?s€J1uoc uI lolctsrl aql Jo uolldacxoaq1 qlla\ slrun paJd+-JaqqnJ oql uo paur€urar lros oltlq fIa^ItEIaJ 'ur

IoU lV'EIun esaql ueor$.qaq serualaglp pa:IJ€uI se1€ctpul qclqA\ '6 oIqEJ ul qr$oqs sl

Xualudlnba Jo saddl snolr€^ sql ,{q paddoJp pu€ pellr€c llos Jo tq8loa{ aI-lJ

SJ'INSEtI

'paqucsop dp€arl€ s? lno paFr€c ara^r SuIqs€A{ pu? €ulldur€S parrncto

I3^€r3 Jo SaIId dAAp aroqd\ tld € u! pelcnpuoc s€a\ lsal Io4€J3 aqJ ru€ol €pue Ia^tsr8 rrlrreq€l B 'pu€s fruEol € aJea\ sllos eqJ EPnp Jo 1es aISuIs e

tI

€.9ZI

9 ZZrz89I€0tl

,.:.,

z9icI299

8.t

8IIozzsl8,r

rtrtu.t, 13t0r^rqi){ou.L l,rojpss

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t,ui uo IeloJlUI IOA

l\; lrul} u0lu I!'I

]sII ur lsorlltu:l

(B{) 1q3,a,\\ lius

Unii

Distance

0-10 m l 0 3 0 m 0 3 0 m

c a ' r r p l h r D ;C a r P ' f l b r T ' {n l i c h i g a r ' l \ a , t n rBedford Trucl,Ch"\ ro ler 1-ru.kL,rnd R^vFr

6012o4331352

f2t5t 7

2121

72878178ti176

TABLE 10

Perceniage of Soil Weight Falling onto fhe Road in th€ tr'ilst 30 m.(Total soil x'eighi falling onto the road equflls 100 per cent)

Table 11 shows that a thorough washing with a high pressure sprayremov€d a substantial part oi the soil. The D4 and D? retained about 15and 10 per cent respectively of the original soil weights on the unwashedunits. Rubber-tyred units retained less than 0.5 per ceni of the originalsoil weight afier washing. Washing of the D? was completed in ?5 minutes,the D4 in 30 minutes and all the rubber-tyred units were washed in less than15 minutes.

TABI,E ] I

Soil lreight on Equipment Afier Washing

Unit

soil weisht (ks)

Lost, in tr'irstl 4 l m

On Units atl , t I m

ll'otallveight onUnit AfterWashins

Cateryillrr D7Caierp; l lar D4. . . . . .Michigan TractorBedford ll'ruckChevrolet TruckL:rnd Rover

2 . 74 . 10 . 0 40 .04nrln l l

'704 3 60 . 20 .04n i l

72 .717 . 70 2 40 .08nrl

In the fortnight preceding the irial on the effects oi soil type, the Meteoro-logical Station at Mundaring weir had recorded a total of 150mm of rain,32 of which fell in the 48hr-period preceding the trial. Details of these soilsare shown in Table 12 and the data indicate considerable differences betweenthe three soils tested.

26

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'paads Jaqlts8 ol u€8aq

{cnJl aql se "aI 'uIoL pu€ 0t uaad\laq po^Jasqo aro.{\ sassol I"ad'sed'41 os

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t t ',it'I{v'l

'alctqaa aql uo ul€Irre.l

oq ,{la{Il lsoru aql s€^t ul"ol paJnlxal-,t^Eoq pu€ 1e.d. fra.{ aqJ. Uos aq1 uI

(fEIc puE 1I!s) saug pu€ la^€r8 luaclad aql pu€ lua?uoc alnlsrolu oq? uo spuadap

polrrEc lunolu? aql l€ql srtsadds U ad4 lros qllnd '{Iq€Japlsuot paIJ€A

pJoJpag aq1 dq palrJtsc llos Jo flllu€nb oq1 l€q1 sal€rtsuourap tT aIqBJ

a,IdI l,"S

0.t t0.9€9.92

0.980.s99.' L

llu6.0t0.€

L.LI8.6Is.t9

pu€s ^tuBorl

IaatJc oIlIrelB.I' '''' LUIJO.I

^€tc .lflspu?s

ISnEJCluoluooornls'oI{

a'l{J trusr3lour€r(I uru 6

utsql Esarl lettrlr€d

slros Jo ruJrrIoJ dJn rsroN pu0 srs,{l€uV lsJrueq,rh-

lu lli Ilsr"it ur ?so.I

ZI gAgYJ

o

O I S I A N C E I R A V E T I E D l M E I R E S )

