~8 australian museum magazine · ~8 australian museum magazine ' vol. x, o.9 price-two...

~8

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM MAGAZINE

' Vol. X, o. 9 P rice-TWO SHILLINGS

Blue Wrens.

ltc~i,.,tcrcd .1 L the (:encrat l'ubl UfHcc. "ydrwy. for tran•mi~sion by post as u pcriodic:ll.

THE AUSTRALIA~N MUSEUM HYDE PARK, SYDNEY

BOARD OF TRU S TEES PRESIO.E N1:

11. 13. MATII EWS. B.A.

CROWN TRUSTEE: H. B. MAT! !EWS. B.A.

OFF ICI AL T RU STEES : TilE H0 1 . T l lE Cl II EF JUST ICE.

THE HON. THE. P RES ID ENT OF TilE LEGISLATIVE COU CIL. THE HO . TilE COLONIAL SECRETARY. TH E HON . T H E ATTOR EY GENE RAL.

T H E HO . THE COLO !AL. TREASURER. THE HON. THE SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC WORKS.

THE HO, . THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC 11 STRUCT IO . THE AUD !TOR-CE ERAL.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE NEW SOUTH \'!VALES MEDICAL BOA RD . TH E SURVEYOR-GENERAL AND CHI EF SURVEYOR.

THE CROWN SOLICITOR.

ELECTIVE T RUSTEES:

PROF. A. . St . C . BURKITT, M.B., B.Sc. R. j. NOBLE, M.Sc .. B.Sc. (Ag r .) , Ph. D. FRAN K B. SPENCER. E. J. KENNY , M.Aust. l.M .M. 0. C. VICKERY. B.E., M.l. E. (A-.:st.). WALLACE C. WURT II. C. M.G .. LL.B. PROF. A. P. ELK IN. M.A .. Fh.D.

F. L. S. BELL. M.A., F.R.A. l. FRANK W. HILL. C. A. J Oll SO .

r. McDOWELL. PRO F. P. D. F. MURRAY. M.A .. D.Sc.

DIRECTOR: A. B. WALKOM. D.Sc.

Assistant to the Direct or: j. R. KIN C HO R . C. M.Z.S .

SCIENTIF IC STAFF: Birds, Reptiles a nd Amph ib ia ns: J. R. Kl"CH ORN. C. M.Z.S .. Cu ra tor: J . A. KEAST, B.Sc., Assistant

Curator. Mammals and Skeletons: E . Le C. TROUC HTON. F .R.Z.S., C.M.Z.S., Curator. Fishes: C . P . W HIT L EY, F.R.Z.S .. Curator. Insects and Arachnids: A. MUSCRAVE, F.R.Z.S ., F.R.E.S., Curator: K. C. McKEOW 1 . F.R.Z.S.,

Assista nt Curato r. Mo lluscs: JOY CE ALLAN. F.R.Z.S., Curato r. Crustacea a nd Other Croups: F. A. Mc NE ILL. Curator: ELIZABETI I C. POPE. M.Sc., Assistllnt Cura~o r. Minerals and Rocks: R. 0 . CII ALMERS. A.S.T .C., Curato r ; j . F. LOVERl NG, B.Sc., Assistant Curato r. Fotsils: H. 0. FLETCH E R. Curato r. Anthropology : F. D. McCARTliY, Dip .Anthr .. Curator.

Zoologists.

LIBRARY AND PUBLICATIONS: J ASM INE M. McKECH . l E, B.A.

DEPARTMENT OF PREPARATION:

j . KINCSLEY.

HONORARY SCIENTIF IC STAFF: Ornitho lo g is t .

Asst. P rof. E. A. BRICCS, D.Sc. K. A. lll NOWOOD. C. F.A.O.U .. F.R.Z.S.

H. LEICHTON KESTEVEN, D.Sc .. M.D.

MELBOURN E WARD, F.R.Z.S., F.Z.S.

T OM IREDALE.

Entomologist. T. ! I. CUTHRIE.

Arch aeologist. Prof. j . L. SII ELLSI !EAR, M.B .. Ch .l\1.

N um iSn1 :\tis t.

C. C. llEYDE. A.S.T .C .. F.R .. S.

Philate lis t . FRANK W . ll!LL.

THE .t\USTR

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The ·· De,•11's" brood: a molh<r and three )Oung. One of th" earliest pouched mamm~ls obser\•ed 1n .. Van Diemcn's L and ", 11s b lack coal and fierce appearance earned the uncomplimentary 111le of "Tasmanian Devil ". Adults arc naturally pugnacious in def•nce, but avo1d humans. whde mother and

father have a mutual net1-bu1 ld~ng inslmcl. The mother became docile In cap11v11y. while the youngsters made playful. cleanly. and amusmg pels. l'h•ll~t, OJI\itl FJ,·.t,\,

..,r / '-

THE AUSTRALIAN I

MUSEUM MAGAZINE l'ublislurl by the . l uslralian Jl usrum Edit or: 1\ . B. \ra lkom. l> .~c·.

\ 'oL. X . .\'o. D.

( ' o/lrur • ' I !'Cri . Syd11f y

. \ 111111i:ll ~uh-,c·t·iption. J>o:-;t l•'1·<•e. t-/ 6

The Tasmanian or Marsupial Devil Its Habits and Family Life

By DA YID FLEA Y, B.Sc., Oip.Ed., C.M.Z.S.

D ()\\':\ in th <• l'llg'g't'd rt~g-ioJts of till' uninhe~ hit<•d sou1h-\\·P:-..t of Ta~mania an• llt<Jny fa:-..t -running: told

:-.tl'eam:-.. 'l' h<'Y an• dark. lllystt•riou:-... and lwlon•d of t lw pl a typ us 11 11 d<•1· th t' o,·erhangor t hi c· k ly -gTo"' i 11 g- lll,\'1 t I ('~ ( .\' () tlw f (/flU s am1 tH n ~.d<• d growths of' ho1·izontal st·rub. Blln<'l'a a ud t r<'<' f'e l'll . T lwi I' watt•rs an· t lw c·olour of Ill i I k lc•ss 1 ('H rrom JWI'(·o lat ion thl·ough t hr P<'Ht or tlw ''button g rass ' '. Along: thr banks ltlld<' r t iH· densr- tanop_,. of fo li<lge 1'111 1 wc• ll d Pfi rwd a nim al p aclshristi ng: lH•n• a nd 1 lt<•n• lwhn'<' Jl moss_,. trunks and a t ti me's di,·iding: to asc·t"' JHl th(' hutt:-; or f(ll l('ll t r et•-g-i a nts \rhith span 111(• told rnshin:r WHI<' I'S. In sort :--pong·y gTOllll<l the footpri n t:-. of IIC)(•f lll'l lal liSPr:-> of tht•s(' traffit Hr1Prirs of' I 11<' wild siJow p laint:·. Onr pi<·ks out tiH· bird-like imprints or wallaby fc>t't. t lw \\'<' 11 -im pt·<'ssr <l foot llHll'ks of "·omhats. the· <lainty l) l'ints or <las:·ur<'s (Xatin• Cats ) . a nd thr Hnmistakahle ])lantig-1·aclr impn·ssions ol' tlH· TasllJ <l llian l)('Yil.

Though I ha cl kr p1. ht·<'d H nd ohst'rn'd thr :J[arsu pia l D<•vi l yra rs l><•l'on'. it "·as along- tlw gl.<' i>lls f{ i\'<'1' i11 t hi~; JHirt of the I siP of' :\1 ou 11 I Hi ns i 11 1 he sl tJnm r r of 19-l.)-..f.(i t hHt mr nd)(' J'S or 0111' Thyl a<' ill<' cxpe<l ition fln;t mad <• [H' I'sona l <'Ont act wi t h the n Dn·i l '' in thr "Wild , an d so <•xpr rienc·pcl the t hrill of nwctin ~r ihis <'xtr aordinary pou('h<'<l <· a rni von~ in tlw r rmotr ar<·a of its 1Hs1 st t·onp:hold on <>HI'! h . Tn

a Zoo, otH' i!-. not likt>l:· to he cltti'H<·Ied ~~~this !-.O il I hn• a ud ra t ht>J' l'orhi<ld i ng III<H

!-.U pial. H bo11t t h<' sizt' of a sto<:k,' foX-tl'JTier. ht'l'Clll:-..(• of it:-. ll!!h· Oll l-siZ<'d Jwacl and jaW:-\. win· whisker~.· and \H' 1 aJHl t·ontin;ICIII,· sni rtiJw nost•. to :-;aY nothiu:.r ol' . ,... . it s own (H''·lllirtl' odour. <lttcl \\·hining- :-..naris.

Yrt. ro r a ll thHI, (ht• l)p,·il is a (•J'C<ltlll'l' 0 I' Ill Cl 11,\. ( 'll ( (1 1' { Cl i 11 i 11 g Clll t i <: S a 11 d d j S t j ll d I,\. n nnswll wHys, J'('\'('c-t l<·d q 11 it<' rPa<l i 1.' · w lwn OIH' h<IH g:o iH' to 1 hl' t 1'0111>1(' of nt isi Ill! .' 'ollng-si <' I'S 1'1·0111 hclhy hood. :\l ot'l'O\'t'l', th1• (llli ll HII 's position ns th<· SC'rOIHl IHI'g'(':-.1 or I i ,.i ng llHI I'Sll pia I <·a J"Jli \'Ol'es- sonn po:-;:-;i IJI .'· to ht' tlw la rg-<'st wi t h t lw rare Te~sJJHlllimt "wolf' ' ' on th<· \'<'l'Y brink of final disappcaniJH·t>- iii\'('Sts. it " ·ith a l><'<' llliar natural histo1T inten•s1. 1\·r:-..ollally. I han• <pli{<' <HI ·afl'<•<·iion fo r t lw ungainl~·. ioug-h -look ing t·rpat Ill'<'. <"lll<l sh.m tl<l you rn•1· ' t•n.in.'' '' 1 hr rXJH' I' i<>nc·r ( whi<·h : ·ott prnhHhl.'· ll<'\'C' I' will ) of watd1ing thr anti<·..., of IJaJn· j )c.yjj:-; in YOlll' living 1'001)1 at night . :nn1 IIHl~· lwgin to lllHl<'rstan<l m_,. a p p<li'C'n t l~· qtwrr id eas!

Tt is lwlir,·rd t ht-11 1his strmurl_,. huil1. hnt l'at lwr <·hnns~· ''l iving- fos:-; il '' lo-.;t it..; g:ri p 011 th <' ma in lnt l(l nf .. .\ ust ral iH aJtd ('Y<' n tu all~· d isa pJwar r c1 entirely following thr int rod ut·l io11 of thr d ing·o hy an rarl~· 11 ati"<' rm·r. ' l' l1r "Jf<nsllpia l D rYil wa-.; out mocled hy Ill<' <'ffi<· it•llt wil d dog- a n' emhel' 0 r Kat Ill'<' 's modt' l'll St•hool of SJH'('icll is<•tl inh·ll i~t'll t h un h·rs. For tuna1 el ~· fo1'

~/ ( i

:\altll"<tl ll istor,,· IH•itll<'l' tlH' ding-o 1101' tlH•

I~ Ul'OI H'H n I' ox t' \'<' I' n •;w lwd t IJ <' l'll~!!t'd sotlthPI' Jl island. HtHI 'l'w.;tllellliH is :-;till <·ont panll i'·~'l.'· ri<·ll i11 lll<lrsupial~ and Jnonofi'<'JJJ<'!,, i11 sp it <• or Sl'11 il'lllt'lli.

Ji'oon ,\ ,\.'!) fJ \BITS 1:'\ TilE \\'lLD.

l tt lll<ltt\' \\;1\' !-i th<' TttsllHtllian lkYil o<·<·tlpit•s t !;1, ni<·iw in its 0\\'11 islctnd LlllllH " 'hi<·ll ll<•lon g:s lo I ltt• ll ,\'Cl l' ll<IS or 1 h<· ()Id \\'orld ill t l1<•ir p<lrti<'lllar sphrn•. \\~ll t•n lllill'"IIPiHI ''\\'OI\'('"., \\'('1'<' itl tiH•il' IH·y-clc.t.\' it"''"' th<' l)p,· il..., that <·ll'HJI<'d ttp tlw k<nt-!.!'H roo-.. clll d I Cl ":!<' \\' <11 ! Cl hi <'S Cl rt <' r t h < •

Tll\·lm·ill<' lttlllt<•t·:-. had killed them and d<·~·otll'<•d t hPi r o\\'11 <·hoi<·<' port ions. Th<• Dt•,·iJ, ar.• al~o k<'<'ll hntltt•rs. hut nHhtnll

:-.<' <1\' ('ll!.!'l'l'!-. <IS "<'11. <IIHI 110 il<'lll ot food i~ too insignifi :·;lllL ht• it l'rog-. snctl\.t'. slllall lizctrd or d<•<·<t,,·ing: fl rsh. cJnd <' \'<'11 largt' itt~Pds art> <·onsltl1l<'d. I h<l\'<' Sf<'ll th<•m <·he"· 11p a to11gh old :\ ltt s<·o,·y clrt~ke, disposing ol' l't><tl h< · r~. r<'<'l , ,·iseent <llld P\'t'll 111osl of' t IH• hi 11 . ,\11 is g- rist that co llH's io lit<' D<•\'il's 1nill. 11 \\'Hs Ill." \\'il'<··s dis<·0\'t'l'\', nol l'e~r l'ro111 I he (

10 lli11gmH>d ri\'CI'.('I'OssiJH!' or IIH' \\'psj ( 'ml~t Hoad.1hHt Df'\'ils ad11all.'· kill ctnd pat tht• dPadly hu1 slrl~.tgish ' l 'aslllllll i <Ill hlct<·k 1 ig<>r snak<' .

\l.\1wlf ]:). 19:):.?

1\ female Devil yawns widely at dtslurbanC'e of her daylight slumber. The unusually wtde gape and powerful teeth arc lyptcal of the larger and rarer Thylacine or .. pouched-wolf" of Tasmania. and f orcign Aesh-eaters such

1 as the hyaena. In dtsfavour nea r selll emcnt because of poultry raids, it is a uscf ul se a venger and destroyer of rats. rabbits, and even the aggressive tiger

snake.

l'hutu. - lla\ id l'l ;•a.'.

l>roppin:,r-.; l'o .tnd on <tllilllHI tr<tib tiH•n· Hltd la l t'l' i11 othc•J' I<H·cllitit•s contaiu <>d .·wa lt•s. \ '<'l'll'hnu· <111d nlso 1·ih:- of tltt'"' l't>pl ilt>s. .,\ 1!-.n in t hP droppings \\'t'l'l' :-.kins ol' tlw !'1·i<'IHily and Jll'<'1t.'· littlt> i:-.land I izn I'( I ( l .yyo.o,;ouw taslltll'iuor ) <IIHI 11101'('

l'OilllllOIII,\' I IH· 1'11 1' or t ll l' il' ll~llell pl't·~· llw Ht~l'olts- h('llit•d \\'allnh.'· nn<l tlw i:-.lattd won1h;tl .• \1 a pint'lr J)p,·ils lll<l,\' l' Y<'1l make (J Sll<H·k () r 11 l'l't'rl tIll'{' ltsnal h· IH'I<l ill l'\:

tn'lllP r!.!'lh-..Oll . 01\ 1'-tinw H:mg·t•J' nr L Hkt• ~I. <'lair H<•st'l'\' l'. t•t>nt nll Ta:-nwnia. I old lilt' ol' I lH' old l)r,·il I hell l'll-..lH'.J ( lrl'Oil!.!h hi:-. Opl'll doOI'\\'H,\' <' Ill' \\'illh' l' 11i!.!"hl Hlld illlt•lnpl<•d to dnw: a clro\\·-..in!.!" c·at frmn 11H' h<'<ll'llt l'o1 · its supprr~

.\J ell<' D<·,·ils lwill!.t llltt<:h hlrg·pr 1ha11 l'<'lll<li<'s Wt>igh l'l'olll 1-+ In o\·c•r ~() lh. \rhil<' l'!'lllHI<•s \'111",\' 1'1·om 10 lh. 1o 1:2 lh.

Tilt• HlliliiHI i..., Slll't'l.'· OlH' of t ltt• worl<l ':rtoisiPst ilnbibt•rs and \\"h<'tl drinki1w \ralt'l' :-

tlw ''t· lop-t·loppilq .. !:'' or thl' iol\Q"Ill' is (• I('HI'Iy <lltdibl(' HI H distall<'<' or 1.) lo ~(\ ~·a l'l Is. ' l'<IJH' \\'01'111 i Jll't'<·l ion i...; t·onrllloll iltld \l'il('('S or SIJt•h j)ill'ctSiit's Hl't' t•OIIIIllOll ill droppings l'ollll<l in the• htr....h.

~l.\JW II 1.), J !).)~

'l'I1P aninwls a I'<' noc·t urn a l. 1'<11'<' 1.'· ht•ing :-.<'<'11 rxeept Hs di111 shado ws i11 ilw hush nt dusk; hut tlw.'· ar·r l'ond of em<• r·g:ing oc.-easionall~- f rom t ht• i r· J1 idd (• n lc-t in' to strrt(·h and bask lu xu ri ously in the sunshine. ~\1 :-; u('lt tinws tlrPir PHI's hr<•omr• rn'rl 1·ed de r than nsu a I, possi b 1.'' associa t t>d \Yith the ahs<' IH· r of normal :->W<' <~I giH ndx ns t)·pit·al of nHtrsupials, .and the fact that th ry soon lwl'onw n~r~- hot and IIJH·omfortabl e.

~-,m· t rappr1·s \\'ho st i 11 <:an.'· on large seale operation~ clnring the wi11t t>rs of western 'l"'asmania hflartil,\· dislikP tlH• srHtre-<lespoil ing D<·Yil, and oft<.)ll go to ('Xtreme kugt lls t o rid a pa1·tic nlar area of thrse animals be fo r <> t lw s<'ason heg-i ns. . .. .\ n old pim' s h;H·k IH'Iow t ht• frowning 1•1 rell<' l1-mcm Range is st ill known as the DeYil 's ( 'alllp- thanks to the pitil t•::s work t·arri <·d out h~· the first ~man'r~ then• \\'h o poisOJH' cl and trappl•d the unfortunate <·arui,·ol·es :-;o that their whit enc•d hones lay i 11 that Yicinit~· for man~· ~·pars aftPnrcnds.

Tll r ' ' dr·op door'· t:a~e trH ps nsctl h_,. out· rxpPd iiion for sr<·nring l)p,·ils 011 the ErPbus R iYer and ot l1 e r pH r1 s of 1lw so nth

At fifteen weeks. when turned o ut from the pouch with eyes just opened. the fainlly-haired "little D evils·· c ling tenaciously to the teats. the number ·:> f which impose a quadruplet I imit on survival at each birth. The m ammae and roomy part of the pouch a re in front of the opening, ins tead o f poslerior

to it as in the kangaroo family.

J'IJ ,Iu. llo1' id I•' I• • ' ·'.

:277

\\'est \\'t'l'<' <·ol i<JpsibiP -.;lntt'flll't>:-. <'<IITi('d in st'l·t ions 1 o thesL' rrnto1l' 11 n'<IS h_,. pack hor:..<'. 'l' lle\· ,,·pn• ha it <>d P<u·lt <' n'n i ug with Pi1hl•r· pan~1t. haeon or W<tllahy nH·at. and in otd Pl' t o at t rad our qmttT,\' , s<·<•nt t r·a il ~ \\'('re (' r e<1 trd by d l'ilg'!.!'i ng :·WO re· hed nwelt on a st r·in ~-t from trap to trap o\'('1' a distcuH·r or pCl·haps S<'n•l'ctl m i I('S, \\' lll'l'<'\' ('1' tnu·k:-\ \\'Oilld •· take'' ill soft g'I'Oll llcl \\'C' I'PHd IH'X(

Jll ll l'll ll1g' thp tal<· or ll ll odd DeYi l followin:r t lt r aroma where l ht• ir prin I:-; \\'E'l't' :-.nprl'impo:-;<'<1 on onr O\rn , and t lw ir rtppal'<'llt

\\'ctl'iiH'ss in hn,·ing <·ir<:l<'d till' trap with out l' llfCI'illg·. ltt aJI. OY('I' till'('(' rltld a Jwl f Hw nths ( Xo\'('l tlhr r·. 1 D-1.>. .l<lllll<H,\' .

F't·b ruHry, ~ l Hr<·h. 10-J.() ) wr <·a ug-ht nin<'-1('(.'11 DeY il s : sonlt' l'ull.'· P,T 0 \\' 11 , others lwlf grown H]Wtint<' lls of tll<' pr·<·,·ious winl<•r\; bt'C'<•di ng· ;o.;('USO II.

