8. expedition to mars

8/6/2019 8. Expedition to Mars

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Expedition to MarsExpedition to Mars



SinceSince thethe world¶sworld¶s firstfirst closeclose--upup picturepicture of of MarsMars inin19651965,, spacecraftspacecraft voyagesvoyages toto thethe RedRed PlanetPlanet havehaverevealedrevealed strangelystrangely familiar,familiar, yetyet differentdifferent enoughenough totochallengechallenge our our perceptionsperceptions of of whatwhat makesmakes aa planetplanetworkwork.. EveryEvery timetime wewe feelfeel closeclose toto understandingunderstandingMars,Mars, newnew discoveriesdiscoveries sendsend usus straightstraight backback toto thethedrawingdrawing boardboard toto reviserevise existingexisting theoriestheories..

Over Over thethe lastlast century,century, aa number number of of missionmissionconceptsconcepts for for expeditionexpedition toto MarsMars havehave beenbeenproposedproposed..

Expedition to MarsExpedition to Mars



Wernher Wernher vonvon BraunBraun waswas thethe firstfirst personperson totomakemake aa detaileddetailed technicaltechnical studystudy of of aa MarsMars

missionmission.. DetailsDetails werewere publishedpublished inin hishis bookbookDasDas Marsprojekt Marsprojekt ((19521952));; publishedpublished ininEnglishEnglish asas TheThe MarsMars Project Project ((19621962)) andandseveralseveral subsequentsubsequent works,works, andand featuredfeatured inin

Collier'sCollier's magazinemagazine inin aa seriesseries of of articlesarticlesbeginningbeginning MarchMarch 19521952..

Wernher von Braun proposalWernher von Braun proposal

(1947 through 1950s)(1947 through 1950s)



VonVon Braun'sBraun's MarsMars projectproject envisionedenvisioned nearlynearlyaa thousandthousand threethree--stagestage vehiclesvehicles launchinglaunchingfromfrom EarthEarth toto ferryferry partsparts for for thethe MarsMarsmissionmission toto bebe constructedconstructed atat aa spacespace stationstationinin EarthEarth orbitorbit..

TheThe missionmission itself itself featuredfeatured aa fleetfleet of of tenten

spacecraftspacecraft headingheading toto Mars,Mars, eacheach oneonecarryingcarrying 7070 people,people, bringingbringing threethree wingedwingedsurfacesurface excursionexcursion shipsships thatthat wouldwould landlandhorizontallyhorizontally onon thethe surfacesurface of of MarsMars







InIn thethe 19561956 revisedrevised visionvision of of thethe MarsMarsProjectProject plan,plan, publishedpublished inin thethe bookbook TheTheExplorationExploration of of MarsMars byby Wernher Wernher VonVon BraunBraunandand WillyWilly Ley,Ley, thethe sizesize of of thethe missionmission waswastrimmed,trimmed, requiringrequiring onlyonly 400400 launcheslaunches toto putputtogether together twotwo ships,ships, stillstill carryingcarrying aa wingedwingedlandinglanding vehiclevehicle..

Later Later versionsversions of of thethe missionmission proposal,proposal,featuredfeatured inin thethe DisneyDisney "Man"Man InIn Space"Space" filmfilmseriesseries ,, showedshowed nuclear nuclear poweredpowered ionionpropulsionpropulsion vehiclesvehicles for for thethe interplanetaryinterplanetary

cruisecruise..



U.S. proposalsU.S. proposals

(1950s and 1960s)(1950s and 1960s)

InIn 19621962,, Aeronutronic Aeronutronic Ford,Ford, GeneralGeneral DynamicsDynamicsandand thethe LockheedLockheed MissilesMissiles andand SpaceSpace CompanyCompanymademade studiesstudies of of MarsMars missionmission designsdesigns asas partpart of of

NAS ANAS A MarshallMarshall SpaceflightSpaceflight Center Center "Project"ProjectEMPIRE"EMPIRE"..

TheseThese studiesstudies indicatedindicated thatthat aa MarsMars missionmission

(possibly(possibly includingincluding aaV

enusV

enus flyfly--by)by) couldcould bebe donedonewithwith aa launchlaunch of of eighteight SaturnSaturn VV boostersboosters andandassemblyassembly inin lowlow EarthEarth orbit,orbit, or or possiblypossibly withwith aasinglesingle launchlaunch of of aa hypotheticalhypothetical "post"post Saturn"Saturn"

heavyheavy--liftlift vehiclevehicle..