Iieure ?Pattern oi spread of dlfferent soils dropped from rnolrile machinerv

DrscussroN

The data presented should be used to obtain trends rather than be quoted

as absolute values. Though care was taken in sampling and washing, somesoil was lost. These losses were small and should not materially alter thgtrends observed. The soil that iell onto the road could easily be distinguishedbecause of its colour and wetness, au but the smallest particles being picked up.

Since P. cinnamoni c^n be readily isolated from diseased soil samplesweighing 90-120 g, the extremely large soil weights transported by the mobilemachinery constitute a real threat to any hygiene programme. The weightstabled are air-dry equivalents and under normal operating conditions could beincreased by one-sixth to one-third depending on the soil moistule content.

Most of the soil which fell onto the road \tas lost within the first 30 mand large clods were uncommon beyond 60 m. The probability of initiatinga Dew centre of infection is likely to depend on both soil weight and on clodsize. This indicates that the 60 m-wide strip adjacent to the diseased areais most likely to become infected during cross travel, though new infectionsbeyond 200 m are still possible.

The ratio of soil lost to soil retained differed greatly between the units.This ratio is a function ol a number of factors: tracks or rubber tyres,travelling speed, road quality and vehicle construction, The observed differences

6Z

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sadfl los aerql aql uaoaleq sacuaroJJlp alq€raplsqoc alErlput €lBp aq"I,

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srlcnJl or..1 oql 'ts€J1uoc uI sdoq$IJo,u luau4r€doc lts pollg uaaq p€q

sluauqr€ll€ osaql Io qlog eltsId uollcaloJd duns aql uo paur€leJ s€r\

lros aq1 Jo lsoru ra1?"I aql uI aur€rJ r€q.uol 1tsu: 'aFJ"I eql ol paJaqp€ IIos

Jo punou oBr€I € 'JaurroJ aql uI sllun paJdl-laqc{nr rol pau!?lar ilos loEunolu€ aql uI IEcId.{1€ ara^\ ra^otl puErl aql pu€ rolc€Jl u€8lqcltr l aqJ, IIos Jouolluolal aqq roJ aiq€lms eJg qalqa sacts]Jns leu Jo requrnu € sap!^old osl€

,C aql ;o uollcnrlsuoc IEJauaS eq'I, SuIlIof uassal qrq,u Jo qloq 'lq8la.d.

Jal^tsoq pu€ os€q {cErl re8uol s,l,C aql 01 anp als lC puE tC eql ueo.llleq

the Bedford with duals and the D? are the most efficient units for spreadingdiseas(d soil over short distances while the Di and the D4 have a greaterpotential for spread over longer distances. 'fhe large soil weights involvedindicate that segregated logging operations and the elimination of cross-travel from diseased to healthy areas are €ssential if the artificial spread ofP. cinndmomi is to be minimized.

To be emcient, washing down must be carried out conscientiously andlarge clods should be chipped away with a bar. It would be bes! to washtracked units on boards, moving the unit forward during the washing soas to clean the portion of the tracks previously in contact with the ground.The unit should then be moved 20-30 m in order to dislodge and wash awayany soil missed in the original wash. Using this technique over 90 per centof the soil on even the mosl difficult units can be removed.

A car-eful selection of the site, ihe soil type, the time of year and thetype of logging unit can markedly reduce the likelihood of spreading thepathogen during logging operations. Care in the planning of a loggurg opera-tion is just as important for logging hygiene as is the washing down of dirtyequipment before its transfer into healthy areas.

poleJqlt€c v snl€J€ddE outsrqluaur arnsserd ? Sulsn 1no palrJtst aradr sunJraqlo aql :uoIsual oql {caqt ol ralsulou?ur fJntJolu € pu€ suunlo, Jal€aSwsn elEtd ernssaid ts qll,r tno palrr€c orad\ sJ€q 0I 01 '0 0 ruoJJ sun?I