Orw hrist I i ng· wi t iskerrd motllC' l' held I h t> lll<lxinllllll nu m her of four jorys hulgi ng ot tl or h€'1' JlOll(:h. Ont• lllOI'IlLilg' I \\'H:-

liS10I I11<1 Pd to fi11cJ c-l ''<•H 1c·ll'' " ' t'i-ll'illg H

gli:--1rn ing ~-e ll o \\' '' ll l<'IH l '' eo llar an<1 this l'a<:t \\'as all t hP lliOl't' mystifyin~· (·O Jl sid<'!'

in g thP l'<'lllO t(' ll<'SS 0~ 0111' SII I"I'Otllld illg'S nntil it \\·as realisr<l that t \\·o \rPrks ]H'('

\'ionsly <I spc•c·i a l <:O lll pO:·d I(' ron1 Sllill'(' nf

bras" \\in· mtd ht•utp "<'I l'or a .\f<tl''-'ll}li<d \\"oil' lt<tcl ht•t•JJ round S(ll'llllg and hittt'll oiL .\not lu•t· lt 11).!'1' l't·llo\\. a grand olc I man of tltt• E n·bus. ulciJ·c·cl hal<'l'ulh· t'rom h<'hind ,... . a "hut door Ollt' lliCll'llill!! and wht' ll I t lll'nt•d Jti111 lotN' hP 1'\tsiJ<•d fol' I hl' l'i\'1'1' hctllk. din•d iutn tht• it·y c·IIJ'I'<' Jit and ;-.\\'Hill "1t·on!.!'l.' to lht• oppo~itt• sidv <li~Cip]H?al'illg <IIIIOilg' 1 ht• l't ' l'lh. ( )n <Ill <'<11'1,\' lllOI'II j llg'

r o, 111 d o r t 11 < • 1 ,. , , p" i t "'a~ g "a n c1 r nn "'IH· 11 <1pp1·oac·hing to Sl't' tlw trap door:-- dm\tl; hut not so g·oocl to find lhHt tlw t·lwhh,\· lHLiin· SW<llllp I'HI (/(rtfflls lllfJ'(o{us ) lwd tli llt'd hc·arlily 011 the hail Hltcl t !J<• It quic•tly si i PJH'cl out t h l'Oll).dt lit<' lll('sh.

.\ lost ol' ti1P Dt·,· ils jll thi~ ~outh-\\· c·~t

n·~· ion \\ <' l'l' c-dtllthl c·ompll'tt·l.'· hi<H·k. \\'ith lhP lllt'J'V:-.1 lntt·t·-.. ol' thr u~ttal lar!!t' \\'hilt• JHtlt-lw-.. 011 I'll Ill p. c·ht•sl. an cl .... ltouldrr ... S<'<'l ' 111 I >t·,·i 1.... fc-11·1 IH·r norl h mtd l'a~t. Likt· many ot h<'l' allilllctl~. Dt•,·il-.. \'ell'." a !.!·ond dt•ctl in di'-'pm .. it ion. . onw a n• t•xt l'<'lllt>ly Jlii~IHtt·IOih. Hlld ~hould I \\'0 ~llt"ll incliyjd uals IIH't'l. t IH•ir ra .... ping- ~mt rls of hutl'. JJ~Jll ,!.! to il :-.a ntg·t• c·I'<'St·c•ndo. an• loudc•t· <Ill d Ill() J't' )'-,I Cl I' t I j 11 g· Ill H 11 1 h l' ('I' i p-.. () r all." ot lwr .\ 11:-.t I' ell imt lnat·su pia I. \ .i<·iou "llrll'l)-, e~:-.c·c•tHI to liC'I'<·<• l';t'l 'C'CIIIIS. illl<'l'l'llplt•cl

~fAH( ' I L 1:>, Hl)2

'"' lltl' t•la-..hitt!.! or lhC'il' ahnon nali Y la ro·p . . ,... l<•t•IIJ illtd t)Jt• ~0\IJlCb of hattJP (' Cl l'l',\' fa t· i11 tilt' "tilltH':-.~ of night. lt is not un t·otliIIICJII for lnrgt• IIIHil'~ to interlock thC' it· .i a\\·s <lllcl I he> c·l"llllt·hiltg' ancl brPakillll' of tlwi 1· tusk-like • l"itlliltc•-.. IIHS quitt• a hlood-{·n 1·cl li ug Pll'<'t·t. J:ut tlu·-..c· <ll"l' 111<' bad tc•mpr1·c·d l >t•,ils. TIH•n• <tl't' o!IH·t·:-; that \\'hine and !-.IHII'I IIIC'I'<'f." H-.. <I l'onll of politP <."011\'l'l':..a

tioll. \\ltil<• th<'il' Cllllic·s Jll'Ol'laim ti!C'it· playful goocl lllllllOIII'. :\1'\'<'l'tlwlc·~:-;. it c·ctn 11:• itll<ll.!'iiH 'cl tlwt <'lllry i11to th<• c·I'Hillp<'cl ill'<'<t o I' v11gc• lt'<l p:-. ""ith 111'\\'ly eH ugh I ;tnd solll('\\'ll<tl dc•sJH't·;H t' Dc•,·i Is is <1 snpn'lll<' tc·~l oJ' 11!'1'\'<':-.. Slow cl<•lilwntiP lllO\'t'lll<'llls Cll'l' I ltt• ord<'r () r lit :· d;l,\' Cl IHl a 11 ,\ · !-.\\' i I'IIII'S:-., ol' ;lt·l ion i 11 I he· il t le m pt 1 o n•mo' P ;1

c·<~pl j, <' "(l<' ll.s cli .... <hll't'. Tl~t• only in.inry 1111 nlll' Tt~.,llliltti<~ll c·~pc·clitioll. <tpart l'rotl t fittgl'l'...., hit lt •tt \\'ht •lt n •c·apturing t\\·o ~ nttll!!

f)(•\·jl, t hilt I'Clll Clbout tfw dec·k or tlt t• sl ,•ilJtll'l' nil 11ight 011 tl11• \\ilY homc•. "'"' il pain1"11l c>lhmr hilt• fro111 thP la:-.1 Dt·,·il c·<IH!.!hl. 11 lltctdt' <1 dash for lil)('rt\· dnrill" . -nl!.!'<' c·lt·anill!.!' OJH'I'Hiiott~ ou the -..!tort':-. ol' I ltt• C; rP;tl Lit kt•. 011 'l'cl-..ntall ia \ .. J'ool" ·. :\ l y 11.' i11g f<~t·klt• wa-.. t•ll"c•c·t i\'{' lnlt l'raug-lt t \rit 1t Jlil i11 l'ttl "~'""''~ \\ IH•Jl 11w "lit eh '· l':•tnliiltc·d \\'illt Cl '-t·is~(JJ'-.. lcl lhc> ('lho\\ . .

A untque ptclure of males m fierce combat Really bad-tempered De' tl .. at such ltmes. thetr widely gaping Jaws often tnt<'rlcck. when the scrunchmg of the powerful teeth. ~marlin~ and fierce screams have a qutle blood-curdlmg

e If eel.

l'hntn. )1.11 td l'lt 1\.

1 - 1 <)- •) ) l AH<' ll ·>. · ,,_ -1 u the D t'\' il f amil_,. both fath e1· 1-111<1

1110thrr h<t\"<' a \\'<' 11 d Pvt•lop<'d n~s1-b11i ldi1 H.!.' inst ind and i11 the C'Cl\'('. hollow log- or 1.,1,·it _,. HIIWIIg' upt ttl'll<'d tn·e -root~ . \\·lw t·<' tlH'\' ~lt·rp awH ~' t lw daylig-ht lwul's, ·om l'o rtHhl <· IH'ds Cll'l' nl<tdt• 01' hark, button OTcl~~ 0 1' ]('(1\' ('S. Jtt <:Hpfi\'Lf)' tit(')" Cll'(' (jHltC

~NHh' to adopt h<q.rs or st ra\\· as snhst itnte:-; . E11 ~;·otl<·<'<1 in s w·lt a <·ont l'ortablt' homt'. it\\'<1 \' ft'OJII lll<II'H t 1d j n g· lll<l h•s 0 I' 11<'1' kin<l. ,rhi~·h an· not al>on· <·a1111ilwlism \Yllt' t' l' lt>tHI<'1' ,\' Ollll~!;st Pl 'S H l'(' l 'CliH'<'l'IH'd. t he 11wthrr n e,·il prod n<;<'s ht• t· l>abit•s eae h n•nr ctl th<' <' lHI of :\fay or Y<'l'.\' t'<-11'1)· in .) till<'. ~\rrintl of t lw .'·o ttllP' is :-;trietl)· :-t'HSOIICll. ' J' IH• J' (' a l'<' 1'0111' t<•Hts d <-'(' j) in tiJ~ poll<·h <llld ihC' I'C'LO l't' <H~l'OllllllOdatioll is limitt>d to l'olll' .io<·.,·s. <·uhs o r J)~ , · il s whi<·ll('\'<' 1' you <1 1'i' pl<•.as:·<l io <· <Il l tlwm. Th(• pottl·h. h,,. 1lw \\'ay. ix inxig-n i fin111t i 11 it ~ otf-~<)a!-;OJI statr. onl~· dcH' Iop ing to fo r m <l

defilli1L' p{)(·kl•t !-;{'\'l'l'Hl w t•Pks lH'fon• ~·oun~ c-J re dtH'. llltl' l'rst ing <'nouglt alxo is thP fad t hH t its roomy pH rl i s antc· ri 01· to tlw OJH' lllltg- not po:-;trrior as in tlw eas<' of the jumpiug- o 1· uprig-ht· 111arst1pialx. 'l'lrns mother D<•,·i I 1'111111 i ng- 011 al l fo nJ·s c·mmot ('(1-;]Jy SIHII-!' ll l' l' JHHH·l1 0 11 st i<·ks ClS Xh E' 1'1111 !')

t h1'0ttg.'Jt t Jtt• S<.'l'llb.

Examina1 ion of thr pou c·h for note~ on llw clc-n· lopnl('Jit of hrt hit>s llHl~· lH' JW l'

fot ·nw<l JW1·iocl i<:al ly hy usi 11 ~· 1 !J e stout <'alTot -shrq H'd tail as a hancll <' . at thr xam(' 1 illH' kerJli ll<>' " 'l'll (' le<1 1' of I he fie re~ <-1 rra v r .

~lf t<'<'fh al t lw op posit e• t' IHI. Tlw ehang-<-> 111 tlH' p(Jlleh. inclit·Hti ng its seasonal dl'\'r lopliH'llf. hrgi11s i11 Apri l and it enlaq..(c>s :-t<.'i'ldih· f rom tlw11. th e itli(•rnal liJtil1g- he<·oltling: glandular Htll1 moist and <·0\'(' 1'('(1 \\'lth cl n•dd ish pi) . .!'IIH'll1.

H!mEDI :\(: A~() n IHl\\' TII I :\" CA P'l' l\. 11''\".

. :ro J·c·c·ord tltt• progT<'ss of tlH' y oung: cm cl ldtoS,\' IH'I'a l·it'S or 1 ll <'i r Jllot IH' l' I eaHllOt do hC't iP1· titan d<'S<:rih1• a s tH· < ·<·~s l'ttl ''E'Y<' n t ' ' a lt ton~ nl\· De,·iiH in 1 f)!1-l-. Tt is of n ot <~ that as fa·r as l'('(·onls go Nlpti,·t~H had on ly hJ'C'd 011('{' pl'('\' iousl \' t 0 1lt(' ()(' CH S i O il

<l<'~< · J·iiH'd 11 <' 1'<' . ~omr 't lrirt.v ,\' P<ll'S ag-o ~l t·s . \Jat·y Hohe r·t s ol' 111(• Beatllnarif) Zoo. li_o ~Hn·t, fiJ·st ln·onght ahmtt 111 (' href'<l i ng of .Dev il s. Th e' laq.!,'<' roh11s t malr of the Patt· 1 had s<•lr<'fcd to bt·<· <' d " ·Hs a fi 11 e ~abt· r toot11ed l' ltap w ho n<lo})tC'd a remarkahl.v

propl'i<•torial Hir l owHl'ds l1i:-> mate. Duri11~ .. \pl'il wiH'It l Yis ited 11w ir <' JH' Iosu r t' <lt 11 ight he would rnsh fo rt lt with lwn'd 1<'e tlt g i\'ing- sharp aug·t·y s 11i ffs antl al so \\'ht'<':'.ing ('Oitghs thH1 i-i<H11ld<•d har:-;h l,\· likl' '' llont<:e" as hE' j llmped U J)\\'tHd (tll d

aHt·mptPd 1o hitl' . l '::mall.'· he mon~d ai>on1 tlw 1'111' ~\\'ith that c: lums.\· xtiff-bodic•d <·clll1Prillg' ga it HIHI <· levat<·d ta il so typi(·e:ll of his kind . In the first days of .Tn ne fou 1· tin.\'. pi nk mtl~c·d and hi i 11 d bah irs P(ll~ h <I haJ I' in<·h ill Jt•ugth had lwtHk('ll tiH'mseh·es to their motlw 1· ':-; pon<'h. !:)hor t l,\· H f't<•r tit is 1lw fatl1<' r \\'<-ls r ellt OY<'d to lmc·lwl m· quar1 l' l'~. fo r the mother n o" · ~howrd r rsc ntm ent ctt l1 i:-; pn'S<'1ltP h.' · " ·hinitl g gro \\'1~ \\'hivh roxc• c~hrnptl)· in pit<·h and ,·o lnnw \\'IH'n<'Yt> t' t he 1nal(' ill1 empted to e11 te r 11H' l 'O('k shelt1·r. Earl~· i1t ~\ ug-nst at tlw Hg"t' of !-;(' \ 'P11 wecl~s tlH' t l li<·k-~et bahi~s i.n the pou ·h had g rown loa l c· n~th of t wo atHl thr<'l' qnart<.'r in<·lws. T h<>y \\'E' I'<' ~t il I pill k and ha i rl e:-;s hu t n ow it <'<Htlcl he xee n that th eir tiny limbs m oYed a<.: tively as t hey <.:lnnp: tPmt<: iot tsly to tiH' 1Pctls wilthin t l1r pmwh. TIH',\' also nnHI C' xlig-ltt sqtwaking- noises ctn<l " ·ith in<·r<'a~i n g])ll]k tl!(• hind q ua t·t <' l's of on e q llctdl·nplet p t·ojedc~d fl'om the ponC'h as the mother mo,·ecl e1hont. :\f~a nwhil r she• had he<·ome somP\\'hctt l'astil1iow..; for a D <•v il. clisclainin{.!· t'CI\\' lllPClt hut delight ing- in rat s . birds. <'g-g:s, frogs and rabbit !wads. 'l'owanls t lw middle' of . .:'\ug-nst H g reat thangr <: Hill<' O\'E' J' th e appearan<·<' of the ,\'Ot lng~trrs as I he <'Hl' tips and tlwn othE'I' t·eg:ion s of th.ski 11 hr;.nu1 to show <llHk pignwnt. ' l'h!' ponc:h 1()0. clrn'lop it tp.- with thr famil~· . was f'a 1· 11101'<' l'l'laxecl <111<1 l'OOin~· . 1.\ t e l e \ 'E't1

\\·c·eks 1 he dark 11io·mrnt of the YOllJ10' ha<l t"' ' r

h<'tont e s 11ffic:iently prononn<:Nl to tlno\\' i 111 o stJ·ong- vont 1·;1st th e f ut un• ,,·hit<' th {'s1-<-lllcl l'ttlnp markillp.'s. rrl)(' qn ict 11Pl'\'0Us

111 ot lH' r <H· tC'pte<l the fr<'q U<'nt hmHll ing " ·it lt 11 0 sig n of r rse1Jtment. Prog-rrss of t lw litn P D<'Yils was nO\\' quit e phenonH'nal and on Odolwr 1st at fi ft<'en wreks of <lg'('

i lwy first r clrast'<l thPir 1 ill then con t inu ous gTip on th e teats. 'rlte.'· \\'(' r e '"ell f nrred and tiH'ir r~·rs ha<l oprned. From t lwxe ohs(•rva t i ons it js ohYious 1 hat thr mot lw r mu st <·HJT.Y h~r C'llmhen.;onw !'ami!_,. " ·ith 11<'1' for at l0ast fifte~n w r<'ks after 1lt<'i r hi 1'1 h. J1 ut f'rOlll this tim e> Oll t JH' ,\'Ollnp:s1 <' l'S

Ill it~· l)(' ldt <1 t homp i 11 t h<' lll'St, H llowill g' t ht> 11101 ht• r t h<' l'l·t•t•dnm IH't·<'S!-.<11'.'' l'or stu·<·t>ssful ":--t·t'Otlllg'ing'··. \\.ht•Jl lirt<•d awa~· f ront th<• pan•nt thP youngstpt·s uttPr<'d anxion~ y<~pping c· r·it•s and 011 IH'ing t'I'IPrtsPd Hgai11 cl ultg· q11iddy to tltt> rttl' of ltt•r :-; idPs \\"ith teeth <llld tiltgt•rs th<• l'on•-paws h<l\· ing- llltllsmtl gntspttt).! J)()W t 'l'~ so that tJH· .nmng· Dt•,·ils an• t'X JH'rt t·l imlwrs. On lwin).! di:-.tnrlH•d l'ro111 ~I<'<'P wltt•tt sht•ltt•rf'd h_,. the motiH•t·'s body. tit<• litlll• l't•llows lost no tinH' i11 gripping h!'t' t'XI<'IHit•d tl'Hts. 1'1'0111 \\'hi<-11 it \\'H~ almost impossihlt• to di:-;lodgt• th<•Jit nntil firlll JH'<'ssnt'<' \\"ith a fiJtg'l' l'-lip 0\'('1' tlH• nostril:-; <·aus<•d thPir llHHtlhs to Oj>t'll. ~\t tiH' ctgt> Of <•ig·htN•n \\"('t'ks tltP '' play Hg't•'' \\"HS HJljHil'<'nt Hlld fiiOIIU'h or H totc-~lh· dill'<' l't• n1 t·ololll' till' \'O tlltn· l )(·,·il '{ . . ~

now n•st'ltthiPd X at i\"l' ( '<~ts or Das~·lln's ht't'<lllS(' or fltt•ir sha rp-fP<Iflll'l'd fat"<:':-. \\hit·ll I <I(' k €'d t I H' hI till t 11 (':-:-, (If t h (1 ()Id ( 'l' I) (I,. i I:-.. .\t hn•11t.'· \\"t•Pks lht>.'' "'<'n• st•\"!'ll and thn'equarl<•r iiH:lw:-; in hod.'· l~?ngth "'itlt Slll<llJ 1Hils adding H furlltl'l' thl'l'(' inc·hc•s. ' I'IH•y still t·ltlltg· t<'nat·iously to t hp moliH'I' 's l<'at:-; \\"llt•n drinki11g.

l n l ~l..J. () e~t tlw lhtdg-<'1' ('rt•ck !-'e~nduHI'.''· l'onr l>al>.'· D<·,·ils . approxinw1<'1_,. t'ig-hl<'<'ll \\'rrks old \\"<' IT <lt·t·ideltl ;-d 1_,. los1 h_,. t ht>ir mot hf' r 1tt a ra t \\'<11'1'<'11. ' l'lt<'n' I hc•_,. r<•tnai Jwd l'or t•io·ht <hWs dnritw \\"hi<·ll t illl<'

I"' • '"'

tlw.'· had ll<'ilh<·t· l'ood 1101' dri11k and \\"l'l'l'

g: iY<'ll 11p as dl'ad. I t ~e~ys !-.OllH'I hill).! l'o1· th<• tougllltt's" of t·he sprc·il's that wll<.'ll I'<'S<· ttNl Ill<' Clll<H: ie~IPd lit t l<• l'<•llo\\·:-. itntned ial <• l.'· :-.<'t ahonl 111<1king up ilw IP<'way hy :-.w·kling- l' rom tht•ir moth ~·r l'ot· days 011 <.' till. and c-~11 :-.utTin•d th<> ordt•al.