Although Although thethe EMPIREEMPIRE missionsmissions werewere onlyonlystudies,studies, andand never never proposedproposed asas fundedfunded

projects,projects, thesethese werewere thethe firstfirst detaileddetailedanalysesanalyses of of whatwhat itit wouldwould taketake toto accomplishaccomplishaa humanhuman voyagevoyage toto MarsMars usingusing datadata fromfromthethe actualactual NAS ANAS A spaceflight,spaceflight, andand laidlaid muchmuch

of of thethe basisbasis for for futurefuture studies,studies, alongalong withwithseveralseveral inin--househouse NAS ANAS A studiesstudies..

U.S. proposalsU.S. proposals

(1950s and 1960s)(1950s and 1960s)



Soviet mission proposalsSoviet mission proposals

(1956 through 1970)(1956 through 1970)

TheThe MartianMartian PilotedPiloted ComplexComplex or or "'MPK'""'MPK'" waswasthethe aa proposalproposal byby SovietSoviet UnionUnion for for aamannedmanned MarsMars expedition,expedition, usingusing thethe (then(thenproposed)proposed) NN--11 rocket,rocket, inin studiesstudies fromfrom 19561956toto 19621962..

HeavyHeavy PilotedPiloted InterplanetaryInterplanetary SpacecraftSpacecraft(known(known byby thethe RussianRussian acronymacronym TMKTMK)) waswasthethe spacespace explorationexploration proposalproposal inin thethe 19601960sstoto sendsend aa mannedmanned flightflight toto MarsMars andand VenusVenus

(TMK(TMK--MAV

RMAV

R design)design) withoutwithout landinglanding..




(1956 through 1970)(1956 through 1970) TheThe TMKTMK spacecraftspacecraft waswas duedue toto launchlaunch inin

19711971 andand makemake aa threethree--year year longlong flightflightincludingincluding aa MarsMars flyfly--byby atat whichwhich timetime probesprobeswouldwould havehave beenbeen droppeddropped..

TheThe TMKTMK projectproject waswas plannedplanned asas anan answer answer fromfrom thethe SovietSoviet UnionUnion toto thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates

mannedmanned moonmoon landingslandings.. TheThe projectproject waswas never never completedcompleted becausebecause

thethe requiredrequired NN11 rocketrocket never never flewflewsuccessfullysuccessfully..



TheThe MarsMars Expeditionary Expeditionary Complex Complex ,, or or "'MEK"'"'MEK"' ((19691969)) waswas another another SovietSoviet proposalproposal

for for aa MarsMars expeditionexpedition thatthat wouldwould taketake aa crewcrewof of 33 toto 66 toto MarsMars andand backback withwith aa totaltotalmissionmission durationduration of of 630630 daysdays..


(1956 through 1970)(1956 through 1970)



Case for Mars (1981Case for Mars (1981± ±1996)1996)

BetweenBetween 19811981 andand 19961996 aa seriesseries of of conferencesconferences namednamed TheThe CaseCase for for MarsMars werewereheldheld atat thethe UniversityUniversity of of ColoradoColorado atat Boulder Boulder ..

TheseThese conferencesconferences advocatedadvocated humanhumanexplorationexploration of of Mars,Mars, presentedpresented conceptsconcepts andandtechnologies,technologies, andand heldheld aa seriesseries of of workshopsworkshops toto developdevelop aa baselinebaseline conceptconcept for for thethe missionmission..



Case for Mars (1981Case for Mars (1981± ±1996)1996)

TheThe baselinebaseline conceptconcept waswas notablenotable inin thatthat ititproposedproposed useuse of of InIn SituSitu ResourceResource UtilizationUtilization

toto manufacturemanufacture rocketrocket propellantpropellant for for thethereturnreturn triptrip usingusing thethe resourcesresources of of MarsMars..



ESA plansESA plans

Another Another proposalproposal for for aa joint joint missionmission withwith ES AES A isisbasedbased onon twotwo spacecraftspacecraft beingbeing sentsent toto Mars,Mars,oneone carryingcarrying aa sixsix--personperson crewcrew andand thethe other other thethe expedition'sexpedition's suppliessupplies.. TheThe missionmission wouldwould

taketake aboutabout 440440 daysdays toto completecomplete withwith threethreeastronautsastronauts visitingvisiting thethe surfacesurface of of thethe planetplanet for for aa periodperiod of of twotwo monthsmonths.. TheThe entireentire projectprojectwouldwould costcost $$2020 billionbillion andand RussiaRussia wouldwouldcontributecontribute 3030%% of of thesethese fundsfunds

A A groundground--basedbased biomedicalbiomedical experimentexperiment calledcalledMarsMars--500500 simulatingsimulating mannedmanned flightflight toto MarsMars isis

currentlycurrently underwayunderway inin RussiaRussia..