'sr€q 18 puts 0 t 0I 9t 0 0I 0 :tlls

'sreq IB pus 08'0 I'9t0 0T0 t00 :pues

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CIOHISI I

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'luaur

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JO SAAJnT CIlSlJatCtsJ€qC aJnlSrOUr Aql UO €lep JO aCUASq€ aql UI ([OS rII?OIXpuss ts uI qualuoc arnlsloru luac led €) suolllplroc .{rp ,{ra^ rapun 4seal1e

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NOIJCNCIOUJNI

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pressure gauge provided the couect tensions. AIl data was obtained fromdisturbed cores of about 70 g dry weieht. Samples were soaked for 24 hoursand tension was rnaintained until water flow had ceased for at least 4 hours.

At equilibrium, each batch was sampled for moisture and baited forP. cinnam,omi. Fifteen samples for each soil and moisture potential wereindividually wrapped in polythene bags and stored at 2b. C. At inteNalsof 2, 4, B, 12 a d 20 weeks, three replicates of each breatment were lemovedfiom storage. Two \rele.baited separately and the other was dried at 10b. Cto determine moisture content.

R,ESULTS

Baiting of 18 samples from each soit type prior to equilibration yielded100 per cent recovery from the silt soil and 5b per cent recovery from thesand. Charactedstic moisture curves are presented in Figure B and depictmarked differences between the two soils used. Recovery ol the pathogen forthe individual treatments is presented in Table 14.

Table 14

Recovery of P. cinnanomi flom Soiis at Difierent Moisture Tensrons

silt,

Tersi .n (bars) In i t ia l

T ine (weeks)

4 8 t 2 20

0 . l 00 . 3 51 . 03 . 08 . 1

2/22/22/22/2

2/22/2r /2r /22/2

2/22/22/22/22/2

2/22/22/2\/22/2

2/22/22/22/22/2

2/22/20/2r /22/2

1'ension (bars) Initial

Time (weeks)

2 1 8 12 20

0 .040 . r 00 . 3 5t 03 . 08 . 1

2/20/2t / 2o/20/20/2

0/20/2t / 2'rl32/t

0/2r/20/2t / 2) / 20/2

o/20/20/2t / 2t / 20/2

\ / 22/22/22/22/22/2

0/20/2o/2o/20/2r /2

- + t h F p \ p r e . . i o n r p o r e q p n i . r r o { r a . . i o n o f , F p t r . J r " s L . i r F d f r o m v h : . h p . r ; t a a , n n , . * o =

8S

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'aru€rJ uapoo.{\ taol ? 01 paqc"l1" qlopap€qs qotJEs

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GOHJ,STAI

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'ssalaqlre,{eN IIos llrs olrlroJ eJour aql

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8 3rnEld

I Unrs ow lNlllaa

I

,5

:

e;

r

The temperatule of each soil type was recorded daily at 3 p.m. Priorto baiting, the soil in the cups was mixed thoroughly, one-thild being removedand oven-dried to determine moistule content. The remaining soil wasbaited twice with four replicates using the lupin technique of Chee and New-hook (1965). characteristic moisture curves were obtained with the fllterpaper technique described by Fawcett and Collis-George (1967).

RESULTS

The characteristic moisture curves for the two soils are shown in Figure9. The Westclitre sand has an unusual curve because of the high propor-tion of organic matter in that soil. Temperature and moisiure data for bothtrials are shown in Figures 10 and 11. The soil moistures after drying p€liodsof 2 and 4 weeks are shown in Table 15.

5

G

1

=o9o 'a

o

I

o t o 2 0 3 0 , r o

rlgurc eCtraracterlstic moisture curves of 6ilt from dieback gurly and humlsold-sand from di€back i

t34

'aull{lp p lcage srnsBeE 01 lBrrt ltlsnuBr-r.quatoq roJ Bllp emlslorl pEB arn+erodtrlal,

0I ornEl.{

Sl I l,r^

tczlo

9Ja-

=I

;'

ore

o

20

o I

5o

F 4 0r,5 r o

W E E X 5

IrEure 11Temperature anat motsture cl6ta, February trial to measure efiect of drylng.