F o1· 1111• g'<'lll' L'ctl 1an1i11g- o[ t1H· yo11ng: D <· ,·ils. it was vons id <' l'<'d <Hh ·is<lhl<' tn ~;r pc-n·<-11<• IIH'Ill Ft·om t lw moiiH'I' e~t ni:.d1~. J~cH·h f' \'(' lli llg' i h{' ll I'I'Olll 1 he ilg'(' ol' c•ig·lttre11 \\'<'<'ks on \\"H t·ds I h<'.'' \\"t't'P g-i \'l'tl IIJ<• l'llll 01' H Ji J..dt!t•cl I'OOlll .• \l'tt' l' (\\'() 01'

tl1rer npp:'Ht'Hit<·es ihr s hnrp-tlOs<•<l liltl<• f'<•IJC)\\"S ga itH'd ('011flllt•lll't', St'<I IIII H' I'illg' <~ <· I i \'Cl,,· <tlllOttllg <'Olt<·ltrs and c·IHt i rs <111d ('\"l'l1 att<·mptillg- to tlimh <'ll l'htins. \\' lwn t\\·o of tltrm lwppen<•d to IIH'rl the_,. ll!-.llall~·

ha lted H f'c'\\' pct<:<.'s apart and thr11 utadt• 111 ot k Cl tt H<· ks. rushing· f'o nnt rcl w if h 01 H'lt

mou ths. silnii iHit•d Dt·,·il-.. ~

:\1.\HC:II 1 :), 1!).)~

t·idi c·ulotts s ttill'ls and much I'Pt'o<·it,,·. 'l'h<·.'· \\"Cl'<' r<'al ~·oung

11 \\"a" ri \ "t' m on t lt.... lw l'o n• t lw,,· c·t'<HiNl to n •h · 011 t h<•ir utothPr 's 1nilk fo r nout·ishmcnt illl;l lllll'ol'lllllHI<•I.\· \\"C' lost t\\"o ol' thrm lwfo1·<' IIH',Y had ahando1wd th<· mat<•rnal apron st rill l!S. Oil <' sqii<'<'Z<'d thi'Oit).!h the t·ltailt 11<'1 t iu!! ol' t ht• <'tH'losm·t· and "·ac..; IH'\'('1' IH•ar·d of Hgrtill whi l<• tJH• otJH.'l' sit·kt• rt~ •d and d it•d. 'I'l l(' mol hl'l' an<l l'<'IIIHilllllJ.! t\\"o yotlll).!sters :-.h<nn•d tht' tiiOI'OIII.dl M'H \'l' llJ.dll).! traits of tlwir kind by iutnH•dictlt•l.'· dt•,·ouring: t hP wholt• t·an·a:e. <>x<·t•pl t ltt• h<•ad. ol' t lu·i r dt•<·<•a:-.t•d l'l •lat in• ~''·e n t ltou!!h l'ood wa-.. pl1•t1ti l'ul. 1 lo\\·p,·pr t lw n ·nHt iuin).! t\\'o, il 111ale and a I'Plltalt~ . <lll<~itl<'d tlwir lll<lturit.'· and gTl'\\' i11to fine• SIH'l' itn Pits. l1ikt' mosl ot hrr <"<ll'lliYorons llHll'Sll pin I:-.. th<' Dt•\·i\ \ li rl' i .... cl l'O lllj)(\l'a-1 i\·<·1~- "hln·t on<'. and <1" far ct:-. I ant ahll' to a~t·l'l'l<lill :-.tu·lt <Ill <11lilllal at tiH' <W«' ol' r-

Sl'\"('1\ to <'i!!·ht ."t'HI'" ha" li\"(•d ih allott<•tl ~ p<lll.

PLEA ! 'OH ( l()"\:-. 1 :1{ \' .\TIO~.

• \ nd fi Ha 11.'" <1 pl<'<l fot· tOll:-.<'1'\'it t ion of tl1is <llld nlhP I' I'H t·niYoroth ntHI'..,Hpi<tl..., all of whit·h being: t·Oill)Wl'iltiwly ...,JHJI'I lin•d. with H hrief l't 'p t'tllltl<·t in• IH'I'iod. tt•tttl lllld<'l' lltOd<'l'll t·Olld i 1 ioth to h<• l'<l pidl.'· !'XIt•t'lllillHII' tl. Th t• \'(' j..., on l_,. 0)}(1 lwpt' or gi,·ing- th<• 'l'hyl<tl'itll' a fi!!hlitl!.!' t·h<lllt·t• ol' slll'\·intl. rtlld P\'<'lllllitlly ol' 1\t'<'pin!! tlw D t•,·il in t•xistPIH'<'. <111d lh<lt i..., to )ll't'\'1'111 :-.ll<ll'ing- in <lit,,. l'ol'lll in tlw \\'hOl<' "nuth"·'·~t<'t'll nt'<'H ol' 'l'<hlll<lltia. l't·o'tt tl11• \\' l•;-.,1 ( 'oast Hoctd d tl \\'ll tn Port Dcl\'t'\" and ~outl1 - \\'psi ( 'a p<'. .\ t l<'<t:--.1 ""''" · <1 han (·ottld IH' !!i\"<'11 a 1<'11 \"l'<ll< t ri<ll . T<t"· tllani;r'..., \\'ild ('<lllltlt·y t'<ll.t ht• an im·aluahh• :-.tOI'<'hlllhl' nf indi!!t'llOit:-. l'clltllil. ~ell\• I' mm ';}ll·lt dt•,t l'llt·l in• au,•tll"il'" n:-.

~

(' Ios\' I' "<' It ll' lt H'll t n 11d t lw dt•pn•dat ion:-; of Ill<• introdllt'l'd fox ol' nwiltl<llHI .\ th1 nt\i;t. Pat t i1·ttlarl.'· j..., it 1 h1• hollH' ol' """lllt•r <·an ti\ornth :-.pt't·il' ..... l'ith<'t' 1<>11!! gora• or l'l"t' di .... appl'<trin,!.!. rapid!~· l' t otll llh' l<111d ttt·ross Bn:-...., ~~ rait. Jctq.!'<' l,\' ht•t•Hl!SI' \\"(' IIH\'!' 1\0 SIH'h IIHIIII'Hily clt•lts<'. hrokl'll <llld ttltS<'I t kd lll<lttldilillnll~ <'0\1111 1'." lo pto\·idl• tl<ltlll'fll '<lll<·lltal'.'"· 11 ;., o 11w 1/r r 11ol /fJJ' Tosm cntia alonf. but for 11/f wlwlc o/ . l l! .,frulia , l//((/ flu ., (aunol rryio11 hf' }JI'f'.\£ 1'1'£ cl 11nll' willwul dt lay.

:\f.\1\1'11 1.-), 1 ! }.-)~ ~Hl

The Lepakshi Murals . \ r I I' I' lll () )'(. 1 ha 11 f n 11 I' {' (' ll tt ll' i l'=' 0 f

tll'~· l t•t·t and ohsc·nrit~· past two ~·Ntt ·s ns an impo r tant link in tht• t' IHiill or lndict 's ctl'tisti<· hl'ri l<t.tn'. Till' ,·illri ,!H' is Lt•p;-tksh i, \\' IH'I'<' then' i~ a lt•ntpl<• cl<•d it·att>d to \ 'i rahhclt lras,,·ami. \'i..;i t illg :-.t·hol<trs nnd t'XJH' r ts o n l nd i<-111 ~11't a11d arc·hilt•dun• ltcl\"t' rt'l'Og'llisNl this tPmplt• as cl I'<'JH's i toJ·.'· of' some of 1lw hest spt•t·iJlH'IlS 0!' Jnd ictll lllttn\l flrt Of the mt•ditt t•nll }H' l'io<l .

'l'lw l;t>pakshi terupl<·. <ts it is pupulcnly kll0\\'11, is a lt.otablt• exampll' or lh t• \' ijayatJag-a nt s tyl <> of an·llitt'dnrc. TJw t' lllpin· of \' ij<lyanagara. fou !l ded in l :~:Hi.

bt>tH llll' 11tP ).n t•at(•s! ll ind11 stat" ol' !'-iol l llH'J'II l ndj<t m t lw 1-I-th t o l ()!h < • P 11 t u r i es. , \ 11 i 11 :-;(' r i p ti on o 11 t lt <' i n" id e <' f t lt t• ontrr· wa 11 of t lw m a i 11 <'llf ran eP l'P t'Orcl:-: til ed tilt· t entplr \\'as t onstr 11ctrd i11 _\ .D . 1 :;:~ H by Y ir t1pa11JJa . .\ ~(·onling t1> l ('g<·nd Y irllJHli11H1. " ·llo was tit<' ki ng's tJ·pwmrc'J' in th e tin ~(' of KrishtJH Dent Ha.nt o(

Photographs of fai thf ul replicas painted fro m a Lepakshi M ur al. L eft: Shri Yishnu , the Protector . Right : A drummer in action a t .the weddi ng of Siva and P arvati.

A boce : The unfi nished ·· K alyana M a ndapa ·· of the Virabhadraswami te mple in L epa kshi . showing the exq uisite ly sc ulptured pil lars.

L eft : Photograph of a fa tthful rep· ltca pa mted from a L epa kshi l ural. ~he" i :-~g R oyal L adtes of the R nyns of tja) · anaga ra going fo:· '' o r~ h ip aaompa ntt•d 6 v a lien· ditn ts. 1 hetr ha ar style. san dcstgns <md ie" e ll en • a re

note\\ orth}.

l\LtHCII ] .) . l !),)~

\"i_jayanaga1·a, itH'IIIT<·d the king-'s displeasnre h.' ' usi ttg 1 h(' ro.ntl ftltl< l:.; unanthori:-;<•dl.'· to build t lt<' 1<' lllpl<'. 11<' wa. therefore puttisiH·d h,,. tiH• king and tltr building- of the telllph• \\'<Is ln·oug·ht to <Ill

abrupt end bt' l'orr vmtl plt't ion. 'l'he m1finislwd ·' 1\nl~·atw MandcqHl · '

Ql' ' ' hallO[ dt'\'Ofion'' of the t<•mple appear~ to ha n' hrcn <.:onc<'i ,·cd in a oTe:mcl stvle and ltas man\' noteworthv ~ • • t

seulptures adorning- its pil lars. ('lose to it is the colltplded ' ·Xatya :\fctltdltpa", the hall of the t·<'lip;ions <latH·<'. whi<·ll is the fine.·t part of the templl'. lt is :-npportNl 011 sixty-six <'Xqnisitdy senlptun•d pillars. or wlti('h I lw <·olumm; of the central grollp hrHr lift>likt' n·prrsPntations of hean•Jlly mns t<·wn:-; ;md da tlt:PI'R e;u·v<•d out of :-;tonr with n 11 cxuhenlnN' of oi·JJ amrnta t ion t.'·pi<·H I of I he art of the Yije~yanag;1ra JH'riod.

Nome hm huttdr<'d y;-rnls <' a~L of t11C' tl'ntple is a eolossal mmwl it hi<· hull, }.) f(•<'t hig·h and 27 l'c•t>t i11 length. <·arn·d \ritll g-rrat care and ski 11.

11 he most n•nHtrkahle fe;-ttltn• of the Lc•pakshi tt>mplt• is tlw veiling of the '·;\flt_va :.\Jan<lHJHI '' whi(·IJ is C'OYC I' E'd \Yit-lt 11\llll<'I'Otl ' l]f('-si7.t' frC'S<·Oes pHi 111 Pd Oil ii . repn•:·wnting sc·E'tH's from 1 he nation a I cpie pot•nts and histori<''-'· tile ~ fa!Jah<nata, HantH.\'HIHl and tit<' J> urmH-t:. ' l'hc•sf mm·HI:-; exhibit H \\'OtHI(•dul ntHstP t·~· 0\'('1' t IH· a1'1 s of d1·a\rin~r ancl c·ololll'. 'I'll(' 1\-imtar)ulli!Jo st·c•tJ<' dPpic·titn~· H fight lwl\n:'t'JJ RiY;l disgnisNl a-; <1 ltlttt1<•t· rllld 1\rj11ml ()\'f'l' H boar. N1·i Hmm1 's t oronation nnd Nri l\rishll<l (IS r a/aprtfmsayi ( n•sting 011 the lt>:tf of Ill<' hanyHn 1n•<• ) arr antong the finest exnmp]ps of fndian mnral art. 'L"h r stor~· of 1\ l'.illn a 's penrnH~<' is shown ·in \'rH·iom; Ppisod<·H. and pi<·tures of Vislmu, \"<1,\' ll . .• \gni HtHI o11Jr t· important Uods of lhP Hindu Panth ron fonn the tlH'IIH' of a not hr t· row of pHi nti 11 g-~ r<'pl·r~C' n t i ngtlt•' maniagr of ~inl and J> a rndi. P('rhap-; the fitwst painting is 1 hr M a nobluutyo or .'inl appeasi 11g lt is sponse Pan·at i in <lllger.

·) .. , - •)

Somr of tlw pctintings, whic·lt show wOllH'Il

worshipJwt·:-. 011 thPir \\'H.\' to tc•mplP!-.. an• 1101 C'\\'OJ'llt \' for the S<ll'i dt>sig·n;... 1 IH'~' clt>pic·t. '"'~ it·h do:-wl.'· t·psrm hi(' tlw nto<lrrn '·print('d 1-i<ll'is''.

lt is CYiclent 1lwt the artists of th,' \' i.i a.nltwg-a ra pcrio<l \\'ho ext•t·nt<'cl 1lw.·<' paintings had an ('X<·t> llent :-.<'nsr of litw and l'cmn and ol' good <·om positiotL TIH'ir t·olcntt· st·hemt•s an' <•xtt'l'ttwl~· plrasi n:,r and 11H' fHti lt> <·Ot11 Olll';o; and i nt t•rpln~· of hnl:->hst l·nk!'s in 11w frc•st•of's he;n 1<•stimon.\' to tiH' lhlHstc•t·y wlti<·h 11H'HE' artists possrssed on'r t h<~ i:ll't of' m untl pa i ntiJJg.

\\'hi le t h<:'l'l~ is an llllll1 istaka hiP totl<'ll oC 1 he c:lassieal 1 radition and or ~\janbt illtltJl'tH·e in fhesP mm·c-lls. tlH'." c·an1wt he tlas:-;ifi<'<1 as lwlonging to t lw .L\janta selwol of' mtu·t~l p<tinting·. 'l' hese paill1'i 11gs Ill ay hr said to r epresent thr \ ' i,ja,,·atlltgl-1 n l phase of tht• nw<l i<t<'\·;.d tnural art in Indic1.

Due to prrcolat ion of watE'I' th ro11gh l hr (·nt<:ked and h'nky 1·oof <tiH.l other wdural c·a1tst"s inhPrrnt to tltl' ~itnat ion and also as a result of huma11 Ycttldalism eomhin<'<l with th(' a<:<'llmn lation of soot. <·OI)\n•h-.;. ett·., th ~s(' IH'i:lttt iful frPs<·oes han' :-;nfft•red t·OnHi < 1<• ra hi.'·.

T;a. 't ~·ear tlH' ( i OYern men t nf '.\fmlras (' llg'<tgrd tllP St>l'Y iCt'H of \\'f'll [\110\\'ll H rf ists 1 o reprodncr tlw morr im nortc-1 nt f1·es(·O('.· or thr LPpaksh i 'l'c•m ph•. .\ :-;('t of ski lfu11~· <'Xf'<·ut<·<l l'c•plieas wet·e pllblicl.'· <•:-:l1ihitrd at tll<• :\faclras no,·rrnJJH'tlt ::\lm;eunt. \\'ith ~~ Yir"' to dl'<lwing nnhlic- i'\tiention lo thrsc <lJH·i('llt atHl beaulifttl lllllrals.

'rbe A1·th;.wologiee~l DPpat·tnH'nt. C:oY<'rnJlWnt of lndia . l1as tc1krn 111> <1 progTamnH' of chrmiC'a l prrsen·ation of thr p;.tintin~rs from fur1 hrt· de<: a.\· rt ncl detc•rionll ion <HHl al~-iO thr ('XC'I'IItiou 01' RlH·h Rtrndnnll repatrs <ls may he tH•rc1t•cl for thrir fntlti 'C Ill Cl i ntenatH·e.

'l'ltis nrtiel<' :111<1 the phologrnph~ :tl'<' puhliHh <'cl hy (•OIII'tl' SY of th(' rnfomwtion Ofliter for Tn<1ia, ( ':lll (j\.' l'l';l.

.\ f AIWII lfi. I !l.}2

A bot•e : Ru fous F antatl with young.

De/on1: The Regent H oneyeater and chi ck. This 1s one of the birds tha t does not undertake a regular mtgratiOn, bu t is a nomad. follow.ng the blos~o:ning trees.

j[ AIWII 1.\ 1 !).)~

Some Forest Migrants By J. A. KEAST, B.Sc.

WJJI LS'l' 1 he lllajnrit.'· of our l'orel-li birds l't>main i11 a11 al'<'ct throughout tl1p Y<'<lr a nu m her of 1lwm arc

mignmts. Somf . sw·h ;1:-; tiH' m•c·laJ·-rec·cling lorik<'<'ts a 11<1 llonr.n·at t•r·s. are merely nomads. UJH.I<•J·taking <·it·c·uitous and ill dc•fined rno\'Pl1H'nts f1·om <list rid to distrid as tlw food-suppl,,· , ·m·ies. ( >1w Ol' two spl'eies I ike the 1 it t k Nrarlet and fl'lanw H,ohins 1110\'C l'rom monnt<1i11s to l<)\rlands at the ll<·g·inning or willh'l' .. \ numiH'J', hO\\'f\'t'J' . lw,·r d<' An i tc• no rt h-suutlt InO\' ('

mcnts. tilt' (' X1('1lt ol' whi(·IJ Y<tl'_\' frolll ·pcr]es to 1-i}le<·ies and. within <'<H·h sJW<·ic•s. J'rom pltH'l' to pla (.;C' .

~\ J'e\\· ~<:l('J'(•d 1\ ingfi:·dH' l'S spend I 11<' winte1· in 1 he mol'<' sou1 h<•nJ P<ll'l:-. or .\ew . 'outll \\'alc•s lmt 1lw mHjoJ·ity lllO\'(' into Quernsland. " ·hrt·r they hunt inseets and lizards in tlw l'or·c•s1s o1· cJi,·<' on c·rahs along nwn~no,·p-fri ng<•d JoJ·t•sllot'('s. Th<'). 1·vt nm south in ..:\ttg:w.;t awl Sepl<'l1lht>J' ;md indi\·idual pair·:-; al'<' soon dist r·ihut<'d th roug;llont the coastal huf.ihi<11His. Tlwir loud, strillent. brcPd ing: caJ 1-notrs rPSOIIIH I through nli:lll_\' 01' 8,n1JH•)' ·s sttlluriJs during sp1·ing and st11nnw1 ·, in<'luding- suth <·los<{\·!-l<'ttlt•d distl'ids as ~ l osnw11 and \\' ollston<'C't·al't. Th(' IW~t i :: at th<' c•nd or a tumwl i11 a trrmit<-s IIIOlliHI or in a t rce llollo\r.

:2 ',)

Tlw \\'hit<'-thr·oal<'d \\'cn·hlel' or \\'ild (\man is another husl1 migTant and is wrll-k;l0\\'11 f01· its delig-htfL;I <·adrnc·e or \\'c:ll'h!ing not<'s. ~\ l)Ouf ~.n1ne.\·, the~· <llTin· in tlw first rol'tllight or ~<·p1ernbrr· l'rom \\'LiltC'I'illg- g'I'OUllds to tlw nodh or the State aJHl in Queensland. 'l'h c spl•vit•s is Y<'r.\·

Yoc·il'crons duriug tlw spring lm1 l>P<·OilH's ))I'UgJ'('HsireJy quiet<'l' HS 111!' l>t'('r< lillg St'ClSOil

aurmJr·es, finallY IH'eorning so silt•nt thal i1 is d i11irul1 1o ·judge· wht•n !h<'.'' lea\'(' l'or the north ag·ain. ,JJ ignrt ion prohH hi,,· _eomnwnccs in li:ltr F'cb1·uat·.'· and eont llllle~ tht·oughout ~ l arc·h.

Wild Canary incubating eggs in her pendant nest.

Right: Femalt: R ufous \'(lhistler f eed mg young.

.\1 .\IH .II ] :). l!Li~

t e[l: Sacrt>d K1ngf1sher f eedmg young 1n a hollow limb.

1- 1 <)- ·) ,:\Lun ·tt ·>, . ·L

Tlw lll 0\'('l1H'llts or till' B lii'OllS Wh is11t• t· l'PSC1llhh• thost• of t he \\'ild ( 'Httal'_\'. liPJ'C,

loo. tht> birds <tt·e \'(' t·y nois.'· on a ni\'<11. so nttH·h so that it is easy to l'<'tot·d tht• "fi rs t l'or tit <• Sl'Cll-.011. hu t I hry qtti t•1e tt ill S lllllll1 <'1' .

'l'lw nwlt• hi l'(l is \' ('1'~ · il'l 1t'Hc-tin· : ru l'ons on thr Jn·ea::-;t, \\'ilh al'tnellt>, Oil 1 he other hnnd, is hrO\\'llish in <·olotn·. ,,·it lt c·onspi1·Umts sl ri<tl ions on i ltc

pede hn•nst <ltt<l tht·o<tl. Bnth sext•.; fn•qt~rntl,r llt1t,)l' l h!· lotH l · · 1·:<•-t·hong · · <'H l I JlO{l'S.

