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Task

■ Take out a separate sheet of paper.

■ Take out your homework reading pages 352-355

The Crusades■ Objectives: Students will identify the causes, events, and

impact of the Crusades on Christians and Muslims. Students will be able to form an argument on whether or not the Crusades was a form of terrorism.

■ Agenda:

1. The Crusades PPT Notes

2. SAC: The Crusades

■ Homework: Read pages 374-378

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BEFORE THE CRUSADES…WHAT’S

HAPPENING IN EUROPE?

“Age of Faith”

■ Two churches: Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

■ The church preserves classical learning (Greece and Rome)

■ Church corruption– Priests marrying– Simony: positions in the church sold by bishops– Lay investiture put kings in control of church bishops

■ Church reform

■ Cathedrals being built with Gothic Architecture

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THE CRUSADES1095-1291

What are the Crusades?

■ A series of religious wars sanctioned by the Christian Church aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Islamic Rule.

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Who fought in the Crusades?

■ Christian Crusaders vs. Muslims

Why did the Crusades Start?

■ Muslim Turks captured Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire

■ Muslims stopped Christians from visiting the Holy Land

■ Christian pilgrims were attacked

■ Byzantine Empire feared attack on Constantinople

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Emperor Alexis Comnenus, Byzantine Empire

“Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that tall this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore act while there is time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight and, what is more important, the Holy Sepulchre [tomb where Jesus was buried] shall vanish. And in your coming you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you.”

Pope Urban II’s speech

“Let the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Savior, which is possessed by the unclean nations, especially arouse you…This royal city [Jerusalem], situated at the center of the earth, is no held captive by the enemies of Christ and is subjected, by those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathen. Accordingly, undertake this journey eagerly for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in the kingdom of heaven.”

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Who answers the “call to fight?”

■ Feudal Lords

■ Knights

■ Peasants

Causes: Economic and Religious Motives■ Knights and the Church saw the Crusades as an opportunity to

get rid of quarrelsome knights who fought each other.

■ Younger sons participated because they did not stand to inherit their father’s property.

■ Religious zeal, according to Pope Urban II, if you died on Crusade, you were assured a place in heaven

■ Merchants profited by making cash loans to finance Crusades and leased ships for a fee to transport armies over the Mediterranean

■ Merchants of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice hoped to win control over trade routes in India, SE Asia, and China from Muslim traders

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First and Second Crusade

■ First Crusade:– Crusaders were unprepared – July 15, 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem– Many Christians return home

■ Second Crusade:– 1187: Turks reconquered Jerusalem with the help of the

Muslim leader Saladin

Third and Fourth Crusade ■ Third Crusade:

– English King Richard the Lion-Hearted– Truce agreed to between Richard and Saladin in 1192,

Jerusalem remained under Muslim control and Christian pilgrims wouldn’t be harmed if they wanted to visit the city’s holy places.

■ Fourth Crusade:– 1198: Pope Innocent III appealed for another Crusade to

capture Jerusalem.

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Later Crusades

■ Crusaders armies tried to take North Africa, but did not conquer much.

■ Children’s Crusade in 1212 – thousands of children set out for the Holy Land– Many died from cold and starvation– One group survived– The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery

■ Spanish Crusade– Reconquista– Inquisition

Effects of the Crusades■ Muslim Turks still rule the Holy Land

■ Byzantine Empire is weakened

■ Pope’s power declines

■ Power of feudal nobles weakens because they died or spent too much money on military

■ Kings become stronger

■ Religious intolerance grows

■ Italian cities expand trade and grow rich

■ Muslims increasingly distrust Christians

■ Trade grows between Europe and the Middle East

■ European technology improves as Crusaders learn from Muslims

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Historian’s Commentary, Norman Cantor

“The most important legacy of the crusading movement was the sanctification [making holy] of violence in pursuit of [ideas]. This was not a new concept, but it took on a new force when the pope and the flower of Christian chivalry acted it our in holy wars. The underlying concept outlived its religious origin,…and the state gradually replaced the Church as a holy cause.”

WERE THE CRUSADES AN EXAMPLE OF TERRORISM?

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“Terrorism,” can you define it, what does it mean?

Obama invoked the Crusades when talking about terrorism…

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Structured Academic Controversy: The Crusades■ Directions:

– In this activity, your group will be assigned a position on a debatable issue. You do not have to agree with the side you are assigned to, but you do have to work to defend it successfully.

– Using the materials provided, your group will determine the most important points of evidence supporting your assigned point of view.

– Remember, be convincing! Please fill out the table as you decide what the most important points of evidence for your side are. Make sure you have at least THREE (3) points to discuss.

Are the Crusades an example of terrorism?