'paJa^ocar aq qou Plnoc uotoqlEdaq1 puE luac Jod I ot uaIItsJ p?q tuaquoc oJnlslolu aq1 I {ao^\ fq : ( c uI tuocrad B /,) t laoid lllun penurluoc lros pugs aq1 ruorJ sarre^ocel{ 's8urldur9s

Ja1€l pu€ srql urorJ paia^ocar eq 1ou plnoc ua3oqq€d aqJ c ur luac Jod8 9 ol poddoJp p?q IIos lus eql 'Surldw€s slaa^{ o.t\l oqt tV (.{Ie^rlcadsaJ'luac Jad 06T puE 88 puEs pu€ tIIs roJ cru) :loaal. T ralJ€ paJa^ocal s€at

?u.to1uouu?c d'I€IJI puotas aq1 uI ssal Jo luac Jod 9 t Jo ( c ru) lualuoc arnlsroru

los € e,!s8 qclqd\ 8ul.{rp $IeaA{ e Ja?lE paul€1qo oro^\ salra^ocor ou 'I€rJl lsJU

oql uI srql sur€Idxo €l€p arnlslolu Fos oql Jo uorl€urur9xo osolc V'l€rrl puoras aql ur s{aaal t JalJ€ pu€s aq1 uo.rJ para^oc3r s€al 1I

'lBrJ1 ?sru

aq1 ur Surfrp $laa^\ Z rolJE poJa,roceJ oq lou plnoc uaSoqt€d oql q8noqlt€: dlEruou€ u€ 'acu€13

lsJU l€'pu€ spuarl Sullsorolul A\oqs salrelocor aseql

i/ot/o

t/zt/o

t/tpuEslIIS

9,z

: Z IPIJJ

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9I .1'I gYJ

'9I aIq€I UI paluAsard aJ€ SaldUI€S atfl \IIOII IULOUIDUUI' d JO SaITA^OCOJ aql

8ur.4r0 bldd^\ rnoj pue o$J.rrUv sdJnrsrot\l lros

r/oll tJr/o,/0|/t

purslIIS

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(s>lcaar) oLrIrJ surir(

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s{oo.ll 6

SI SIIIYJ

.ln these tlials. recoveries of P, cituLamomi were obtained when the soilmoisture dropped to ?.8 and 8.3 per cent for the sand and silt, respectively,and no recoveries were made at 4.6 per cent moisture in the sand and 5.3per cent moisture in the silt, This suggests that the soil moisture thresholdfor fungal survival in these soils is between 5 and 7 per cent moisture content.

EFFECT OF SEASON AND LOCATION

METHOD

Lateritic silt flom an active dieback gully near Dweilingup was baitedfor P. cinnqmomi. One-hundred-gram samples of the soil and roots wereput in bags made from 95 per cent Sarlon shadecloth and placed on threedifferent sites (road surface, ridge top and valley bottom) in November,January and May. On the ridge tops and valley bottoms, half of the sampleswere placed on the soil sruface whilst the other half were buried at ?6mm.(Samples emplaced in January and May were kept moist in the shadehouseuntil ready for use.) Alt sample bags were collected in early June and baitedtwice for P. cinno,nortui using the lupin technique.

In a separate study, samples were placed in the field in November andtreatments were baited in March, May and June. In the road surface study,silt from Dwellingup and sand from an active dieback swamp at Westcliffewere compared.

Four replicates of each treatment were used throughout the experiment.At one-month intervals between December and June, temperatule and moisturedata were recorded for each site. Rainfal l data were obtained from the nearestw€ather station, located some 19.2 km northeast of the experimental ar€as.

R,ESULTS

Both soils yieided excellent recovery rates from the initial baiting. Tem-perature data indicate that the samples placed on the road were subjected toextremely high temperatules during the day. During the summer months,from December to April, the recorded temperature at 10 a.m. ranged from30'C to 48'C. In contrast, the soi l temperature on the r idge top at a depthof ?6mm, never exceeded 25"C and fel l as Iow as 1?'C. The val ley bottomsite was approximately 1.5'C cooler st i l l . Monthly temperature repl icate meansare shown in Figure 12a. Moisture data obtained from additional samplesshorved that the soils placed on the road surface dried out more rapidly andto a lower rnoisture content ihan did the samples placed on the other [wo srles.At the January sampling, the moisture contents of the silt and the sand onthe road surface were 1.2 and 1.1 per cent respectively. At the same t ime,soil moistures of ? and I per cent were recorded in the ridge top andvalley bottom. Samples fi'om the top 152 mm of soil gave the per cent moistureplotted in Fieure 12b. The rainfall data indicated a relatively dry summer,but with 46 mm of rain in early February. The autumn rains began aboutthe midde of April, 330 mm being recorded between then and the completionof the experiment early in June (Figure 12c).