Hul'ous l•'a ntuils r<>stl·it·l iiH•rtt:-.t• l n•s to th<.~ denst•r ln·ush -<·o,·<· t·t·d ntl1<>.'. floor:-;

2 7

\\'hilst bt·t•c•cling l>ut l<•mpm·a ri l.'· l'n·qll<'lli Ol\('11 titlli>Pr and l.Wrdens l'll rout<' to and l'l'l>lll tlt<.•il· llOI'tlH' l'll \\'illt<'l'illl.!' I,!TOliiH [s. . '

:\l a ill hn·<·d ing plmt's about s.,·dnt'." ill'(' in :\al iollctl Pcllk to 1hC' sout l1 the l llcnnunt s<·t·ul:s <tlld tit<' <:osl'ot·ci-Onrimh;lh <ll'('il to t it<' n.wt h. T IH•y do not <l1Ti\·1· in S~·thw,r llll1il lnlc ~ept1•mlwr h11t llhl.'' <·ont iiiU <' hn•t>din~ lllltil tlw (•Jld or 1•\>l>nt<ll'.\' , ~\ s

W i I h t Jw c>IIWl' S})01·it•:.; ll1t' l 11 io iH'd 1h<• ('XH<'t

Will1 t) l'illg gl'Olllld!-l Ot' !hP birds OJ' <111 .\. area el l '<' not lmo\\' tt, hut they <~n~ to IH' S<'<.'ll in \'cll'ion:; pads 01' (:()(IS(C:tl (~ \H'I'Il~ l n nd during the winter.

Australian Insects, XL V COLEOPTERA, 22.-TELEPHORIDAE AND LYCIDAE

By KEITH C. McKEOWN

TIIE JllTt·Niin~· aJti('ll' i 11 th i ~ :-;('l' ie-; di:-;tl!Sst>d tht• l~1 i r<•-fiit•s-otte of ilh' fanti lies, the L ampy l'icl<H'. l'ot·m erl .'·

gathel·Pd t<Jg·ditt' l' l111 d<'l' iJH' llelllH' ol' 1\•h•p!Jori dcl<' or :\1 a lat·odnm id<t <' . The hl1 1<'1' name. although with•h· wwd. h<Hlno <' ·tuc1 l stand ing. :-;it;<·e it , ... ~ls not h ;-1:-wd on ilw llHil1e or <lll .\' g'P lHls itH· Iudrd in iL Tlw 'Pt'lephot·i<lae a11<l IA<·iJWst•(lto d<•a l \\'ilh tiH'sP iwo grou:>s h<·t·<• .

'rhr 1\•lrpl1o1·ida e <ll'<' populcu·l .'· known as "Soldicl' B C'<' t lrs' ', ]Wl·h;lps h<.•<·attst' tJw il·] n ·i ~.!;hi (·OIOlii'S <11'(' l't' JllilliS('('lil 01' the milibu·.,~ uniforms ol' P<1s1 1inws, u1· fi'Om the mass 111illl O<'t l\TC"i sot'Tl<'l im<' . .; <·c-tni t•d ont h~, thrm. 11 hc•\· an• c·onsici <• JTd ~ o he i ll<' most ]Wimiti,·r· of 11H•st' I'<Hn ili es. TIH'ir intPg.'llllH'nt is sort, tlw 1H·oth0l'i'l ~ undiYi<led, and thr ,,·ing-r·oY<· rs ( el ,.t nl ) <le.,·oid Qf eOill l)lex s(· ttlpttll'lll g' <11Hi somrwh<lt ahbr PYiate<l in sonw g<'l1 Cl'H. Th r insrds at·r. g·e tlC' l'ally slr ndr r t1 JH1 o l' small to medium sir-e.

Little i-.; l\ll0\\'11 <·OtH·('l'ning i lwi r lif<·hi·~1oriL• . ..:: . l·,mm iiH· st· ant~· inforlllation 1,\';, ;la !JJv . tll<'~~ apjH'Cll ' lo ht· ('HI'IIi\·Ol·ous.

Tit(• .\'tsi i·;Jiian spt>t• i (•s most f•ommonl.\· <·n :·oll n' Prrd is lltH iollll1 ed 1.'· 7'f'lc phorus 1J• ·I ·I tllus -:\ l al'I C'<: •·. H sl<'lHlc•J· 1wrt lt• about l!;t 1 r i111 ill<· it ill l<•!lgt IL Thl' w i n g-C'O\' ('I 'S.

wh i l·h do tlOi ('O\'<••· t lw last st•u·nwnt. · o I' 1 he ahdonwn. m·r a rit·h Lwtnlli<· hrol17.{'~tn•en , hut ~ ;ome ~ peeimens nlcly he or il

disti1wtl.'· olin'-gTccn hu ~·. Th" l'Xpos<>d ]>OI'tioll or tlw alnlll11H'Il is hrighJ ~·eJ i ow : I he i'ol't'- j)Cl rl of th e giO%,\' 1 !JOJ'<lX hhl\•k <lJid til t' I'Cll1Ciinl1rr hrig-ht ~·pll mr. hut the l'XtP1lt nf t lw hlt-H·k fll'l.'(l js \'c•l'." Yctl'iclhlt' . an<1 ll1<1Y < \' ('11 he W<lll1 ing. rr ht' 111Hk is JllU(·h sina ll e1· than tlw l:cmc1 le. which is ahont IH1lf il ll i1wh in lrng-1h.

:\lt·. 1 ·~ . fT. J': <•<·k \\TO{(' ol' th E> l't' ll1cll'k<lhlC'

S\\·m·mi JJ Q.' habits of this ~oldirr Bel'th• in I IH' .lust m! ia 11 Z ooloqist. lf<• I <:'11::-; how:-

.. l •~a rl ,. in F rln·umT, 10 Hl. 1 honsancl:-; or ~o ldi~l' B <>e1 l es . T ;lrplun·us ]JH](']I r llw; ~ l <ll'lt'ct,\~, \\'l:'l'C ohst'n ·rrl sw~u·ming in

llliiiH ' I"OIIl-1 gi"OII P" hy t l11· l'oitdsidv n ho\'<' till' rails HI 1\atoolllll<t, .\t•\, South \\ <tlvs.

(lilt' ~idv or (hP l'll<td \\ i! '\ rol'llh'd ll\· <I I m\ t·Ht I ill!.!. aho11\ ~ l't•t't high, \\ hilt• tit~· otlu•r,

\\ hit·lt sloped qHi<·kl.'· <l\\'<1.' to tiH• gull.' \ \lt it·lt ntns into I he falls l1<1d IH'<'Il hnnkvd lip \\ith slotH's nnd t•artlt.

'. \ lll.ll•rot\S I toll's <lilt) t•l't'\' it·l'~ ill \ltv

,J n pill!..!. hank ol' I hL• I m\ t·ut I ilt!..!. \\'<'l't ' "''t'll

to Le t'lttin·h· filh·d \\'itlt tl11· llt'l' \lv-.; \\'hilt• . . ntt 1 hl' upposih• l->idP ol i hP l 'oHd I hvy \\ l'l't' ""ttl'llling 0\'<' 1' ston<•s nnd t·litnhing- lip i1t10 tJW (IISSO<·ks of g'I'CISS. ~ 1 <111.\ ' otJH'rS \\l ' l't' ill fli!..!.ill \\'hilt- liJro·t• llllmiH'l''\ \rltit·lt llild ('\'ldt';lt 1.,· het' I\ \rat7dt•t·in!.!. ctt·r~N~ t lw I'Pil ll. J<t.\' l'l'lhht d li!JOll { ht• !..!.1'11\llltl. h<t\ ill!.!.

IH'l ' ll 1'1111 o\'t'l' ~~~· pcts~itt ~ \ t"hit·lt·s or \rnlkvd 11 poll J,,,. )H'd<•st l'i<tllS.

· · . . . lksidvs I hP l<lt'g'<'l' nt;lsst•s. tllllll

h•l·, ol' '-'lllallt•l· !.!.' lOll)" \\'l'l't' <.:t·<tllt>n•d ahollt. '-01111' 1'1 ll:--.i-,1 i11~ o f IIICIII\. illld ollt t• ro.., ol only a f p \\ "Jll't·inH'Il". Fro;ll t1 litt lt• di-, ( ;Jll t'l' 1ht ''\l' ' ! l'dll)h Jwd ()H• i l]ljll'(ll'(lllt•t' or

d;ll·J\ 1,!1'('{'11 IIIOSS ll))Oll \ltC" stllllt' l-1 .. ,

~11·. Zt•t·k'" <l<·t·otllll is illtts11'il l <'d \ritlt a ~ ~ r ikinu· pholo'.!T<Iplt of 1 hP lltil""' 'd ins<'t·h.

\\'. \\". l·'t·o~gi!ll \\T<11<' lh<tl lw had .. ,\'I' ll

11 H· ~l<'lah•llt<l '\t·t·tth on I h<· Bit!(' ~lottll t; till" hl;t<·k "it h tlten1. ... \. ~I. L<•a n·<·ordt>d t it at 1 he.'· rH·t·rt:-;ionall.'· t·at I h<' <·;tte r pill<tl'S o I' 1 h c· < 'od I i 11 g· .\ I o I h.

~I \IWII Li 1!).-,:2

Frotll \o\t'llliH'r. l !l~d 111 .)CJllll<tl'.\, l !l~>~. lllllll< ' I'Ol\ :-. i 11qll i ril'~ \\ t•n• n •t·t>i n•d l'l'<llll

.\ rt:1 rntoll. L ntH' ( 'on•. I ~t'<'<·rul't. <111d o\ h<'t· '\1\lllti'IJo..; I() til l ' llol'l h or s.nlnP.\' ('llllt•t'l'l l

i 11!!" 11w·.t' lH'l'l !to:--. a ll->o !'ro111 I Ill' lo\\ <' I' l{ltw ~lotlll!<till" <lltd ~ ~ it li-1).!;011;.!': th<'.'' m ·t· <' t·, ·purt <·d to IH' S\\'<ll'tllilq.!· in YH"I ttt\111 -

hl'J', 111 ~·Hrdt· ll-.. t·o\' 1'1'111!.!' la\\11~ <~llll

ll o \\ •· rill~· -,hrtth..., \\it lt il IIlO\' III!.!. 111<"-'-

ol <·oJI .... idt•r<tld t• PX\t•lll. l11 OIH' itl"l<lll l' l'

tiH·.'· \\' l'l 't' n•JHll'll'd to lw tO\'PI'lll!..!. a li!\\.11 toil d<·ptlt ol' ''a tottpiP ul' illl·ht•s ··: ltt n•. dt•spitl' SJII'il,\'illg <ltld t l11• l-1\\'<'<'jlill !!.- lljl ol' tll <' l'l''>ttll ill!.!. <·t>rjll-1<''-'· llt l' itt-.;p<• h l' ' llllilliH'd \ll :tp)ll':ll' itl CIJI)'ill'<' lll l .\'

lllldt><·t·<·:ht•d llllllll wr..,. \o d<tll1il~ t· "'"

l't•porl<•d iltl.' \\'ht•n• ''" t iH• 1'<''-' l tlt o f t lw itl\'<lsillt1. illld 110 Si\1 i'\r:t<·\ot·)· l'~'CISOII l'llltl d

Ill' disl'()\' l'l't'd to l'X)ll<till lilt' jii'('Sl'll('l' o r

tilt• S\\'ill'lll:--. \lt(' IHI'l..!,(''\1 tlllll lllll"t \\'itk" tii'Pild tu <'Ollll' In Ill.\' llol it·t' .

.\not lll ·r t·ut1tt. toll ~nldi t'l' B,•,• t 11• j..., '/' .

((f rJti l"s Lc•;1. \rhit ·!t i..., ,,r n l..!.l' llt·l·;d p;t ll' ,\t'llo\\ tillt willt 1ht • hn:--·• or tll(• (')~· tril

11 '11'1'11\\ 1.' ldnt·k. <tlld a ro t tt1dl'd hl;tt· l.:. -,put "itua tPd lu\\anl-.; l ht • ilJH''\ o t' eac·h PI.' 11·un : 1 ht• 1 hot'<l \ i ..... ' ·<·llo\\ \\it h a h1·o;1c l ll'illl...,\ t•l'"t'

hhwk h;tllll <t1·roo..,s ih <·Pntn•. Thi.., \t•\\·

Sontl1 \ \'nit'" :--pt•t·il'" io..; \ ' l'l'). "imiln1· 111 !!,'I ' IH'l'Hl it)'JI!' ili'<IIH'<' to '/'. rll r ic n rll is Ll'<l. ill

The ll le-IHslory of J\lctriorrlrynrli•J.' rlripidim .

l ' I o1 • I' \\ I " .

\1.\IWII l.l , 1 ! I.) ~

whit·h t ltl' I'Olllllkd hi<H·k ~pots ;n·e \\'<1111-

ing. '/'. fljJ/crus Ol liiT is n l't' llltll·kahl<' in SI'I'l. l 1·om l .ord l l owv l sl;utd. i ll wlti<·h till' Jdue l' l.\'11'<1 tll't.' ~il) I'Xli'PIIlel,\' HllOl'l th<lt 011 ly <1 \'1'1'.\· Slllilll portion o l' llH• nhdOIII(' II io.., tl)\'\' l't>d h.'· t hPm . Su pt• l'fi <·iully. tlw in:wl'l i-.; l'<lllwr I ikt• Cl IH·igh t J.,. eolonrcd Borp Be<>tk \ :-·ltat)hyli11idae ) .

jJ l'lll i l~'I'S ol' the' g<>JHJS {{ ('/(J'(J/IU(.<; {.IJ .I'

are mutll ~mal l cr inscds than in 'P ch Jif,ort ls, Hlld do not <'X('<'<'d <I quarit'l' ol' an in·ll in ll'lW;th . ,\ !though <·onl'ormin!..( l!.PIH'I'll ll.'· to tlw a ppearan <·t• of tlw other gl' IH'I'<I or Soldier Bl'e l h·s. thC\' (1)'(;' hroadel' <llld mol't' <·ompact , \Yit h tlw wing-eO\'t'l'S c·O\'('I'ill!l.' tJH' <'X lrc·mit~· 01' t lw ;lhd onH'l1. l n 8flllll l l'll.'i tlw l'ol'lll is s i1niln1· to th .. lt or '/'( l t jJh fii'IIS . hut is 11101'(' si<' IH lf' l'. Com lllOII SJH't·i t•: C11 't' S. s,IJ<illf' !J{'}l.'iis BlldL in \\'h i<·h t lw <·ol oral i<HI is similar t <., that of T. p1tlcl! r /lus. hut t IH' <'l~· tra arr shorl <' l' and lt'<l \'P mm·t· (11' tlw a htLollll'l1 <'X poKt>d: this is n .\e"- South \\~ alt•s sp('(·l<'S. 8. 1'-flurus I •t'<l, 1'1·om t>m.;te J·n L\ustntl in. i ~ hl;wk \Yith a ,·-shnpc•d 1nar:.t in o f' ~-t· llow arou nd 1lw c· l~·tm .

'Ph r L,,·<·itl<H' hn,·e ilw tltOmx cli,·jded. cllld 1 ht> clyt 1·a, s i ig-h t 1~· ln·o;tcknrd at the apit·l's. hr<ll' Yl' l',\' fine• and intri ta t c' xt·tdpt tll'i 11g·. I n JJ flrion·h ync!l us sOlll <' s prc irs lwY<· <lll t> lo11 g-atr l'os1nun ( Ol' · · p1'o1H)X<·is ' · ) ';OilH'wl!at l'ernin rseen t ol' thnl or tiH• \Yec•\'ill'i ( ( 1111 <·llliolliclaP ) . Tltc: iut egumrnt and Pl,,·t J·a an' ;-;oft. ~ls in tlw otiH' I' <ll li('(l !!l'Otlj)S. .. \ !,rtl ill, JittJc lS kll0\\'11 ('() IH't'l'll jll'' tht• lil'<'-histoJ'\' ol' thcsP ins<· d~. hut th<'': ill'<' dPfinit l:' ly . <'<U·ni \'O I'Ollx, tll r lan·ac Ill'' .'·i1 1 ~· upon ot hP I' insc•c·t l<li'\'U<' nnd pupa<·. 'l'h t• <Hlult IH·e·tl <'s <l l '<' <·onmH>n l .' · alt i';H·tPd t o tiH• blossom~ ol' llowf'l'ing 1 L't'c's an:l slll'llhs.

~lost or tiH' Aw.:tl'c1lian Ly<·idac' ("!)'('

iiJi· hHlC'd in Ill<' g('llliS .1f<friorl'/i!JII C'fllls, o!' \\'hit ·IJ p j~Jit.\ · SJlC'C' i('S llH\'l' llt't'll dPSt'l'iiH'<l. The·\· an· lllOst i,· ol' 11 ri<·h 1<'1T<H'Oiln t'O IOlll'

\\' i ll~ th<· lw:1;l nnd tl10ntx hla<'k- but Slllll<' Sj)('<·i<'s n J't ' dnrk l>ro\\'11. \\'h i<·h ma~· ht• \'m'il'd with Y0 11 ow. Tlw L~·<·1 tls , which il l'<' l'Xi l't'lll<'h· <iislrl s!PI' lll to birds <l l ld pn'rlac·rons illSl';' ls. HI'<' t·lmwly 111imi(·kcd. hoth in l'm·m nncl c·olom· hy nu 11H' l'Oll s ot hC'r jll src·t~-IH•(• t!Ps of' ! li P 1\tmilic•s 0<'<1<'11H' ridn t>, ( 'm11 hn 1·id ilf', ( •c·1·am h.,·<·idn<', BuJH'<•s1 id<H\

The Soldier Beede, T elephorus pulchellus.

• \ 1l1·1· E. 11. Zl·•·k.

uml ( ' ll .l'<·nlionidae. as wel l as hy tvl'tain fl i<'s. \rHsp~ nml moths. The ~olour-Rc lwnw must ]H'o\·ide a Yt> J·~· suc·tessfu l wat·ningto Cll<'tnics, since 1t is ~o extl'W.;iYc. Th<· whol e or this mimi('l',\' is cxt renwl.\' inten_•sting, hut its clete~ils and rull jmpliC'aliunx han' not het•n fully work<'d ont ; it \Yonld, h0\\'(' \'('1', ]H'OY id<• a fine field l'or sp<'<'l cl list'll stud.'·· T b;ne l'<' Jle<lt<'dl.'· l'oHtHl man.'· fine spct·imcns of t he l Jong·i<'m·n ~!<' lllls , ( ' flrt ndl/ lis, ill c:oll<'<:t ions or l ;y(·i<hll'.

Tlw c·o n1moJw~t and most widt>l~· <listriIH11 P<l sJH'<'J<'s is Jf clriol'l'lt .If 11tf111s r/1 ipidi11s '.\ l e~tle<l~' · whith i ~ !'onm1 in nil th e> Ntate:. rt is \ 'N·y \ 'H L'ial de in si:t.('. hut m a~· l'<lll~(' 1111 1 o ;llnJost a11 in ('l! in length. 1'he fin t>ly l:ll td i1111·ie<l t r l~· s~· tllptu1·c•d e.J_,·trn ilt'P a ri<·h 1t'ITcH·otin 0 1· OI'<IIW<'-hJ·own c·olou1· \ritl1

;-. ' tilt• lH•;Ic\ and thol'ax hlnc·k and g- lossy. 'l'ltt' <·lJJ'iowd.'· shaped lnn·a i ~ d;nk-l>l'own to hlcH·k in (·olou1·. hut lll<l.'. l'n'. tllt'nt I~· lw round undel' stcmPs. ]ogs, mHl si m i lttr ~it nn1 ions.

()fht•J·. Hl1<1 SI11 Hlkl'. Sj)('(•l t'S HI'C Jf . ?JUfi'[J1111j)l'll llis IJt'a. tlark-h1·own m;u·g-ill<'t1 \rith t1n l l .'·ell ow. and .1! . rujiptllllis Fah1·. Y<ll'. lwemoi'I'IIOidalis \Yc_11 t\J•h., whic·h is nlso <1<ll'k-hrown \\'ilh tlw Hp1 t·<'s ol' tlw el.\'trn il ri<·h l'Nldish-onmge.

'rlw nllicd gencn1, 1'ritlwlus mH1 (lola (' /tmmlls an' also W<'lll·epr esc•n1Pd in .. \ nstr;llia.