The oneThe one--person, oneperson, one--way optionway option

InIn 20062006,, former former NAS ANAS A engineer engineer JamesJames CC..McLaneMcLane IIIIII proposedproposed aa schemescheme toto initiallyinitially

colonizecolonize MarsMars viavia aa oneone wayway triptrip byby onlyonly oneonehumanhuman..



Vision for Space Exploration (2004)Vision for Space Exploration (2004) UnitedUnited StatesStates PresidentPresident GeorgeGeorge WW.. BushBush announcedannounced anan

initiativeinitiative of of mannedmanned spacespace explorationexploration onon JanuaryJanuary 1414,,20042004,, knownknown asas thethe VisionVision for for SpaceSpace ExplorationExploration..

ItIt includesincludes developingdeveloping preliminarypreliminary plansplans for for aa lunar lunar outpostoutpostbyby 20122012 andand establishingestablishing anan outpostoutpost byby 20202020..

Precursor Precursor missionsmissions thatthat wouldwould helphelp developdevelop thethe neededneeded

technologytechnology duringduring thethe 20102010--20202020 decadedecade werewere tentativelytentativelyoutlinedoutlined

InIn 20072007,, thethe NAS ANAS A administrator administrator hintedhinted thatthat NAS ANAS A maymay bebeableable toto launchlaunch aa humanhuman missionmission toto MarsMars byby 20372037

TheThe neededneeded fundsfunds areare toto bebe generatedgenerated byby divertingdiverting $$1111

billionbillion fromfrom spacespace sciencescience missionsmissions toto thethe visionvision for for humanhumanexplorationexploration..

NAS ANAS A hashas alsoalso discusseddiscussed plansplans toto launchlaunch MarsMars missionsmissionsfromfrom thethe MoonMoon toto reducereduce travelingtraveling costscosts..



ChallengesChallenges

There are several key challenges that a humanThere are several key challenges that a humanmission to Mars must overcome:mission to Mars must overcome:

± ± physical effects of physical effects of exposure to highexposure to high--energy cosmic raysenergy cosmic raysand other ionizing radiationand other ionizing radiation

± ± physical effects of a prolonged lowphysical effects of a prolonged low--gravity environmentgravity environment ± ± physical effects of a prolonged lowphysical effects of a prolonged low--light environmentlight environment

± ± psychological effects of isolation from Earthpsychological effects of isolation from Earth

± ± psychological effects of lack of community due to lack of psychological effects of lack of community due to lack of

realreal--time connections with Earthtime connections with Earth ± ± social effects of several humans living under crowdedsocial effects of several humans living under crowdedconditions for over one Earth year conditions for over one Earth year

± ± inaccessibility of terrestrial medical facilitiesinaccessibility of terrestrial medical facilities



CriticismCriticism

SomeSome scientistsscientists havehave arguedargued thatthat attemptingattemptingmannedmanned flightflight toto MarsMars wouldwould actuallyactually bebe

counterproductivecounterproductive for for sciencescience..

InIn 20042004,, thethe SpecialSpecial committeecommittee onon thethe fundingfunding of of Astrophysics, Astrophysics, aa committeecommittee of of thethe American AmericanPhysicalPhysical Society,Society, statedstated thatthat "shifting"shifting NAS ANAS A

prioritiespriorities towardtoward risky,risky, expensiveexpensive missionsmissions toto thethemoonmoon andand MarsMars willwill meanmean neglectingneglecting thethe mostmostpromisingpromising spacespace sciencescience efforts"efforts"



Future MissionsFuture Missions

All All of of our our futurefuture missionsmissions willwill bebe drivendriven byby rigorousrigorousscientificscientific questionsquestions thatthat willwill continuouslycontinuously evolveevolve asaswewe makemake newnew discoveriesdiscoveries..

BrandBrand newnew technologiestechnologies willwill enableenable usus toto exploreexploreMarsMars inin waysways wewe never never havehave before,before, resultingresulting ininhigher higher--resolutionresolution images,images, precisionprecision landings,landings,

longer longer--rangingranging surfacesurface mobilitymobility andand eveneven thethereturnreturn of of MartianMartian soilsoil andand rockrock samplessamples for for studiesstudiesinin laboratorieslaboratories herehere onon EarthEarth..



THANK YOUTHANK YOU

8. expedition to mars

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