38

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'd Jo I€ArlJns

'sqluolrr

rauluns .{Jp 'loq aq1 5ulJnc pacEld s€a\ ?! qclqa uo a}rs aq} Jo e^qcadsoJJrEg,{el q8lq lts paraaocal oq pFor ua8oq1tsd aq1 'sqluour uurnlns ralle^\ pusJalooc aql Sulrnq uos9as puts alrs uoargaq uollc"Jalq uB 1so33ns tsl"p aq,I,'uolltscol pu€ uos"as oql qloq uo spuedap sloor puts IIos pasBasrp q ua8oql€deq1 Jo I€aIAJnS Aql ltsql al€Clpul plnorld (!I olqtsJ). sal€J dJer\ocal aqtrl

pu€ uos?os Jo paga SutBnBB Ietrl urorJ €lep l€Jur€t puE arnlsloE Ilos 'ernr€ledue.r,

zI a.Innlnt

rNlwt3ldxt ro oorutJ tl^o r'tvlNNS rt)tlr

q

I

(q

-\<-_

,rorrn. ooo, \\'/\ _--, .r-._

10s lo ouzcl dor wotl sIJtJvs 301 tNtftlJ tunls|ow

sNvlw trv) Jtu tSnlctldwlr ltHtNol4oc (o

on a road surface during the summer. Where samples were buried at ?6 mmthe fungus was able to survive right through the summer months, thoughat reduced levels.

TABLN 17

ll,ecovery of P. cinran onr.ri from Yarious Ecolosical Sites

DISCUSSION

At moisture contents just above wilting poinl, P. cinnam'omi survival wasnot afiected Jor storage periods up to 12 weeks at 25'C. lt the soils were

Site Placed Baited Recovery

ROAD SURFACE-Sand . . . .

s i l t . . .

NovemberJ a . n u a r y . . . .Mav

NovemberNovember

NoveinberJanua,ry . .M"v

NovemberNovember

JuneJuneJune

MarchM.vJune

JuneJuneJune

Marchll:',yJune

0/410/a llst rrial4 / 1 )

0/4']0/4 f2nd Trialo/4 )

0/110/a I lsi rriel4/4.)

0/4']0/a f2nd rrial0/4)

RIDGE TOP-Silt, soil surface

Silt, buried a,t 3 in.....

NovenberJanua,ry . . .Mav

Novemtrer. . .January . . .

a,y

NovemberNovemberNovember

JureJuneJune

JuneJuneJune

!Ia,rchIlIayJune

1/412/a frsi, Trial3 /1 )

2/1)2/a l2r,d Ttia,l1/4 )

0 /4)0/a frst Trial2/4 )

YALLEY BOTTOM-Silt, soil surface

Silt, huried ot 3 in.

NovemberJ a n u a r y . . . .1v1AY

NovemberJ a n u a r y . . . .Mry

NovemberNovemberNovember

JunoJuneJune

JuneJuneJune

NarchMavJune

0/11r/4 >r$ Tl inl3/4 )

1/413/a >rst Trial3/1)

2/4)l /a f2nd Trialt /4 )

I'

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.I€AlAJns

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Jo lE^IAJns aql palcalE flosra^ps (O "9t) saJnl€.radulal IIos q8rq r{lsnonurl-uoc 1E (rtrtuou ouo) spolJad €uol lBql urdoqs o^Eq (t96T) .Ie

lo auIII'paut€lqu alad{ ueaoq?9d oqt Io sarro^ocol ou.luac Jad ouo lnoqr

Jo slualuoc aJnlslotu lros I€ug pu€ 3ur.{Jp prd€r aJour qll,r salrs JeqsJ€quI papJoreJ s€A\ toufirrns aqt q€norq1 lq8rr lg,lr^rns (u[u 91 1E paunq'.{oll€^ prr€ dol a8prl) luar Jed I A,totaq II€J lou prp arnlsrour IIos 3Jaq,{\ salrs uI'spuoJq asaql urJuuoc E1€p plag olq"lltsdts oqtr/ .parlcEeJ