:J ( AH.( ' l I 15, 1952

A Werpoo, or Bone Dagger, from

South Australia

By FREDERICK D. McCARTHY

I :\ tlw ILnr.'· Stoekdai P <·ol lect ion p1'<' S<-' Il1<·cl i o th e Anstntl ia 1t :Jinst>um In · ~ ir \Vi lliam Dixson. t hen• is a l' t' l11<-ll'l~

al>l<• bonr drtggr r ea lled th C' IN'rpoo. lt is m~t <k out of t lw s ilin -bo11 e or iihia of an e111u . por tion of wh it·h hc1s bet•n sUt off S(.1 1 hat t he <laggcl' is <.:OJH:H\'0-<..:0nvex in section. His 1 -~ :3-Hith inch l's Jong·. tlw l>utt is] ~ inclw s \\'id r•, and it 1 a pPrs to a n·1·.'· fin e point at th t• oth er <.'nd. Both Pdg-cs <11'C'

J'OlllHkd. The htsl in cll or tht· smool h am1 polish ed poin ted <'nd is bent lqnranls I J'<ll1S \'t' l'sclr, from tlw c·o1H' ll \'l:' to 1 h t• <·ott , . (' X :-nu·f<w e. Si x in c- h('S or th t• l>ui.t {'1Hl

j~; pH intcd 1'('<1 hut most of t it<' pig"lll E'll t has i>P<·n \\'OJ'Il off the higher l HHt ·. It is a c· ~we full~· f <:n·dt io1Wt1 intp lrnwnt on wh i<:.lt lllttCh of til e sm oot hn E'HS rt ppea n ; to ht• d ue to ha ndLing . <l tHl it \Y<ls appn t·en t l.\· in 1 he pos!:-: t•ssioll () r th e (1 llorigines for (\ long pNiod.

1 \\~yat t, \\' ., l X /! l .-~Oili P ~\ <TOtm t of t h l• .:\ l nnll C' l's and Sup t'r Rt i t i ons o f t he Adv lni<lc and I':H('OU IItt' l' ilHy .\l w r ig in:li Trihc•s in 'PI/(' Xal il't T riiJrs of 8on tlt .. l usf mlict , hy .J. 1>. \\' oods a n<l otltCJ'S.

.·

\\~yat1 ( l t'7D ) 1• in his lwid tt<·<·on nt of

1 he _ \ d(' ln itle and E 11 <·uunt cr B it,\' t r ibl's. s ta t<>d that:-

" Ct' d:ti n otltn !wings. in lt nhitanls of t ltt' ('H t't h. a rc d n~n d t•d h ~· l hl' H:tti\'l's . for 1h l' ntist· lii d 1lt t·r clo . 'l' iH'Sl' t h l· ~· t"dl 1wkoo11a toor!rlllflll , w'lt il'lt S f'l' ll lR to . iguif,r ·uokoona . l ite dl'slroyl•rs .' f row ' loorla . to fight or kil l.' :\ 1 l•:nt·cnttd v r lb ,· 1lt('ir ll :ltll(• is ·JJlorbr .' and t li t· 11 n t i ' t ·~ si k 11 t '1 y a 11 u d L' to t li l ' t ll l1y h ul d i 11 g up til t• J'on• :tll d l i t tle lingns. Thl',\' HL'l'

ntc· tn:i t' rl or 1\ i I ling 1111'11. wonH·n aud dtil · tl n· n, lty c·o nting s ll·a ltlti ly upon t lt t•ut in th t•

d:t rk. Otw is d t>Rnilt t>d as ;t \ ' l ' I',Y l:lrgc• IJl:ttl< lll:t ll , t'igl tt i'1•l'l or more i n lH•ight ; :cw l SOlll l'

of t lH•tn \\l'l'e ki ll<·ll a long tinw ago l1y 111 (' 11 or :l tl is l;tnl (•{)Ull [l'\' . One ll:tti\·p lll O:->t

:H·<·ur;t!{'ly , • ·qd;~inl'd t o n;t. l lt t• tJHHh· iu \\lti tlt l hl'." dp-.troy tlt t•ir \' i<·titus : going tltru uglt t ic <' p ro<·r ss l,y iulitatin• nwtions. ll t• firs t S JH' (' :l d h is JJi ; t ll l\d 11]!011 t ht• gt'O tl!Hl , ;ttHl bacll' llH' S ll [l ]'OSl' \lt;t l ;t lll:t ll \\' :lS lllltle t· it :ts\t'l' jl. I l l' t lt e~ t 1vl i re c1 " fl'w ll;tn •s . lai!l lrint:wl r tl own :tt fu \1 -kngt lt , nt•pl :ilong upon hi:-t>I J,ows "· it lc t lt t• lt•:t s t possildl' 11oi-.;p , :tnl lH•<·kon c•d to llll' to n •at·h hilll :t lit t lt• st itk lt c· h:ul prc·p:t l' l'd to t't• pn•sc• llt the> W<':tpon. \\'l tl'll h t• h:tcl nrri ,·<·d ('lmw to tltL' l1lankd. he Yl' l',\' tan·full~· lifll'd up tlt l' c·orll <' l' n f il . :11111 :-: :1i 1l ' ll t• t'<' :tr1• lln• ltc•ad :tntl lll'tlc· T IH• sl id\ \\:1 ~ s lowly th n tRl into t lH· t•a r tlt

P ho tographs , fro m two d iffe re nt a ng les, of the ~V crpoo, o r Bone D a gger d esc ribed tn the a r ticle.

It was p resented to the A ustra lian Museum by Sir \ Vi ll iam D ixson.

(as if into tilt· 111'<'1\, :1hmp lhl' <·tdlar· ltmll• ) in a ,I:Jnting din·di1111 : :1nd. wht•u j( had lw1 11 tuad,• to Jll'llt•l r:dt• a I tout -..ix or t• ight i111·lu· .... \\a ... in till' san11• 111 :111 111'1' ''itlJCll'awn: tht• Jing<'l :tnd tl111n1lt ut' tl11• Jpft hand hl'ing r.·ad_,. tu t·)o..;l' th1• i111:1giu:try \\'OIIIHI. Thi-; \\;I' illlllll'dta ( ·1.' du1w. :111d. afll'r lht• orifit·p hatl l>t·t•ll kl'pl t·Jo..,t•d h.' I Ill• Jli'I''Slll'l' for ;t -.hurt tin11· a litth• t•:trlh wns taiH•ll up and spri ukll'd npuu tl 11• p:trt, nnd till' uatiq• -.aitl, ·t ht•n• is 110 ltlood. 1111 wouud to lt t• :;t•t·n, and 1 hP Ill :111 is dt•:l d: 'I'll is pa u to· lllllltlt· t'I'JII'l'l\l'lll :1 I iou wa..; !H"rfnrmt•tl " ·ith grl':tl soll'lllllil,\, :tlld ll11· t•xpl:tll:ltion · \\'l'l'l' utlt•n•d iu .1 \\ltispt•r. Ou 1l11• night of lhl' , th of ,\l:ln·h, 1 ~:{ , :1 1·olunist ll:tlll('d P1•glt'l' \\:ls kill •d lt,\' two ltl:t<'i<:-.. lht> wound hl'ing inllidt•d in lht• lll:tlllH't' alto\'<' dPs('l'ihNI, :tud llll'rt' is 1111 donltl that 11:1tin•s ;~n· somt·· tillH':-. dt ')il'i\'\•d uf' lif'l' in tJH• S:lllll' \\':1,\". :tlld lht· nturdt•n• r.; I'M':tjll' lty :tt·tiug upou th1• SliJil'l'stitiOUS f' l':ll'S or lht• l'l' l:tli\'('S ...

Hull I I ....,, . -t. ) 1 d ('S('I' i I H'd t h (' Hllt n h· I' () r a slwplwl'd \\·ith th<· /1'(1'/)oo as follows:-

"T "a" toto . ..,oou a rtl'r I ;~rrin•tl, that tht• uld llll' ll M <lodors of tiH• trih1'" had cl<'ds(•d !hi.; nHHI,• of takinl! thp lin•s of tht• whit<• nrt•n, so :1s on till• \\itltdrawal of the instru nwnt, :trHl Jll'"ss ing dO\\ll lht• small hnlf· t·in·ulnr llnp. littl 1• ltloocl t·oul1l t•st·apl'. :md tilt• spirit "uuld not p:t-;s out, ns tlwy hPiit•n•d, to troultlt• th<•nl. Ou lh <' alarminJ{ nt•ws b('ing ln·ought to lil t' that T>ullirlcl w:1s lying OH tht- pl:lin ( :tlwut .J. mil<'s north of Atlt•· laicho ) clyi111! or dP:td, I lost no tillll' in going out with :t I'Otl\'t•y:tlll't', :tnd finding till' pool' l't•llow pros( r:tlt•, and sulf<•t·iug lh t• grratt•st ngon.'·· I III'Ottj!lrt hilll into town that h1• might h:t\'(' t hP at ll•nl ion his (':1St• n·quin•d. \\'it h llloH·h dinindt ,. h1• 10ld lllt' that thn•1• ltl:u·k n~t•n \\'l'r<' \\':.tlkinl! with him quidly. on~· on t•atlr -;id!' of hint :llld orw beh i nd. ,.,m,·~· rsin_g iu frit' IHlly lt•t·ms. Ont• of thL'nl askc•d him sucldt'nly for a sltet•p. On his saY· ing ':\u.' ht• n•t·l'in•d :t -.;p\'t'l'<' ltlow from tht• onp ht'hind him with :1 ht•a,·y w:Hl<h. :11111 ft•ll llo;\' ll inspnsihlP, hut siwrtiY il('('atn<' t'Uil~'H·iouo.;. and fl'lt hP had ht-t•u p.il'l'<'ed up· warcl<; from .iu:-.1 lu•lo"· his rihs. HC' said ]I(' <;;1\\' (Ill(' or lhl'lll \\ ithtlraw lhl' in ·trunwnt lw usl'<l. li e• spoke• with suth <lilli('ulty th<lt I thought his \'it·rh' h:11l hl'l' ll pit·r<·t•d: yrt on t•xamining him :1t th1• spot la• poinh•d out, J could p<•rt·Pin• wn· sn1all ni:J rks of t,lood, th(' \\'OUnd \\':1-.; tiOSP< l. and \\':IS to alJ :l]))l(':ll'·

antt• sut·h :1s would hP ~WC'I\ :lfiN a !wan· pt't'SSUl'C' of :1 man 's thumbnail; the' small fbj, must hH\' C' ht'l' n Jll'I'Hsl'<l down :1s statt'cl in llr. \\'yatt '" ;H·<·ount o f thr <lrnth wound iu· tlidt•d ·on Prg-1Pt·. Dullit•ld was \\'ithout losfl of tinw plat'Nl undN nlt•dit·al trt•Htnwnt. On rxaminal ion it was found that llw fine and sharp inst runwnt llSI'd had he•<•n pa st•d :1 short

z Bull, ,J. \\'., 1RH~.-Earfy E.I'JU' rif nc<'s of U[t 111 8outh , f us/ralia.

dis l: tn<·t> unch•r thl' ~kin :111el lht•n Jll't'""''tl up\\ anl.., :111d h:td p:t..,wd through thl' lungs. I luft11•ld :1" IJ,. inforuwd lilt'. "'"' on lti.· h:1<·k

1 h:d i..,, 011 hi.; lu•a d :111.1 ..,!Juuldl'l'": that a hl:u·k ll:tlll<'d 'HodnPy · \\:t' pl:teL•<l llt'tm•t•n his lt'"" wltith wen• lll'ld UJl ll\· a hlatk hl•hind

~ ~ I •

Hmh11·.' ·.., lta<·l;, a nd -;o ti ll' .,harp hmu• \\'a-; t·on\ t•ni .. nt h u-.t•rl. Ti ll' ithl l'lllllt'llt ll'l'll \\':Is

:1 fi11l'ly ~r;aqwtll·d :111d thiu lt•g ·hotll' of :111

1'11111 . 1•:, ··n· :1 I h•u! ion ":1.., (''\l'l'l'i"l'd to n•lil'\'t' tlw :-.ull'l'l'\'1:, ltut notltiug would .;;1\·p hirn. ll l' lingl'l'l•d altout forty ·l'igltt hours. H(l<llll'y, hi~ lllurdl•n·r, h:tcl not long hl' l'Orl' killl'd his U\\'11

lult r:1.

".\noth t• r lliOd t• of using tht' ll'' rpon \\:1~ pt':tl'l isl' cl upon l'l'gln who was llllll'flt•n•d lty t \\'O .\d1•l:tidl' :dHtrigiu:ds ( hrotlwrs) n:lllwd \\' illiant and U<•orl!l'. l ie wns pien·L·d tltrouglt tht• lt e:1rt lty a sharpl'lll'd kang:noo hotw, pa!'st'd in ;, slant ill I! dirt•dinn down frum tIll' lH'<·k, whils t un<lt•r· lht• inlhll.'llt'l' of drink.

"Bodm·y \\as ll l' \'l'r Jllltti.;lll'll for hi-; ninws <'.;t·:t ping front his fir-;( •·aptoro.; and lll'\' (' 1' :tg-:till IH•:tl'll of. <:t•or~l' :111tl \\'illiam \\('1\• hotlt :ll'l'l'SI<'d :tt'ti•J' t'lllhideral tle troultle :t tul !' I:H·I'tl in i rorh, 1 ht'." . ho\H'\'t'r. m:tna gt•d to 1'~1':1111' (i ron aud :tll ) <luring lilt• uightlh<•ir irou-; ltl'iug found IWXI day in tlw IH•Il of tilt• l'i''t•r T orn•ns. :-\omt' month~ a f'tt•r on!' of 111('111, (:t•orgl'. was l'l'I':IJitured. trit•tl. anrl hung, ltanng in lht• meantime tommitletl fnrtht•r murd t• rs."

, Y_nltt 's <H·eount <'stahlislws tlw l'att that thr ll'ti'JHJO is n t l'aditional natin• \re<q>On, nrHl \\'<Is not. HS Bull was tol<1. dt>Yisl'd fol' tlw JH II']lOS(' or l<illillg \\'hit<· men. Both ac·<:otmts lllakv it c·lpa r· that llw 11'( rpoo \\'as used h.\' t lw · · dot'tol's · · and not ]>_,. tlw men g·cnc r·ally.

. toc·kdalc•. in a nott• ahout this SJH'<·imen. st<lt<•d that-

.. w, I'JWo ot· mur·<ll'l' hollt' of th t• triltp.., inhabiting tiH· ('ountr·~· amund th1• <'ity of .\<h•l;lide is ltl'' ond <louht th1• most l'<' lll:ll'k · ahlt• and int<'l';•sting :-.pt•t·im<•n of ahori!!inal t•ra rt :11tcl ing<'nuity t•n•r yd flis<·o\'<•H•Cl. rt is pt·ohahly un ique. This remarkahlt• implc· uwnt ltas ht•t•n in tht• posse:-.~ion of thl' Stcwk<lalt•s for (1\'t' r ~ixt \' \'l''l rs. ~[\· undl'. tlH• 1:11<• l·:tlw:trd Stcwk<t':rh: of Lakt• 'llawdt•n :1111l Hit·htiiOIIIl l':tl'l<, South .\ustrali:t, :t \'t'l'.\' t•n rl)· ~quatlt•t·. :111d ~Jr . • \ ll'x. Tolnwr·. Olll'· tim e C'hit•f t'tHnmi.,siont•r of l'ulit·P, .\dplaid(', on SL' \'l' l':tl twea~ions spol<p at h•ngtlt to me about its use :111d both :tj!n.•t•cl I lr:tt it~ use was upward~ t•xa<'tly a s dt•s<· r·ih\111 llr Hull. Tlt c•rt• t·an IJt• no dind•t that t ill'S!' · I riht':s pra<·tisC'il 1 wo difTt•rt•nl nwdt•s of 1\i llin~ with tlris si ngulat· \\'l':1pon. On!' do\\'11\\':trds frotu tlr(• !'houldt>rs t)l' !l)'(•:tst and lht• otlrt'l' upwardR f1·<lm thp flont ill I! ribs passing immetli:ttC'ly undt•r· and p:tralh·l to lht• ski ll until opposit<' to th<' hC'nrt wlrt•n lht' iustrunwnt \\:IS tUI'IIl'd or twisll'd

J•oiu t iu\\·anl:o;. a nd ~ -on sid v r: tltlr • prt·~» t ll't' J,dug Hst•cl Pllahl1•d thl' s lJ:trp p(liut t o piPn•t• tlt l' dol l' utly ht•atiug ltt• :t~· t· , :t s tltPir l' id int l'> \\' t' l"l '

1101 :tl 1)1(• tillH' of llt t• 0)'1' 1':11 i011 quil t• Ull

<·on s<-i o us. ~I os t I i k r 1.'· t 1t p pun l't nl'i n g o f lit 1 •

ht•art wn s whnl wa s :tinw d nl J,y lwtlt pro~·vssPs . I htflielrL lt0\1'1' \' l'r, tlit•d fro111 lltt• I tom· pi t•r t ing thl· lungs. ~J .,· 1111<· 1!• w:t -; : t s :'illl'l'd hy

~ f A H< ' ll ];), ]9.)2

tlH• u:d i l' t·s tl t:ll I ltt• I HI Il l'S u:;ed were alwayl.\ nhl ;tiur·d f'r o111 I il l' Euttt, llt t• hln<·ks eonsiclc riug sudt hot~t·s ll t OJ'I' s uil ;r l lll' . nltltonglt tltey \\'t' i"l ' al so llt ,Hit- fro1t1 t lt t· leg· l)()ll l' of the l\ :tng:troo. . \ 111! t lt:~t olll' hl:t1·kfellow lte ld do\\'u tht• I wo :tl'lll s and :tuolht•t· black lw ld np lil t• I wo lt•gs l)(' ltiud nu<l 011 c•:H·It sick of 11H· OJ H' r:tlot· who lw t·t• lt•d hc• t \\' <' <'11 I hvm.

The Sir Wi 11 iam Dixson Collection ~int:<' 1D1:Z. Sir \\'i llinm lhxson lws pn•

~(· ntrd to th e Au~tra lian '\ l usc•um at Y<ll'ions titnl'S \'<tl tLW hl v eo li ed ions of ;mtlnopnlog-i(·HI spcc-inwn.·. T hese 110\\' total a lmost 1,500 spcc-inH'Il~ l'rom A ustnd in , ~'\t''" Z<.'a lcuHL Pcleifi t: l slcmds. Ce~· l on and I n<li<l. 'P iw~· ind ude a Y<'t·~· c·ho i<:<' rollrt1 ion of !lOO spe(·inwns f'l'om all 0 \ ' 0 1' 1\ustt·alia mHl f1·on1 ~c>w (luiJWH awl the Bislll:l rc·k .\ J'(·hipclag-o c·oll<>e1 ed hy 11 HIT_\· Stoc·ktlalt•, and anotlw t· ~<.'l'i<:·~ ol' almost 200 sJH'<·inwns c-o ll<'d<'cl by . \ . Bring·a Holwrtso11. Tlws<' S]H'<·iJlH'IlS fi\l.ed 111<-lllr g'ilpS in Olll' 1\liS ·

1 ntl ian coll<.·c-tion . l n J)p(·<.•mhel'. 19G1, ~il' \Yilli am Dixson

p1·escnt ed just 0\'('1' -WO spc:c·inwns from :\nstn:1lia, ~P\r Zc•<li<tnd ilJH1 Pol~· nesia. Tlwt·<' an• 2().) .JI<10ri pie(·rs in this rol kttion awl the~- intlndC' thirtePu wood c·an·ings. c·om prising et pui-pui hoHnl , tln·re lcHg<' human flgm·es. a fac·c-mask, ~ mod<·! <·<-lnOC-pl'OWs, ~nd S('H' I'<ll hox<?s: t\\'el \'e ko1 iatc• and pain wood c• n hand-clubs, one· st<tff ;tnd tPn padd lrs. al l l>eall1if'u11.\rm·''<'d: Pig-ht woodl'n \H'H J)()IIS. inc· lu<ling t<'wl!a tewha, tHiaha and r l n hs. Th e' magn ifi cen1 serif's ol' l\laori jade 01' g' l'<' l'l1sl onr obj('('1S C'Oil~ists 01' SC' \' ell ITH'l't'. h\'(•llt\· adz<'S

and c·hisels, fort.\·-mw lwi-1 iki, fi fh·-fivp rar-pcndants, thrcr ]lf'ka p rkc1 <llHl fi\' C:

h ri-mataa spiral pendants, two hird-lPgrings 0 1' poria, a 11 imclg'C of rJ'ang-a roa. god

or fishing. alld 1:'('\'('l'(ll ollwr [H'Ildanis. Tll<'l'<' a rc i11 ndd ition l'rolll :'\t> \\' Zt>aland a hm1r fiut(' . two boJIC colllhs and four c·loak-tog·gks, <t tHI st' ,·t•nd basalt and botH' 111('1'('. :\lany of th<'Sl' spt' (' imE'ns an• heautif'ul t•xampl<•s of lltl'tl' type aud the~· l'orm a most iliYctluahl<' addition to our ~1 aori c·ol ledion.

