8. clay sculptures and relief carvings
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Greek Art: Clay Sculptures/Relief Carvings
Greek Sculpture Overview
• 1. During the Geometric Period of Greek Art, the art of storytelling began to re-emerge
• 2. During the Archaic Period, the form of ceramic vessels indicated their intended use
• 3. Different orders of columns were utilized more during specific periods of Greek Art History (Doric is the oldest order, followed by Ionic, and then by Corinthian)
Assignment Option 1
• Option 1: Use clay to tell a story of your choosing (in honor of the re-emergence of story-telling in the Geometric Period)– Consider how to tell your story using imagery
rather than words– Consider whether your sculpture itself will tell the
story, or if you will paint the story in images on the finished ceramic piece
Red-Figure and Black-Figure Pottery(on the same Amphora!)
Ajax and Achilles playing a dice game, by the Andokides painter, found in Orvieto, Italy, 525-520 BCE1’9” tall
Andokides painter: his workwas unsigned, it was namedafter the potter for whom he worked. He is believed to be the inventor of the red-style of vase painting
Orestes Slaying Aegisthus; Classical; Vase Painting on Black Terra Cotta
Exekias: Athenian master of black-figure vase painting; thought to be the teacher of the Andokides painter
Achilles and AjaxPlaying a dice game,from Vulci, Italy, 540-530 BCE2 feet tall
Achilles Killing the Amazon Queen; Exekias; 530 BCE; Archaic Period; Vase Painting on a Terra Cotta Amphora
The Wedding Chariot; Exekias; Archaic Period; Vase Painting on a Terra Cotta Amphora
Example: Story is painted on
Example: Story is painted on
Example: Story is painted on
Example: Story is painted on
My Example: Story is painted on (Good Wolf, Bad Wolf: Which do you Feed?), Glazed but not fired yet
My Example: Story is painted on (Good Wolf, Bad Wolf: Which do you Feed?), Glazed AND Fired
Example: Story is sculpted
Example: Story is sculpted
Example: Story is sculpted
Example: Story is sculpted
Example: Story is sculpted
Example: Story is sculpted
My Example: Bird’s Eye ViewThe Butterfly Effect (Wet Clay)
My Example: View from the LeftThe Butterfly Effect (Wet Clay)
My Example: View From the RightThe Butterfly Effect (Wet Clay)
My Example: Alternate ViewThe Butterfly Effect (Wet Clay)
My Example: Alternate ViewThe Butterfly Effect (Wet Clay)
My Example: Glazed
My Example: Glazed, Alternate View
My Example: Glazed, Alternate View
Assignment Option 2• Option 2: In honor of the different functional vessels that were
created during the Archaic Period, design a vessel that has a form that reflects its function– Whatever the vessel is intended to do (hold water, hold your
toothbrush, hold your cereal…), the design of the actual vessel should be relevant to its function
– This can also be metaphorical…just because you design a bowl to hold your cereal doesn’t mean it actually has to be able to hold it (i.e., if you build a bowl for your cheerios out of cheerio-shaped rings, the milk would fall through the holes, but you would be communicating that your bowl is meant for your cheerios, whether in reality or in honor of)
– Not all vessels are actually intended to be used…pottery is historically known as both a functional AND metaphorical offering of food or drink
Amphora: storing and transporting wine and food
Hydria: pouring water
Kantharos or kylix: drinking wine or water
Lekythos: pouring libations in rituals/ceremonies
Loutrophoros: carrying water for bridal bath
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example: Painting is more suggestive than form here
Example: Painting is more suggestive than form here
Example: Form is suggestive of function more than the painting
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Assignment Option 3• Option 3: Design a new order of column and be able to
justify your design:– What purpose does this new aesthetic serve?– Is it more functional than aesthetic? More aesthetic than
functional? – You can decide whether this should have debuted in Ancient
Greece (and if so, when exactly?), or in present times!– You can choose to:
• Actually construct a miniature model of a structure that uses your new order of column
• Create a relief carving of a detail of the column capital• Create a relief carving of part of the façade of your structure
Parts of a Column
Doric Order: Heavy SimplicityThe oldest, simplest, most massive order (appears sturdy)
Beginning in the 7th Century BCE
Columns placed close together and often without bases
Shafts are sculpted with concave curves called “Flutes”
Capitals are plain with a rounded section at the bottom,called the “Echinus” and a square at the top called the“Abacus”
Entablature has distinctive frieze decorated with verticalchannels or “Triglyphs”
In between the Triglyphs are spaces called “Metopes”which are commonly sculpted with figures and decoration
“Regula” = small band that separates the frieze from the columncapitals
Doric: Parthenon (Temple of Athena Parthenos) 447-438 BCE
Ionic Order: The Ionic Sea Scrolls?Developed on the Ionian islands in the 6th Century BCE
Used for smaller buildings and interiors
More elegant than sturdy in appearance
2 scrolls, called “Volutes” on its capital, which may have been based on nautilus shells or animal horns
Frieze has a continuous band of sculpture
Temple of Athena Nike (on the Acropolis) 420-410 BCE
Corinthian Order: Leafy but not as popular
Wasn’t used much by the Greeks
Named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor Kallimachossupposedly invented it at the end of the 5th century BCE after hespotted a goblet surrounded by leaves
Similar to Ionic in its base, column, and entablature, but thecapital is far more ornate, carved with 2 tiers of curly acanthus leaves
Acanthus is said to be one of the oldest flowers in the Mediterranean,and represents long/enduring life/immortality
What it looks like now: Temple of Olympian Zeus
New order ofColumns:Corinthian capitalsmade to look likeAcanthus leaves
This style wasinvented by Kallimachos in the 2nd half of the 5th
century BCE(These were morecommon during the Late ClassicalPeriod)
Corinthian Capitals
Corinthian capital detail:
Illustration of Acanthus leaves:
Inside the Temple of Ramses
32-foot tall figures of the kingin the guise of Osiris (Egyptiangod of the dead)
These pillars are not weight-bearing
Nefertari
• Ramses II’s principal wife• Ramses ordered construction of a grand
temple for her
Caryatids at the Erechtheion
Caryatids at the Erechtheion
Caryatids at the Erechtheion
Caryatids at the Ionic Siphnian Treasury at Delphi vs. the Classical Caryatids of the Erechtheion
Classical
Archaic
Modern Example
Modern Example
Modern Example
Modern Example
Modern Example
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
• Uses algorithms and sub-division process to manipulate input from a simple Doric column into a much more complex column
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture
Michael Hansmeyer: Computational Architecture