4ualuoc alnlsrour IEuu:aql puE al€r 8ur,{Jp aq4 uo Surpuadop 's{ao,$

Z s€ lJoqs s€ aq pnoc porJad sfq?l€ql 1sa33ns sl€rrl luorJnr aq'L sqluout t-e toJ partp IIos uroJJ poradoaalaq tou plnoc sn8unJ aql 1tsql ol€rrpur ( lrc

.col) suorl€rtlqnd sEesJaAO'sFos aql jo a^lnc arnlstoul eql uo luepuadap ,fHsrq $ ploqsarql

arnlslolu IIos aql l€ql salB'crpw alnlsloru luoc Jed g.Z 1€ Iros .{pu€s € ErolJuaSoqltsd aql Jo altsJ "{JeAocaJ qBIq oqJ, .?uar rad l-9 Jo otu€J aq1 urs€,tr I€^rdJns I€8unJ toJ ploqsaJql ornlslow IIos oql paqlw€xo sFos aq] Jo or!{1uI srnlslolu luar Jad e B qlr^\ 1 s luoJJ pauf"lqo s€nd. ,{Jo^ocaj a^Illsoat ,{luoaq1 pus pacnpar rtll€clls€Jp oJand. salEJ ,{J3^oceJ ,lutod gurlF^l aoleq 01 pelJp

V MANAGEMENT OF TIIE DISEASE SITUATION

HYGIENE

At present, less than 5 per cent oJ the jauah forest is affected by P. cin-ndmonli and this disease is largely conflned to sites of lower productivity. Themost severely afiected areas are concentrated in a belt paralleling the DarlingScarp from Mundadng to Collie (Figure 5) where up to 30 per cent of theforest area may be affected. East of this, the level oi infection graduallydecreases to well below one per cent in the eastern section of the State Forest.

Spread of the fungus throughout the forest occurs through both naturaland artificial propagation. Ilygiene measures designed to reduce the latterhave been implemented, with the co-operation of the timber industry, as abasis for the operations of the major users of the forest.

The lorest area has been divided into broad zones, based on the levelof infection, for operational control and for planning purposes-

Zone A Unaffecied: to be logged when no other areas are availableand then preferably by permits completely contained in thiszorLe. Logging will be under strict hygiene control and alongcarefully selected access routes.

Zone 81 Sliehtly affected: Iogging to be restricted to afiected portionsonly, for the time being.

Zone 82 Severely affected: logging to be concentrated in the affectedportions, unafiected areas may be logged under hygiene condi-tions before proceeding elsewhere.

These zones couespond with the three levels of infection shown in Figure 5.Wide-ranging selective operations for a single type of produce. e.g., poles

and piles, can cover an area considerably larger than that involved in a year'slogging and are, therefore, the most likely soutces of new infection. Thistype of operation will only be considered for special purposes and then onlyduring the summer. Heavy cutting is being done in such a way that the leastpossible area is subjected to tramc and disturbance each year. pote and pileoperations are confined to areas covered by trade logging, wherever possible.

Speciflc vehicle routes to each coupe have been designated so that unaf-iected areas will only be logged along clean access routes. Construction ofne't roads is being held to a minimum and new alignments are subjected toa hygiene check before consiruction. cravel pits are subject to approvalbefore excavation, use of Rll or surfacing materials being stric y controlled.

New infections can develop from as little as 609 of infected material.Wherever transfer of equipment from diseased to healthy sites becomesnecessary the units are thoroughly washed with a high-pressure spray and theeffiuent is channelled into infected streams and drains.

INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT

A 14 600 ha block of high quality jarrah forest near Dwellingup wasoriginally selected for treatment as an intensive management unit (p. Kimber..pers. comm.). Since man's activities are the primary source ol new infectionsthe area is being maintained under strict hygiene regulations. Ilowever, it

42

tt

'eurul€rBord qcJBesel aql Jo lroJe puE aunl eql Jo lunou:I€ alq€raplsuoJ

? paralncco sEq 3s€aslp slql SuruJocuoc l€Ilalgul l€uoll€cnpa Jo uoll€ulluaJ

-srp pu€ uorltsr€alard aq1 'fi€ uI ponssr uaaq s€q'acuolpng dEl € lts paur!€

'lolqdurtsd pel"JlsnfiI u€ pu€ paJ"dord uaaq sBq lc€qalp qsrJ€! olu! qcleasar

oql uo l.roalor ssaJaold pollglap V srad"dsrld.ou .{Jlunoc pu€ '{lrc ol op€lu

uaaq a^€q sas€alar pue possarpp€ ,{I[gurroJ uaaq a^"q '{lalcos Jarl\o!:pll/!\ aq}

pu€ ,{talcos I€.{o2l aqJ, f,rlsnpLri JoqEIlt aq1 pu€ luoulllsdac slsarod aql

uaart\locl poultslul€ur Sulaq sI uosl€It lutstsuoc v salqgdluoc EuIuluI puE

,{urv aql 'stra^lns pug spu€rI Io 1uelq!€dao oq1 'uolssFuuoc dllcrr?'olE

o1€1S oq1 's{rod\ cllqnd lo 1uaull.I1?dac oql 'sorlqs I€col ostE puts suolsl^rc ZT

aq1 JO IAUUOSTad eq1 o1 sa.ln1ral ua^l8 a^Eq qcuElg qcl€asell aqJ Jo srequlaut'slualqoral pu€ saJnpacotcl aual8,{q qll,{\ JJ€ls l€luaullr€dap oslr€Illur€I oJ,

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sls€q € sts slc€l lll€lqo ol uaoq s€II aurlu€J8old u€ll"Jqsnv lsal\ aq1 Jo lstsl

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sJeEeu€ul tsarol qloq JO lSa.rAlUI pOUIglSnS pue Sapnllll€ '8UIpU€lSrapUn aql uodn

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NOTJVCnOi4

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided by severalomcers of the Forests Depaltment, namely: Mr. A. J. Williamson, Mr. H.Campbell, Mr. J. N. Camer'or] and MIs. N. J. Keys. I am also grateful to: Mr.H. M. Churchward (C.S.LR,.O.) Jor allowing me to use his soil plan for theWungong Catchment, Dr. E. R. Hopkins and Mr. J. J. Havel Jo! discussionand advice.

Appendix I

Mapping Units: Wungong Brook CatchmentSoil Survey by H. M. Churchward, CSIRO, 1965

SoiI Unit Description

I Dominated by lrequent outcrops of massive v€sicular latelite, associat€dwith which is a thin but variable mantle ol loose sandy gravel. Thisunit occupies the higher ground but extends down along the Iidgestowards the valley floors.

II This unit represents areas of relatively deep gravel flanking L Exposuresof massive laterite are generally infrequent. It frequentiy occupiesgentle slopes but also includes moderate to steep slopes. Howeverboth massive vesicular laterite and massive recemented gravel mayoccur as a substrate at varying depths.

fII Comprised ol deep gravels in the upper ends of many of the valleyfloors. These gravels, which are frequently flner than those in II,are often underlain at depth by recemented gravels.

Mreas mantled by relatively deep gravel on moderate slopes. The sub-strates to these gravels vary from mottled clays to lecementedgravels. This unit often occurs downslope from areas of I or II.

V yellow-brown earths (loams and sandy loams which frequently havea rusty appearance) over pale coloured clay. There may be a variableanount of ironstone gravel (including bog iron ore) at this interface.This unit occupies much of the valley floors, palticulally in the tribu-taries and the upper parts of the-Wungong Brook; th€se situations aregenerally swampy. Small pockets of this unit may occur on slopesadjacent to seepages.

VI Simiiar to unit IV but moderate to steep slopes ar'e dominant.VII This unit occupies areas which generally have steep slopes (frequently

steeper than in VI) and show scattered exposures of country rock(usually granite). The soils are predominantly very gravellt sandyloams over mottled and pallid clays. This gravelly overlie variesfrom less than 12 inches to several feet. They vary from later.iticironslone to country TocL.

VUI Steep to very steep slopes are general in this unit. Exposures of basiccountry rock are an important feature. The soils are deep, friable redclays and light clays having a variable gravel content.

IX Areas of yellow-blown sands to loamy sands on long gradual slopesat the head oI the Wungong Brook and some of its tributaries. Thesefrequently represent outwash areas down from granite outcrops as well

44

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