. \mt>ll g' tlw other sJW(·imens p1 I'S<'Iltl•d nt·,. old Tong·an t· luhs mw ol' whi <·h is dnt l·tl 179~: a IH'<llltil'nll_,. c·an·<.•d paddle ft ·otn11w ( 'ook isl<111ds: n I< a \ ' \\'

(lll illl'a and :\ ('\\' ( ';tl('t'lolli<t. ()f SIH'(·icll int<'l't•sl a re IW<'lll_\'-1\\·o brass hn•nst-platt~s l nlH>ut wltic·h an ;lJ·t il·le is to l>r \\Tittt•n in <l l'llttll't' lSSlll' ol' this :\!agazitH' ) issll l'<l to e~boriginrtl "kit1~.rs". "t·llid's"' . 0\·e rsePrs. :111d ot·lwr impot·t<tnt i11di\·idunls in ~ew ~outlt \Yalcs. _\ notlwr most intt'l'<'slingitrnl a t·t• tlw manusc·t·inls. \\'itlt illnstt'<l tions. or th e fit·st six B ulletins of Sortlt Ott c•r n ~l;md I~ tit nog·t·c-1 ph_\·. 11_,. Dr. \\'. g_ Hoth. and ptthlislwd in Brisbane.

~it· William ·s l\indl.\· int l'L't•st in till' ~ l usc•um has l>cc•n lll;t int;lin<'d fol' l'nrt _,. )'<'ell'S, and to him \\'t' HI'<~ imlt'ht<'d !'or IHlllll'l'()llS \ ' ctlllnhl <' spCt·illlt'llS, <IS cl lH'J'llS<ll

or th(' nhovr list will J'(' \'('C\1.

- I<'. D. ~ l c·Ca 1'1-h.'··

- 1 •)- ) )f.\1\!' 11 1 .}. ' .) :_

An Insect Calendar Part lll

By A. MUSGRA VE

I~ t his th e third ;-md h1st ]Hll't of Olll'

Jnsed t 'a lf'nda r , wr COlH: l nd e wi t h 1hr Antmn n n1Hl \\' inter seasons . thP

<·older mont hs of t lw year. 'l'o\\'ard:-; t11 e middle of F t-'hruar y, in the' la t itndc or Sydney, t he " ·ra t he r usua lly breaks. as it did in mid-... :\ up:w;t, hnt this 1 inw c·oo l<•1· wc·a1'her beg:ins 1o take 1 he plc1<·e of t he hum id and oppt'<'ssiv<' days.

ln l;"'ehn .Hl l'y, th r last m onth of Summer. the mea n 111 axim u1 u t rmpen ttiiJ '<' ror

)~:

'rh <" A ns t ntlia n a utunm months, :;\l arch, April and 1\la,\' . show H c·onsidcrable d iminution in the number s of 1hc in scd host for, wi th the ad v<' ll t of the " ·rs1rrly wind. which hrgin in MaJ·clt , im;ect I ife goes into hidiug and only some of t he n1 or r r obw:;t forms are en conn1 ercd.

The in t l'Odi iCe'd ::)tarl ing, ~ tunnts 'l'ltl

goris, lJOW cong-r egatrs in JJlllubcrs towards dusk in t lw Sydnry parks or wlwrls in ain ' al'micx before sPtt l.ing jn som<' leafy tr<'c for t he 11ight. 'ehe nois,v 'urrawongs ot· Black Magpie, 8 I?'P.fJ<'rn gruc tdina, invade the out er ~uburbs i n iloc·ks wjth t hei1· loud and somewhat monrllfttl <·1·i0s of ' Cnrrawong C urra wa u k ' ', to w h icJ1 tlw." ow<' thei r popular n (l me .

N:~c1ney is 77 .7° 1~. a nd t h(• nwm1 llll nml lll lt ():)°F . ::\fay , t he last mo11 t h of .\ ntumn.

shows a <lrop to a maxim n m temp<• r <lt lll'<' of () .) . .> o I., . a n d a me a n 111 i 11 i llllllll o r .1 2 . 2 o F'. .July. tlt r toldt>st mont h. <• njo:,·s t lH• hra<·i n~

t em IH.' I'M ll rt's of :) ~). oF. lll <' <l n JJHlxi mum. and .f.)} l °F . m~an mi11imum. ~\ ug nst s lJo\\'s a grad nal ret n rn to wa nner <·OIHI itions ,,·it h H mean maxiu1 11111 of b2. 0 1'1 •

and a nwa n minimum of -t.7 .. ) 0 P .

'Thi !-i is tlw ti nw of t h(• year \Yhen ihe lr aYc:-; fa ll from t he d Pc- iduous tn'<'S. or .. 'l'lw Fal l · ·. as it is tt•J·mNl in t hr l'nited :-;ta tes. and antmn11 t ints clw nge t hr foliag-e' of t lw .Lt pan rsr l\L;plr and the Yi1·g- iu ia ( '1·eepr r. \\'he' n tlw Jean's lHl \' t' fall<' n l'rom sOlll<' deci<lnous tree• ot· bu:-;h we may hr stcll'tlecl to sP<' t he t·omh mad <' h)· t lw bees during- t h<' snmnl e'r when le<-IY<'s C"O \'er ed t lw pla111. Suc·h a eomh was sern by me at \Yan·don, JH'ar 8ydne~· . O JH'

cllltUJDJI day.

rr he !'all of t}H' h'aYE'S ma rks thr iimC when man:· insects <>ntf'l' 1 heir pupal or chr:nmUs stage. there to pa.-s the \Vjnte1· months nntil Npring liberates them from

'1'11 1£ .\l'S'l' IL\L I A~ -:\ ll ':-;E!':\1 .\ L\ U,\Z I ~E .\ LAH<'I T 1:1. ] ~).)2

Comb of H oney bee. Apis mil/ifera, suspended ;n a bush in a garden at Waverton, near Sydney. and visible only when the autumn leaves had fallen.

Photo. \. ~~~~~~ra\l•.

their toconns and cln·Y:-;a]ids. Others pass tlw coldt~ r months in· thr t'p:~ sta~ot<'. whil<' some larYa<· o I' wood-hot·ing' Htoths aee said 1o takE' sonH· years 1o J'Paeh maturity and <~re prob<thl.'· little alfrdrd by seasonal <·hanges.

'l'he Oa~·- fVing- moth or Clrap(•-vine ~loth Pludaenoidrs ulycine, oH'r-wi tll e rs in tlw pttpal l'>1ag-e in a c·t'll in the ground or <tmonp: leaYcs. It is Otl <' of the first insects 1o appear on the "·ing in thr rarly . 'pring. and tlw lan·ae l't>e<l upon tlw leHYi>s or (lrape \ines, \~ il'ginia ('l.<' <'PCl·, F'nehsi<t, Jl ibb <>rlirt and Olyci11t. HlHl may he taken in ..-\ ugust and Sept<' m het·. The pgg·s a re laid on the lea VC'S and the la n ·ae an~ 110ted I' or their dC'sll'Uctin• JHthits ol' defoliating \·ines. 'l'hc lat·,·a passes tht·ong-h fin• moults hrrorc l't'HC'hing- its final st-ate ill whith it ma~· mrasnrr ahont two inehe:-;. It is g:n~cnish~· r llow with black linrs aml 1·rcld ish spots. 'l'h e insrcl is k(3 })1 in <·h rd' 1o n (·rrtain cxtrut by eertain spe(·ics oF hug-s of lh<' family Pentatomidae. whirh 11rc~· npon them.

lt was upon an .... \ntumn dny (31'C1 ~larch, H)-!- 1) that T was fortunate in witnessing the 1<11'\'1-'lC of the .AnstrHiian Tussock l\Ioth. Euprotlis ed1Ntrdsi. desertH1ing l'rom the misth~toe down the trnnks of the trees in or<lrr to pupate. An arcon11 t of this moth and its poisonous spi<· nl es was later given in the .\ I ' S'I'H.\LI.\:\" -:\ l t-~El'.:\1 1\f.\Gt\ZTSE!

Thr month of April is interesting historieall.'· fo r _.\ns1Talians sinC'l' it marks tlw (.'()lltllll'll{'ClllCllt ol' Olll' knowletlp:e or Anstrali;m insec-ts. It \\·as tO\rards the cud of' _\ p ril , 1770. that Bank:-; HtHl Solander, the naltll ·a lists on c•uptain Cook\; ship. the glld('(lt'Oilr. Jand(•d <'11 Bota n.'' Bay. T'lw D<1nksia 1rt•rs about Sydney and cls€'wlteL'<' in 1\w.;tralia. will alwa.n; H<' t'\' e to n'lltind m; of this g:t·t•ut botanist. c·olledor. antl PrPsidPn t of thv Hond 8oeidY of l;ondon. '1' 1w wrll-kno,,.t; Botc-~n'' · Ra,· I) i~tmottd Beetle. ('h rysolfJpli Its spc~·lrthili.~. seeurccl by the <'Xpeclition, was RLlllo~t ccrtainh· lrdc\'n at Botan,· Het\·. l t is a · · we·e,·il · · <ltHI thus a tt ~emh<'t~ of tile fami '·'· ( 1 lll"(•Ulionidae, aud j Is pat(']ws or lllrta lli c· blnt>-g'rt>t'll s<·,tl<•s renclPr it conspicuous. l t feeds in 1ht• adult stage npon \raU lt•s <tnd, <H·co t·ding· to lj' ro~rgatt, it lays its C~{.!S in tiH' bntts of IIH' tn•es <ltHl thr g:ruhs 1'01'111 ineg:nlar tttiiii('IS in tht> \\'OOd.

I onte• s<'t'lli'NI a photo!!raph of on<' c1f ('lifton {-h1rdt•ns 011 tht• :?7th April. 192-l-. whi('h <·OLTPSponds <ll)pl·oxintately to t ht · t imc of Cook's Yisit.

' ~[usgran·, .\., ·· ll nm1flll ~roUt Cat crpillnrs ·•. \ ' ul. Vll. l\o. 11, 19-1-1-..J-:?.

The yellow and black Day-flying or Grape-vine Moth. Plwlaenoides glycine, one of the first insects to appear in the spr ing, but disappears when autumn approaches.

l'huto. .\ . \1 us:tra\'1'.

1- ] 1)-·> .\1.\IWII ·l. · ,)_

T h r \\'ill! t' r n10 n t 1t :-i for ~ \ n ~ t r a 1 i a. . T mw. .July . .. \ II!.!IISI . I> ring- a t inw of pem·e for iu .... e<:l life. and thr 1>11 ·h is suhdut'cl. so far a sout h<.~1·u I at it udcs <ll'P <:ott<.·Pnw<l. clnring-1 hi" JH'riod. 'I'll<• morr t ropi<'al parh; ol' _\ nstral ia n•eo1-.!'11 i;w on I_,. wd a tHl <h~- st'a-.;on:...., or t lw nwt1soons. \'r,·ertlwlrss. itt the bush <-li~< >ttt N\'<l tH'Y. manY forms arc 011 th<.' ('\'(' or ('lll(:l'g·jn~ l'ront 'their hicliltg' plaers und<·t· logs, stom,s, or thr hark of 1 I'('('S. \\' lw I'(' t lt (' \ T ha\' (l \\' i 11 t er <•d in 011 (;' 0 r the earl~· stagr.: or rvrtt a:-; adults. Ppo11 tlw 1\us tralir111 1\lp:-;, at l\lt. Kosciusko or other l1ig·h altitud<.'S, sno\\· tml .\' !'all and JH'r:....ist <Is dril't:-:; l'ar .into thr summer. Y<•t €'\'C'Il at :\lt. 1\osci usko. with its hJizzard:-; and ze1·o trmperatlll'<•s. in!-.rct ]ifp rxists nnclcr hark or among t hr g-ntss tn. ·socks.

lt is interr~ting to llOh' that the hest time of' till' H'ill' about ~i\-<111 <.'\' for colJrc-fing the sma il im·w<·ts l'ou;td it; ants' nests. i. the <·old prr·iod t'rom .) lllll' to Sfp1l•mber. Xo less tlwn thir·tt•en l'amilir~ oi' beetlrs art• l'<'t·o r·<l<'d from ants· nests in tlw Srdne~· d ist r·i ,·t ; thc•sP are said to he parasitic· llpon tlw ant:-;. On r intrt'<'Sting genus Of ant:-;' ll<'Hl:-; bret Jt•s i:-; that (•alled ChlamydoJJsis and whic·h i s included in tlw famil y ITi stc• ridar. .\lmw new mrmhers of this genus WCl'<' dc•seri l)(' ci in tiH' past by tlw latr A. l\ f. );<'H, fo r'lltcl'ly Entomolog-ist to the Bouth A u:-;tr·a I iHn :;\ I nsNnn. At this time or the YNll' the cUlt S el l'(' found 11('(11'{'1'

the sn rl'a(•(' or 1 hC' ground, lH'rha ps a~ Cl

rrsult or lwin~ floodrd out at the lo\\'C'l' leYcls Ol' <• I se• 1 hr \\'H rmth of thf gronml

al1o\·<' atft'H<·h th<' lll. This ma~· t•xplaill \\Jt,\' \Jt(• ('OJit><"tillg' or tJH'S(' lH'C'flp~ i-.. <Ill

<'ct:-.ier ta~k dtll'ill!! tlw wintrr. Sotllt ' ol' tltt•se ants· 1wst ht·<'liPs Hl'l' anwnu· the slll<t l ll'st in t hP \\'orld. partit·11larly tho:-:r ol' tht· family Trit·hoplt•rygidat•, attd ma_,. l'<lll!!t·

l'rou1 .. ) lo 1 lltlll. in l<>ng:t h. \\'hiiP in olltt·r l'illllilit>s \\'('fin d g·iants or .... llllll.

'I' hough t lt<' wint 1',\' hlw.;ts of the '· l'O;Iring- J'ortiPs '' lt.rl\' C' long- sill<'t' tlispos<•cl ol' 1 hc• nHtjot·ity of tltl' im.;pets. t lt<'t'<' is on e butt ('I'll,\' or tit<' Syd II C' ,\' cli s1 t·i rt \rlJO:-w l'ol'tit tHic• c·anttnl IH• :·dwkc>Jt, the -:\ l c•<ulo\\' "\ r gus. J>rf'l'is t•illifla ('(1/ybr . out· <·onllliOIH's t :->JH'ti<•s, Hll(l \\'hi<·h may ~Olll<'times he l'otJIHl at this tiuw ol' thc• .'·rar sHnuing its<'ll'. l t has a \\'id<' l'<ll lg'<' on~ r .. \11stndia . as \rell a" tltP ~oulh i><H·ifk l slrtnd:-;. atHl ahout S~· thll' .'" it is with 11s pntdic·all.\· I hroll J .. dl<lut till' ,\'<'<11' CIS O<•c·H~ional ~JH 'l'illll'llS HI'<' S<'l'll

in .J unr and .July. 'l'ht> IHl'\'<1 <' fr<•d ott a nnmhc't' ol' g-an lrn plants stH·h a:-. Pl nnt<~u-o. Snap-dt·ag-otL ...1\ u:-;t ralian ( '<'ntuar.'·· ;lncl \' !'l'h<'IIH.

.\bo11t tlw middlP ol ~\ ugnst wr hq.ri11 to note that "t iH' hounds of ~pring i-ll't' Oil \\'~inter ·s t t·ac·c•s · ·, l'or suddPnl~- th<' wc·nt hc•1· lm·aks. and th e llH' ITttl'.' .• \\'h i<·h lws h t>l'll o:->tillating- <1hout 11w :)0° l~. ma rk. 110\\'

hPgi ns to show a nwt·ked pl·rfc'l'<'tl<·<' l'o1· 1 lw rr~don or Hhout ()()0 11'. Home of llw l'ruil fn•cs HI'(' aln•;-Hl ,\' in blossom in .) lily. and, in t hr hush. tht' first of the l~p<tt·t·id..; to apprHt' is iiH• spjky-leaY<'<l t ysinc JJ/ rt

J>HH[Jf'lls which ranges o\·<'r the sandstoiH'

.:\ f AIH'Il ] G. 19 :5~

c·oulltn· front lll~t\\'fll'l'<t to (~tH'<'nsland. lts whitr ·or rrddish How,.rs an· sc•ssile or sta lkJess ill tll<' ax il s of' 111<' upp<'l' leGIYE'S. 'l'his :-;lr11drr e re(·! shrub is quitr a hrautif11l object whPII it occ·lii'S in mass<'s. Ahout ~\ delctide dtn·ing ... \ ugttst thr introduced ~otu· ~oh, O.rah.-; ct'1'1llW. impal'ts cl golden shPcn to ·lh<' landscape·: ihis pliittt. howrn'l', is rrspqnsihlr l'o1· nwny tleat hs in sheep o\,·ing- to its oxalic· <J<·id C'Olltcnt.

'l,hc CootamUIHlra \rattl e' . , l crtcia lJoi!eyuna. ]s also one of 'tile fimq_·r~ that hloom i11 the ~prinu:, 11'<1 lr1 · ·. Tls small Q'ol<ll'll yellow flmn•rs. short. hipi1111Hh• lrafl<'ts. and fl<~t, hro<1d seed-pods, sPrH' to itl r ntify it f1·om its mm11:\· alli<•s. lts yello\\· Ho"·et·s he~ \'C st rrwn the• st r eet. of . uhnrhia long hC'I'orr tlt t' 1st of, 'eplrmhrt· HnnoHnc·c•:-; tha t :--;pring- hets ag-ain IJ('ell ol'fi<'iall.·> ns1wrrc.1 ]n , atHl \\' €' r e<lli.ze th<1t we ltaYC ap:clin <·ompl(' tt'c1 thC' c~·c·l c of thr ~C'ason:-; " ·hose ycc~l'iy l'OillHitnHk~ Up e:lll l llS<'C:t ( \tlt'ndc:ll' .

The Meadow Argus, Precis t•il/icla calybe, a widely dist r ibu ted A ustralian ymphalid l>ullerAy. and a hard y insect which may be seen about Sydney even in the

winter months. l'lwt u. .\ . \l u-.,·n ;t\o .

I - I t l - ·> 31 uw1 1 .). . .)_

Clouds over the main r ange of the S nowy M ountains. T he hirhcsl poi nt 1s M t. T ownshend (7,249 ft.) taken from the C eehi R iver ( 1.400 ft.) . T he marked track f o~ lows ll anncl's Spur and 1s a well used stock route.

Phut 11. \I. 11 dl

The Snowy Mountains of New South Wales

Part 11

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND THEIR CONTAINED FOSSILS

By H . 0 . FLETCH ER

AYJSIT was l'<'<·Pnt ly mad <' to l lll' Snowy ~ l ount a ins wit h t he ohjPct o[ dett> t·minilw the' o·c'o loo·it al ao·e of the

"' ~ l'"'t ~ <'Xtensi \'(' OUI C•I'OJ>S 0 1' S('ClinH'ntm·~· I'O('k:-;. The. (' <'0 11 '-i ist lllHinly or \'(' 1'.'' all Pl'Cd shah's now forming· slat<•:-; mHl c·lwrt s and in a S<·a I'(' h f or foss i I I'<' Ill Cl ins 111 a 11.\' out<' r ops werr sysh•matic·al ly cxam in rd i11 th e ('OU 11 t rv west () r Coo m <l t h l' s 110\\'\' pI ai ll s

' ' . ar·<•a and in tiH' mountains tH' HI' t lw Tll!nut }!'0 1'~(' .

P ossil rrm:ti11s in thr form of graptolites haclJH'(' \' iously hN'II d i ~con'rrcl near Coo m a

ancl tlwsc incliC'a tecl that the sr<l i mentar~· 1·oe·ks W<' l'r of Ot·<lo Yi <·i an a~r ancl wer e 1l<'posit rd app1·oximah'l.'· :;oo million yea rs ago.

(lnlpto lih's a t·r in tvn 'st ing colonial animals \\'hi<·h l'am c in to <'xi~trnce in late ('am bria 11 l-i<'Cl S. 1'her fl ourished to aH

amazing <'XIPnl in tiH: snteecclinp; Ordovic·ian time's <t nd spn'ad to all parts of ihe wol'ld . Althoug-h tlwy persisted jnto the Siltu·ian <r<•o lcwi t·al l>C riod theY " ·ere not l- I"' '

l'<'pt·csrnl rd h." a gr e<:t1 YHriety of . p ecic it ttd n' l'.\' soon h<'tauw r xtinct.

Right: Mt. Tate (6,789 ft.). 4} miles north of M I. T wynham on the main range.

l'hntn. (. \ daiii'OII.

<:r<lptolil<•s '''<'1'<' lh<~ domincltl{ fnrm of nnimal lil'l' itt the• Orclo,·i<·iclll s<'HH att<l. al tllP <.:lost• !Jf that geologi<·cll p r rind hac1 l>N'tl disprrsrd to ctl l nart~ of ti1P \rot· ld. 'l 'hri t· rapi<l dispPt·sal (ind \\'ide c1ist rihn1 ion wus mad e' possible• he<· et us<' tiH·.'· \\' ('J 't' fJ ·Pt~-swi Jll tllillg: 01' fioill ing· OJ'!.!Hlli~ms 01' ill SO III(' ntS('S

attaf'hllH' llt to clril'ti11g· sea-\n•c•d and oi ltet· olJjcds \\'<I' j he JllVlti1S 0 I' cl istrihntiott.

(lraptolites IH"'<' h<'<"ll c·<HtsidPn·d h~- ,-.. lrious authors in thr l><lst to hr pl<lllt n•tnains. "ijlOllg'l'S. ( 'C'phalopods HlHl 8 1',\'0/:0HllS. hut a r<' Jtow gen (•rall~· aetc•pt('<l <IS lH'in ~r ver~·

c·los(']y relatrd to the• ll., ·<lt·o~O<t. In ~t' JWral

form a gTHptol ite l'o lony <·onsists of a 11

c•long:atl'd, {l lbular polypary of' a th it inou:-; ltcllu1·r. nsually linea r and lltHli,·ich•<l hnt llli:l \·bc hJ·HJH·Iwd. ']'h e Cll <Jost>d oro·ani :m . ~

\\· ithin 111<• pol.'' P<ll'." o1· skel<•f on c·onsist s of llllllH'I'Oils polyps " ·hi<.:h a n • how:;t•<l 111 <:u psl t<qwd ll,q h ot!Jet<H' de\'<'IOpPd Oil OIH' 01'

both sid<'~ or t he pol,,·pctty.

~f.\1:<'11 1:-l, ]:J.):?

L e[( : Mt. T wynham (7 ,207 ft.). one of the major poi nts on the matn range.

I' IIHto. ( . \ d.llll' " ll

\\.lwn found i11 thr fossi l stat<.• ~Taplolitcs appc<l t' afi lo11g flatl<·lwd illtjH'<'ssions 0 11 1 he !weld ing: piHlH' of' tht> shalr in \r hic·IJ Jh('~· W<'l'<' cmbrddt•d in Ordo,·i<·ian tinw:-.. 'I'h<• tmcliYid<•d SJH'<·i('s look likt> sa\\·-h lat1l':\rith 11w <•dge~ 1ool hP<l. Tlw hind(' j!-i tlw n•mains of thr l)o] ,,·lwry or eilitinous ~k<•lc>-1011 " ·hik em·h noklt 011 t lH• iootlwcl t•clp:<' ot· cclg<'s r <'Pl'l'S<'Ilis ottt• of 11w suwl l <·tt ps or hydrotlweae \\'hi<·lt I!<H·h hous<•d a sin1-d<' m0mht1· of 1lw <·nlon.'·· Nonl<' gnlptolit<•s <l l'f' 1:otllt<l in larg<' J?.Toups with tlwir proxi lll<tl <:'llcls <ti t<H.:lwd I o H crn1ntl hod,,- \rllieh lll H,\' ha\'(' ht' t' ll cl gas-(i IJ pd (: IJH Ill her 0 1'

float s imil a r to thos<' of the• li,·ing- Port tlll'l'HC 1f<-ll1-o- \\.a J· OL' ·· Hlur-Bottl<' · ·.

'L'hc o·t·re~1 llllllthc•t· a nd Y<ll'it>l ,. of' "'L'<ll>to-~ ' r

lit e SjW<' i<'S f'ound ill ()1-dcl\'ieiall S<•dillH'll-t a r.' · roe· k~ h n s 1! 1 <I< 1 P t I w m n un i q w: g-ro 11 p l'or zon ing CJtltl <'Ol'l'<'latin!t tlte Ol'do,·i<·iall srq nentt' . 'r h is has brt>n dmw 1 o <l mnrkr<l <lrgTee in \'i c· io ric-~ and :\ e\Y Soutlt \\' airs. although in I Il l' l<~t1 <•t· nwks onl~· ol' r ppcl' On1oYi(·ia n ug-r llil\'<' h<'<' tl l'ouncl.

Jf.\IH ' Il 1:-J. l q:)~

'l'ht• first g r<lptoli1 <' n·mHin:-. to 1><' n' <·ordrd from 01·<1m·i<·ian ro(·k:-; in thr :-;nO\\'\' .\l ol tll!ain!-> <ll'<'CI \\'I' J' <' 1'1·om n IOC'<llit.'· a f><m1 1 wo 111 ill's \n•...;tt•1·l~· 1'1'0111 D<'l'l'id<:d(•. Tlwsv wvn' fou11 d in l !Hl~ <IIJ<I. inlht> fol lo"·ing· .'' <'<-1 r. <H I< lii io11<1l SJ H'<·i lll<'lls \H'l'l'

eollectc·cl from a l)lc:lck slnf<' ;tl \ \ '<IJIIhrook ('t·eek \\'IH' I'(' it (' I'OSS('S tl11• "'\ d<llllillelil,\' Hoad. ] 1 mil<'s l'rom ( 'oonl<l. 'L'ilP lli<11Prial <·onsistt•d or P,:<'IH'h'H :-;nc·h ns }) i})/oym}J/1(s.

('fiiiW('O~f}'((j){I/S. and f) iceffO[/I'O)JfllS . wllivJJ indicated the' age of ilw rod\:s to hp nrdo\'ltHlll. I~Ot l l ' milt's to the :\.:\. l•j . ol' t i t<' \Yamhrook Creek l ot: rtlit~· <11 1wr 1><1<1 1~· j)l'C.'

"rn ed grn pi ol it PS \H'l'l' round at ~ ~ <·( \J l'I.Y 's Crossing, llt'i:1l' t lw j mwt i 0 11 o I' B ri ell(' ( 'n'<' k and the :\I urnnnhidg<'<' Hi \'C•r. . \ l'urtlwr local it~- :Z mil es fl ·om Bt•rl ·idH II' is ;t lso or impo1·tante hec;n1S<' of t ht• oectt l'l't'11N' in 1 he slates or an almndall<'t' o l' th<' g t·apt·ol itPs Diplogrupfus . D id,1!1llOfJm plus and 'I'd rttgru ptus.

t::leYeral of tlwsP l o~.:H li t i es an<l ot lw r ne\\' hori?.OnR 1n tlw Yit:inity of ( 'oomn nnd Hcni(la lc wer <' ,·isit<.><l i11 th<> prclimin<n·y

Right : " Seaman 's H ut " on the road lo the Summit wi th part of the E theridge R ange in

the bac kground. l 'hoi n.- ( ' . .\dt~ 111~011.

mn·k in this distri<·l and additional (·Oil<'etioll of g'l'<l ptolitrs \\'C' l't ' IIHl(lC•. rl']H'S('

p_T£lptoli1rs \\'<' !'<'<> I' l ·plw t· ()rdm·ic·i;tll <lg"<' <tlld it \\'i'lS I'Olllld th;tl 1WO ZO!li'S \\'('!'('

t·<·pn•st>llt t·d ,rha(·h <·o111tl IH' t·on{·l<lit·d "·i1 h 1 ht• ( ' lilllllf'Ofji'U}Jills wi/soni /.011<' ( lmn·r llOJ 'l %011 of J ~as(onictll of \ .ido1·i<t ) ;md th,, J) i('a IIO(Jm plus clilt(Jt ri Wll<' f ll ppPl ' ltOJ·iZO!l or E<J sloniclll oi' Yic-t oJ·ia ) . ']'] !(• main ohjediYr. hmn·Yvr, \\'Hs 1o l'Xamitw the mc·k:-. l'al'thc 1· to 1hc Wl'sl in ;Ill <dtrntpt to lind gt·<tp1olites and <l<'IPrlll inc whdl!c•r the,~ · \\'l'l'<' or tlw "<-llll<' <lP:t' HtHl eontitli10Us with 1 hose• of 1IH• ('ttslt•tn <II'Pct.

~Ulll P tiliiP " "HS spt' l ll in c•x;.tn1ining: tl1!' sPdiln t' lllar.'' r orks in tliP ,.it·inity of tlw ~LJC)\r_,. Pl <~in:-; <-ll ld :'\ill llllo ~\I nuntaitl. T o n'<tt·h I ll <" SilO\\'.\· J>htins it is Jl('(' P'-'SHI'.'' 1o tm·n ldt off t he mai11 .J ind<dl,YII<'-J\d<lllliuCiby l'OH(l about 1:~ 111il c•" h<•f'o r <' 1'<'<-H·Iti ng 1\ dmni na hy. T lw ~ 11 mr.'· J>l a i m; I'Oa<l t 11<'11 I r a tls clown h i 11 for ; :IJ(ltJ t H m i I<· in f o 1 he n lll ey of t il e Elt<'llltlh~llt' ni n·r Hlld tltjl':. fast -running aiH1 " ·id(• l'i\·c•J· is (·t·osl'ivtl b_,. mC<llls of ;.l g·oo<l \Yoodc• Jt hrid~·<'. l ' psl ream

L eft: The Turn ut River. two mdes below Fifteen Mil e Crossing. The gneissic granite forms bold

ou tcrops. l'illlln.- t'. \11·!-:lro\ .

:H)()

<·aaiH' St'<'ll ~limp~rs of 1lw ~immo Plni11s. but lilt• Kno\r~· Pl ains tra<'k rontimt<'S slraigh1 on u\'<'1" l lw ~i111nw ~lountain. The tnl(·k i:.; st<'t'P j 11 l>lcH·cs wi1 11 a rough surL·t('C of 11]>1 \ll'JlC(l (•<lg<'S or st rongl~- si licific(l slHtcs. 1~ el'ore l't'1H:hi11g th<• summit of .\"immo -:\1 ormta in. -UHG frc•t in height. the 1 I'<H·k l>nmc·ltes, hut eal'h hrmwlt leads to tile Snow\· Plains, th e Jpft OlH' to \\'rston's J lut an<l .tht• othl'l' lo the <htngarlin Hi,·<'l' about onr mil<· JtoJ· th oJ tiH" hu1. This lnttr1· 11'<l<·k hns <l \ ' C'l'.'' steep dPs<·<>n1 to 1 he J'i \'l'l'

whi<.:h <·<lll lH' c·t·osse(l fai1·l .'' <'Hsil~· h~· <l .. . Jc<'P ,. ot· .. Land Hon.•J· ...

The Sm)\n· Pia ins is n hrantiful nrra of the ·· uplan;ls · · <tlld1 dm·ing ou r ,·isit in .. '\on· m her. 1 ~):>0. mn.; l'on•t·<'d " ·it h ~110\\'dHisit>s Hncl othPI' sub-(tlpin<' f lo\\'PI's. In 1 hr dis1Hil(' l~ atHI t-l\\'H)' to 1ht> south \\"cls 11w slw\\·-<·llp jwd .. \l ain l)j,· idt'. tH'a r :\[1. Kos<·i u~ko, \rh i lP Jll'<ll'<'l' <lt hand \\'(•J·r t lw majestit p<'<Jks of .Jc.q.rung<l l ( ()./.)~ !'('et ) ;md B11ll\ J>paks ( (),1 ~0 feet ) .

Negotiating swampy areas o n the Snowy P'lains. D eep bu t narrow swamp gullers are brid~ed with

planks.

'rh r ou gh th<' Yall ey of thr Snow~· Plains run::; the (ltlltg-arline RiYC'l' on itH '"a~· to ~\rell the wa tl' L'S or the Snowy H.in~ r. At thi:::; point it l!-; a map:nifi c0nt moun1ain "tream '"itb a good ~upply of fast-n t1ming water mHl. eyr n after slig ht shO\\'<' r s of r a in, rist': <·onsid('t·abl)· in Jwight. I t abound~ ,,·ith Ha in bow Tront (<'\a/ 111 0 ·iridttts) and this ri\'(' r, a lthough t·m·elr fi sll <'t1, wonld be a pnradise for rocl fishermen.

A good clt•a 1 of geological r cc·onna i.-sauce work was ca rri ed out during our two

~\ I AlWll 1.). 10.)2

\\'rl'ks' stay in lhis Hn'<J. Our iJI\'(•s1 ig-Htions t'XH'lHII'd l'rom Bull's P <'aks to th<' J~\l l: llllJlWtl<' ~ ~l\'l'l' iiiHl lllOS! or 1!J<' SC<1illll'll t<try rot'k ltori;r.ons \\' ('I'(' l'rit ieall .' · <'X<tllliiJVd !'or grap1olitl' r<'l11i'lins. _\ gTPat 1><'11 of s<'tlinw1ds PXt<' ltds l'o1· 1ltr<'<' or four 111 i I e:::; i n "·id t lt I H •1 ',. N'll 1 Ill' 1£ 11 (' u m h (' n 1 • a111 I Uu11garlin<' n ivers. and is 1ntv<'l'~<'d by 11w N i l()\\' \' r>l c1ins lnwk. :\ l tH·h or this hrlt <·on:i~ls ol' high!.'· alk r<•d qum·t zit<' and i1 t·i ses t·o <1 h<'ight of' 1 .~00 1'<'<'1 <ll>oYr riY<'r l<•n•l \\'i111 t IH· .:\immo T!·igotiOtll<'lri<·a l !-41Htion (-L~ 7fi I'<'Pl ) t~s its llig·lws1 point. .. \lt!J on ~· h <'X<llllinPd exhallsl i n·l~- 110 l'oss i! I'C'lliHins \\'PI'(' fnlllld 0\'!'1' th<• \\·!Jol1• ol' tlti s <.IJ'l'H \\'ill! t Jw (.'X('l'Jll io11 of 1-1 SlllHJI jHit<·h 011 t JH • SOU1 ht'l'll rcig't' . 'I'll!' g'l'<lp Jo]ifp-.; <11 this lo<·a]ity 011 thr caslc rn bank of tlw ll<';ul"·e~ters of l~ n11dan1 Cn 'Pk. an ras1 fio\\'i11~· t ributary of' tlw Ett<·tulii><'JH' I:i\'l•r. \\'l'l'<' C'o l let1 t•tl n• ry <·lost• to a eon t ad ZOIH' \\'i lit tiH· grun ill' ttiH I lHttltnl l l.'· \\'<'rr 11ol in tt

g-ood siHh) of ]11't'srn·a1 ion. ::\on<' <·mild l1<• idt•ntifit•d satisfaelo 1·iJ ,,-, lml suffkic·nt p\· i

drlt<.:<' \\'<ls p l·o,·ided tlwt tlH' srdim€'1lts \\'<'n' or l 1 pp<'l' OnlO\'lt·ian i:lgl' illld ('Oitld hi ' (·Orrelatrd possibJ~· \\' ith tJw s<•dinwnts or the ( 'ooma area.

'['he S<'d illi (' J1 b tl ',\' 1'()(•1\ Otttl'l'Oj)S W<'l'('

vxam i1wd i 11 1 hv Yi<·init~· of ... .\clan1inah~· and Kiand nt.

~\ <"ontitmous st•n r ch was hring: maclr fnl' g rap1 oli tv l't'lll<tins in a ny sr<limcntary on1-<·I·ops on tlJ<• rmtd-side ;.md at sen'ral lll<wk slate <lrposit:-; nra1· thr to\\'nsh ip. hut \\'it!J Jl(l ~Llteess. rr' il e extl'C'UH' <tlfl't'HllOll to which tiH'sr l'Ot•ks ha\·r l w~n snh.i<-dt1d l'a\ts<•d thC'm to spli t l'{'<.t<lil~- along: 1he shrm·-1ng: pl i'l ll es rat ht'l' than 1 he l><•dding a11d . as a rc~·ml t. the findillg of p:ra p1 ol ih's \H>ttld ht• fortuitons.

Short! y be r 0 ]'(' rear· hill g K i a mlra t lH' part~· tnm rd oH' 11w mai 11 r oad and pro<·eeded a long 1 11 <' newl~- lll<Hlf' roaLl to 'l' mnnt P(mds. 'l'his rmtd, all hough still undet· <·onst l'lldion, is lH'<ning <'omplrtion Hlld it .i:-; SO W<~ ll Sll l'\'(' \ 'fd thllt tlH' gnHli<'nt into lhr Tumnt Gm·gC', a drop~!' ahou1 1 .. )00 f'e<-t i11 et ,.el)' shol't dis1Hntt', i:-; at no tinw ct stN• p 0 1H' . \York 0 11 t IH' :-:i11ow~· l\ lo11n tains sc!Jentr is pl'O('<'<'d illg- rapid!_,. a1 Ttllllnt Ponds Cll\d a g' I'C'<lt dpal or n rcessa r_,. p rl'l i 111 i nary \\'Ork has he<'n

)1.\ H('I I 1.), 1 !) .)~

t·omp let~·tl. C:r;tptolit(• n'nutin~ \H'l'<' l'l't'Pttt h· fo1111d in a hol'l'-l'Ol'(' Hl ihi~ localil \' <lllll 'tlw~· j)I'O\"t' d i JW <lg'P or llt P I'Ol'k~ t 'l)

hP t1w sanw as tlt osC' l'arlht•r to tilt' c•nst.

Lt•aYing t lw madt' road Ht lh<·1op or titP 'rnmut Uor~t' a tt tl l11 ri king: ou t· wa_,. <H·ros-; the wain ran p:e towards H appy .);wk Pl;tills. Wt' I'I'Hlizt•d tht• \\'Ol'th or t hv ·' .J eep · ' in tH•got ic-d inp: r ough 1non11 tn itt · cllt:-i t·Oittllr~· . During: 1 h<• jotn·tw.\· ('Ollsidt>t'tthlc time was dc,·ot ed to an examina tiou

ol' al l srdinH' tt bt n · l'(ll'k'i in our ~·i!'cll't·lt for fossi l rent<tins, hu·t with 110 mnrkc<l sut:ees-.;.

~\ Jarg:t• an·n of c:oun tr_,. ·wfls tnl\'l' l'~t'd on the <:oulpll'lt' jonrm·.'· and jnt porbmt IHlia<•ont ol(w i<·<li finth; \\'l'l't' madl'. TIH•

~ . sc•d imPntmT rocks arc ~o <'Xl<'lts tn•, how-1'\'c •t· that t lw \\'Ork t<l nit' tl on t i 11 :mC' h a

l

lintited amount of 1inw must IH' <·onsidt•n'cl as u purrly prelim i tlH t ·~· palaPoutolog.i<:<tl su n ·e,·. :\o doubt fnrt hr r fo:sil eviden<·c wi 11 L:llll'rn·c l'r0111 more det ailc<.l work.

~

A Notable Aboriginal Donglas ( lrctnt. a fu ll -bloodt'd <i tH'l'lls

land aboriginal wlw h;Hl he(~ n an inmate of the \Yar Veterans ' Jl onw. I~ Firl' lsland , IJH Pc1·ou~e . near Sydney. di(•d on -l:t h Dec·<'lll hpt·. H is aetual ag<• was not known hnt it \\'as ~n·n0rall .\· C'onsi<h·n•d to hP <l hout 6~) ~·cars .

liP was an in te t·rst i ng exam pi<• or th<' effet't of <'11\'it·onment and assim il at ion into tlw whitr eomnmn it_, .. This :\ l usennt. in dirett l_,., perhaps. wns in terested in h im. Por Roht' l'( <:1·an t* ;-mtl his wil\• in 1HH7 were collcdiug for it in 1 he B~lkndetl Ket· Hange. north C~neensland. llappeuin g on the 1-lcrne of a tribal <'lflsh thr.'· found him ahHndonec l- in all likelihood his JHil'I.'Bt s

had joi ne<l t he i 1· l'o1·hca rs- l'or Rohert (I rant's aeeount ind ir ut ed that the engagement had heen fi e l'C'P . 'l'hc <lr<mts took him UJ), he was I itt le more 1 han n toddler. and reared. him as ca rrl'u lly as il' he had heen their ow11 ehild; lat<'l' the~· hctd a sou and the boy~ we t·e as IH·ot het·s. J)oug-las waf.: pa rticu lar]~· intelligC'n t. 1ft' wns rdncatctl at the Annandalc Pnhlie School whel'c IH• c:asihr held his o w11 \\'ith othel' sehohtrs, freq~1entl.v heading his tlass. U pon 1eavingRchool1H' was trained at :\fort's n o<·k as

'-

<Ill engim• t• rilt g d I'H l'tsman a ttd lwhn•t•n IH'l'{' ;mtl l lw Li thgo \\· ~tuall .\ 1·ms li';H·l or_,. lw rollowPd this pl'OI'<•ssion. 11 1' sc l·,·ed in thP 1!)1-t-l !JlH \\'ar (l:~th Batta lion ) , fight ing: i 11 ~' t·anN• " ·het·<· he \ras takc•n pr isont•r and plat·t•d in a <·amp for ghur ka p1·ismwrs. ll<•re ct ,·isil from Pro f(•ssor Il et·mann 1\l natsc-h, ntt emitwnt an th ropologis1 who had mrt Douglas during· a Yisit 1 () s_,·dne~· in Hl0:), 1)1'0\'<~d fo l'tUIHite I' or. on his l'C'lH'0st•ntations i t is hel iPY ~'I1 , <:nmt \ras tram;fer n•tl to anotlwr c·amp " ·it it _\ us-1rnl ians ,,-it h \\·hom he ltacl a c·ommon in I <' l't'~1. On his rpltnn to • \ustntl ia he 1·r sn m e<l his ra iling-, <\t tim es foll owi ll g'

oth<>r pursuits. F or a <.:onsiderahlr jWl'lO<L

hr condudecl the r~ t urnrd sohl ie rs' srssion on rad io stati on 2LT. J;ithgo\\'.

H e was not onJ_,. a skillrd <lral'tsman. He \nls an ex<·eiiPnt penm<m, a ('011\'Prsationalist with a kren St'llS<' or hnmOlll', WPII

in rorllH'<l CIIH.l \\·('}l n •ad. and fr i€'nds of a ligh t et· 1111<' c:tpp t·<'C'iat<'<l his t·omp:m .'··

- \V.A.R.

"' R ohert C:rant I.'OIIP<'t t'd <'Xtl' nsh·~·h· for thiR )lus('IIHI iu IIH• ' Os and latl' r wn~ appc>int Nl taxi · ~~ ~·nu h;t ; hr l'd ircCl in Hll 7. n is SOil , Tl enry, \\":IR

tax idt' rmi st from 1H09 to Hl-:1:3.

~IAIWII 1.), 19.)2

The head of a Wondjina painted in a cave in the te rritory o f the Worora tnbe near the Clenclg R iver in the Kimberleys. These huge mouthless figures wea r a strikmg headdress. They represent the spi ritua l a ncestors of the totemic clans.

\II C'I' .1. H. ll . l.o\ 1•.

Aboriginal Rain-makers and Their Ways

Part 11

By FREDERICK D. McCARTHY

T 1Tr~ llSl' ol' <·r~·stals ol' qttm·l~. c·<ll<·.i1t• 0 1' g~' J1Slllll \\'1lS <'Otn 11l01l Ill l'il 111-

makill~ ri tes. l n tlw Tunhal tt·iht' ol' BrishmH'.' l'o1· example. tlw 1·a ilt -nlakrr spnt into tlw air, took a mag-i<·al ln1ndri st mw 1'1·om his month, a11 tl eh ant t'd lt is appeal I'm· l'clilt , ehir fly to in cr eas<' I he suppl,\' or yams cllH.l hLtn~·a-bun,\'(1 nuts. To stop tlw 1·nin "'ll ich fell fot· Joul' lla.n; al'1 er OIH' }W1'fo1·mance. a rnin-makcl' thn'" . fiJ·rstic·ks into the air, ~!J'OWI<'d lou<.ll)' in his throat, and displ ay<'d his magi<'al k'1111dri ston<' again, vvhen th e weath er CIC'al'C'Cl. rrlw :\Iai-m-li of v;cs tc>rn (~ut•enslawl SE't t hr<'<' nysta ls in gum on a s tic·k whi <·h was fix P<l iu <1 hollow log nnder the wi:ltl'l' ; thr !-'ti<·!c

\\'lis n'mm·vd \\'hrn 1lw 1'11111 1·anH.' . Tlw l'il in -nw kvr 011 tltt• ( :t'orgi nn ri \'(' !' 1 o t hr north till'('\\' po\\'d<•t·Pd q Ita l'l z c·J·ystals on•1·

1 he' \\'0111 <'11 who c·mtg·ht 1 hem i11 \\"O<Hh'n howl~'\, and tltr men ;llso imitated tlw adions ol' <l<ttl<llic· animnls. l>i rr i nwn. ;tl't<'l' Anding rl sui1<-lh1 €' pl('('(' or g_,·psum . sa t in pnirs \\'itlt :l ho\\'1 or \\'<11<.' 1' ('011t£1ill i ng cll:-:o pointed rmu borws. l ~;t<·h nHln i n 1ut·n inser tr·d tlH' h01H':-i tln·ongh llnps ol' skin Oil

his arms and Jr~s. :tnd t lw lllood W<lS

Ul'llllk rrolll 1 IlL· bowl:-:; artenranls. rl'he ('l'~·s t cds (IJ't> 1 he .·ourcc or the mngirian 's JHlW<'l S in many parts ol' ~\ltstralia. andlH' obtains thrm -ft·orn his tribal an<·l•stral b('illg:s. Sll('h HS {]1(' sk.\· lJrrOl'S ol' l' <ISh'l'll

TilE .\1':--\T IL\LL\ :\ .\ll':--\ 1~1'.\1 .\1.\<:.\%1:\E

.\ u .... trali:t Hni:lltti, l hii'CIIItlllan . und tlw like and t rn111 lht• ~n·at "tt<tkt• and otlwr <llll'l'"lor .... ,,(north .\ u"lntlia . with \\' h(Jrn unl~· IIH· lltt'dit·illt'- ll H' Il tht'<Ht~lt th t• spiritntc-.,. t'll~t·t·.., ill'<' aiiO\n•d In hold int t•rc·otu'S<'. t 'r~· .... tal ... intpr·,·~ J l<ll<'d \\'ith suc·h flO\\'Pt·s at·e tlitllgt'l'oll"\ j,, I ht• ·' ntlll!!t'l' !!,!'11«'1'<11 ion cmd at·e ohtaim•d nnd lwndll'd h.'· tilt' lwadman ur ;) ltwnl ~l 'llllp 01' hy tIt<· nwdit·int•-man.

'l'riht•-., Oil tht• l >nrlin~ Hin·r or :\('\\' South \\' alt•" mi\l'd JHim)t•r,•d g·_q1sum "\rith hHi rs front ;1 lll<ltt's IH•;11·d ;tttd blood 1'1·om hi-; nnn intll n JHtslt•, \\'lti,·lt IIH•_,. ph~<·t-'d

het \\'t't'll llitl'k flt ~ d si' I llltdn \\'Hkt· " ·it h :-.tilk<'s; rain \\';ts <''X Jl<'<·t l'd \\'IH•n I h<· p;lstt· di...:~.,oJn•d. .\lllOIH! tlw tkSPI'l tt·il)('s or Ooldt'il "\t•I'CIJiin~s rr·om th t• l'<lgt• or tl pectl'l...,)t ,•JI 1 I radt•cl fl'olll t lw 1\ i mlwrl<·'· t·oast J

j-.; llli'\<.'d Oil il '\lO tH' \\'ith fl·t•sh !_!I'<IS~ ('ht'\rt•d hy t Jt,. ,.,, in-llt<lkt•l': h !-.. c·omJHin ions sing the appt·opt·iat t• -.,oil~-... an d t'<H·h tnkl•:-. <I littlt• of tht• mixt lll't'. . \not ht'l' mw of pl'al'l-shell ~~~- tlH•sr nati,., . .._ i" in tlw l nma r· i tt• in whi<-!1 -.,l'\'l'I'HI IIH'II \\'t'ill' Oll t' into tht' h11-.;h "\\'lrt' I 'P

tht·.'· c· iwnt and st•<'k to attl'nd thP nlin. \\'hi1·h !in•-; in tht• m •:--t. IJ.,. tlw shiny slwll;-; and"·'' th <· llt't·konill!.!' or tlw l'<lill -mnkt•r· . . \ thanl\s-J .. d,·inu. c.·<'l't'lltony is ht>ld at n ig·h1. Thr IHII'llill!!.' ol' llltlllilll lwi 1· \\'ils a l'ain making l'ilt· llJioll wltit·h g: l't•at n•lin tH·t• wm; plcH•pd in \ 'i<·tol·in nnd 111 ( 'apt• (;raftott in <jut•t•md;tnd.

()np or t IH· most JlO\\' (' I'rul SOill'('(:'S ol' mau-i<·nl JHI\\'1'1' in .\ usll'<tli<J is tlw Hainhow.'t'I'Jll'll1. and his Hid i:-. sou~d11 in pl'odu<·in~r l'ain I I\· man,. t r·il H'"'· < )n t lw l·'or·rest Hin•r in tht,' 1\ imi.H·t·lt•'·"' he• is kno\\'11 as Oalcr!l and in 1 hi· \\'( )J'(fs or I )J'. 1\ ;1 h<•J'I'Y his <·oils ill'l' .. dw l'!.!t•d wi 1 It t l11• flO\\'t•t· t i1at is the

Olll't·(' 01' lll tlllilll Ji r<'. or rna~iC'. Hl1l1 Of thl' fpJ· tilit.'· h1·cnr~ht to th<' <'a r·th by the t·ains . .. In lh<' r·aill -lllilking· l'il<• llw headman or t lw lo<·;ll gt·ou p oht a ins 1 h<• mag:it' <· r·ystcrl s rr·ont (:rtlr I'll. hl'<'<lks I ht•m up and \\'I'Hl>s t}wm in <1 ~r·as:-. hundl<• to he 1mt i nto a w:~t,•r·holt·. I n t lw c·oe~sta l t r·iht•s oL (~Ul' <' n~la 11d 1 h<• nwd ic· i tH'- 111<' 11 <·ut the hnsc nJ' tll!' l<ainhow Hl ( IH' hot tom o r a L'iYer, l'1·om wiH·r·p t hPY hrotwh t ll l> t hr mag·it·

• l'">

rl'ystills, to <·alls(' h<•ayy r·ainsto rms. The 111Pdir·i JH'-Ill;lll or the• ,\l lll'll~ i ll 01' llOl'I"IJ

l'<lStt•J•Il .\rniH•m L;lll d stops a flood h,v

di\ in~ into t h1• \\'<1t1•t·. c·atc·hin!.!' the t!:J'<.'ilt python by IIH• tail <tlld S!'lldin g· him held~ to hi-.. undl't·-\\·;rlt'r· ltonH'. \\')wn t he \ratet·s l't '( '1' 1 1 ( '.

~\ mort~ tltP .\ rand;t ol' ( \•ntral .\ 11-.;lntlia I ht• \\11 I <' I' lot <' Ill i"' a cl ist r id knmrn <ls 1\·nrfw io J.mlfjo, tit,. l'<till c·ollntl·~- , firt_,. nt ill's <'et'>! or .\I ic·p :--\pring:-.. To its nwm brrs tlu· SPI·n·t or !'<tin-makin g- \\';ts gin·u in the drt'<llll -1 illll'. I ltt• Alt.iim. hy lrf.i -II'OIIII(f({ .

n11 <lllt'<'st t·<JI IH'illg. 'I'IH· l<•adt·r· ol' thr <·lttll nsst•tnhlt•s t IH · otiH· r· lll<'tlliH' t's an<l i11\'ites ot h<' l' IIH'II to ,. i<''" t lw <'<'l'<'mon~·. Tlw Jll' l' l'ortiH' I 's H I'<' dt•<·tn·al<•d wilh paint and rt ;tlhPnlmrn in :-.r , ·p t·;tl dil'f'v rt•nt desig·ns. 'I'IH·.'· !..!.'o o11t hunting- hut do not dr·ink. 'l'h1· old llH'll build a hut in whic·h tlw .nHlll~l'l' lllt'lllh!' I'S lie lllo:--1 or f)l<' ni~·ht. ~\ t suns••l t h<·~· clt•c·oratt' I he lead<·r · in <lll

t•lcrlh ll'il lt• r<t'\hion. hancls or do\\'ll Oil hi:-: l'or·t·heild t'<'P I't':-.l'lll ing- tlw t·ainiH>\\·. J l t> sit~ i11 t hi' hut \\'hill' tlw old ln<'ll :-.ing- l'<tin

A randa men of the water totem carrying the sacred ttlaninga. their symbol of water. during an increaserite to bring rain to stimul ate plant and animal life

and eo replenish the water supplies. \ 11 t'l \\ . 11. Spt'lll't• r :11ul ~·. .J. (: 1111'11.

Above is shown a bark pai nting of the R ainbow Serpent N galio t from F ish C reek. Oenpel li distr ict o f weste rn A rnhem L a nd. T he two eggs are shown in the pa inting. and o ne o f the pebb les representing them

is shown be low.

~on gs, tlw n wcllks up and dmn1 a tren<"11 :30 ~·inds long qu ive1·ing his hod~· and legs in a 1·cmm·kahl~· YigoJ·on:-; r;Jshi on whil(' tlw yonn g nH'll arise and joi11 in t lw s i11 g in ;2; whi c·h eontinue:-; through out most of tiH· njg ht. This pe1·fon nam:e is l'<' l )(~atNl at· int E> n ·als du ring th e night. <IIH1 at tlw <' IHi of the C'e rC' mony tlw : ·otmg IIH'll n1s h out or the hut nt1 ering; tlw c·r.\' or the spur'"inp:ed plovt·l·.

I oht<JinNl a st01w <'all ed 11•i'la/.·. one of t ht' t wo C';!:gs of t he Hainhow-st'l'P<' Il1. n Jmgt' :·m ain· ('alled N yal io f " ·ho lin·d in Ji'jsh ( 11'<-'ek, abou t fi l't N' Il milc•s 1'1·om Oenpelli jn western Arnhem JJmH1. ] n the dream-time Nyafio l. who made th <> coun t ry , c·amc 1J r om th e I•~ast A lli gntoL'

.\lAIH' H ] G. 1 !).)2

r i n•r. a ho11t :2.) m i l < ·~ to 1lt<• sou th -cast, <t<·l·oss 1 o 1 h<• r<t pi ds whrr r 11' is lt Creek Plll<' l'g<•s 011 1 o 11H· pia i11 fro m thr 1·ocky pl<llt•ctLL and tll<•IJ look up hi s <lhod<' in1 1H' pools h<>low. 11 <'J'(' l~t• let id his <>ggs. anc1 si ill l i Yes. 'l' he d l·c·<ll1l -1 inw pc•op l t• snw thr <'gp:s i n the s<md, hut th<'~· llacl 1 o huilc1 <1 11 1·e ill l ;JJ 'Oti !Hi tllc•lll <llld I><ISS thc•iJ' hctllcl-; 1h r·ough it lw~·ol'<' th<'.'' c·ou ld tonc·h then~. Tlw <•ggs \\'( ' l't' tlwn put on n ledge i11 a snwll t·oc·k-sh,•l t <' I' ;Jl>ou t one llll ll dn•d f0t't nl>o\·l· th e• c·J '('('k o11 t hl• sotttlJern hauk. T lwn' ;J I'e ' ' 1·<·"· r;> d t>d X -1 ''' ·' · and 1110110-tonc• pain t i11 gs in tlw slwl tt• r . Onr or ilw c•ggs di sap p <'<'\l '<'d hu t tilt' natiYPS c·ottld not exp la in " ·lwn or wh.'· or h.\· whom it \Hts takN1 " "''' ~ - - '1' lw mcmht· rs of the totemic· (·l ;m c·o l lC't' l ' JH'd t;tlkE>d 1o .\' fl((/ iof anc1 l >l'O

mjs<'<1 to look ;Jfter tlw r·vma ini ng c•g:g. a lthongh t lw ~ i t<' is 11ot tJ sed now fo r l'a inlllak ing. 'f\> nw kr 1·a in the ol d nwn of the totem pa intc·d 1h<' <'gg· 0 11 one s ide " ·i th the approp r·iate d t's igl1. r uhlwd it . and utten'<l magi(·a l phrmws OYt' l' it to bring the 1·uin

a t 111<' encl or t ll<' <lr·~- S(:'<I SOil. 'rh e.\· ())so

1·eqttestpd N{Ju l iof to Ht op t lw ra in in the \\'( '1 st'as<lJI \\'hen th <·.\· did not \\'Hllt Cl ll ,\'

11101'{' . A h ig (l ood wou ld t:O \' <' t' t lw land i r 1 ht'Y k lll)(•l\: ('d this t'O' O ' d o\\'11 \\'it!J • M~

HJtot ller stone Hll L1 hr·oke it in to p iercs. The ('g'~ W()S lookt•(1 <1 f'!t' l' h~- Cl gua rdian !'or

T his design is worn by the na tives a t Mili ngimbi in Arnhem L and a t the end o f the dry season when rai n is desired a nd the rainmaking rites

begin . Jlhnf<I.- D. ~ll'C: trlhr.

)fAIH'Il ];), 1 ~1.):2

''hom it <llso :wted in tlw s<~ nw <·Hp<wit)·. \\'hen th<' g-uctrdian dird his <·lmtsmpn put the <'g'g' into tlw l't·<·!-·hwat<>r <·t·t•ek and 11w new gual'dian look it out <tnd ha<'k to tlw rork-shrlt<•t·. \\'h0n it was gi\'t' n to nw Jr,its guardian , .Yo :yau!u, he ~ras a Yrr.v ol~l 111:111 " ·ith no sltt to :·m<· ' 'l'<·d hilll. J \\·as in:stt·H<·led in the gT<l\'C'sl tt't·ms 1o look al't<•1· it n't·,,- c·<trernlly, and io hand it on to m.'· <·ld<·st son - thr nat iYcs W<'n' rt>li <'V<'d and pl<'a:-:<·d to knO\\' that [ h<l<l a son<111<1 l'ul'tht•t· that i1 mus1 not ll<> put in l:m lt watc'l·. 1'1te egg: is H ,,.,,1 r rworn lwul<l<•r of gn'·'· qu<~t'tzite, :)~ x 7 jn<·lw:-; in sizr.

Prol'<•ssot· [ ·~ !kin <tsC·<·rlait tt'd that the prinHll'Y signific-Hlll'<' of tlw gl'<'<t1 nwuthl<'ss antht·oJH>mm·phs known <ts \\ 'oudjhw. pa int ed in 1·m·k-slu•lt(•rs hy tlw l'n g;ninjin, \YOI'OI'H <Jild l 'nan11wl tl·ibf's or tllC' Kimhet·I<.',\'S, ir-; 1 hr powet· that 111akes or is in rain, t he• l'egcn<'l'C'l ti,·<· and J·cpt·odtH'iiYc' po\rCl' in na1n1·e nnd man. 'I'h rse an<'est1·al l win~s m·<' rcsponsi hi<:> fol' the p1·ou netion of llllman baby f.lpi rits, and f'or the in('rra:e of ua t nra I spec-ies usrd as rood antl ior o11H'l' }mrposes. T'he hrad 0 f a 11 r on<l.i1'na is retolwlwc1 with pHint wht>n rain is r equired, n~uall)· at the end of the <lr~· season hnt sometimes during thi.~ sea. on also. Onr loc·al gT OUp or 1 he l Tng:arinjin tribt'. tiH• K alarn ngPri honlc, has 1·ain for its totem, and it s kacle1· ncN1 onl~· dream that he has ,·isited 1 he 1\' ondjina and rctouc·hed it to ln·ing on the rain. H' ondjina

Magic Stones. Top right is a piece of gypsum used in rain -making rites at Mount Poole. New South Wales. Top left is a quartz crystal, covered with black gum on one end. from Cai rns, Queensland. of a type used in rainmaking rites in many parts of Australia. At the bottom is a pebble from Lake Eyre, Cenlral Australia, used for magical

purposes.

is al so assoC'ia1 rd with r nrrud. thr H<l inhowsCl'J>rnt. whiC'h ma)· he 1 he former's mate ot· tott"m. and which take. 1roud.iina' platr in .·ome loc·ali1 ies ns a som·eC' or rain.

Review (:t.O(ill\1'11\" I'\ ' lllr ~11'111 l'F'I; 'I' l'I:Y •. \ st111h ••t

<:ro\\'ths, Fi1·ld:-, '1\·c·hniquc•..;, .\ iu1", 'and Tn•nd'\. 1-:dilc•d "·' I: rif'lit h 'l'aylor. (~t'\\' Yol'l<: Philnsophi,·al Lil~t'al'.''· ) ( fi:Hl pagt•s. m·er .in tl'XI figun·s. Puldishl'd l!l.il, in the l '.S.A. lty th1• Philosophic·:ll Library. l ul' ., 1.1 l·:nsl ·ltlth Stn•t•t, :\. Y .. \ nd iu (;rpat J: ri tnin lty ~ l t•thtl\'11 ,\: ('n. Ltd .. :Hi ~~ssex Stn·c.·t. Lollclo u, \\'.l '.:!. l' rin• $·Li'.).)

Thc• titll' :tnd suit till<• of t his lwok suggt•st-.; that tlu·l'c' \\'ill lt<' :111 :tsst•ssnH•nt of tltl' pro· gn•s:-. of gpographi<·:d thought in tllc.· t\\'c.•nlit•th <·<·ntlll'~· . :tlthougl1 it is ltul half spt·nt.

I ant of 1111' opinion I hat no kno\\ letlg<•:tl•lc gt•ogrnph<•r. 11:1\ int: n·ad thc• lwol<, \\'uuld agn•1• that it fulfils thi-.; aim. ~ l anv of tlw lt<•st t•ss:t\' " are nut gc·ogr:tphi,·al :tl alt'. though ,k\ig-hdut to n•ad arul :tl'l'llr:lll' ir t fad. for l'X:1mph•. F. 1\. ll :rn•'s ··(:l'ogr:tphic·:tl .\:-p!•t·l., of ~l l'teomlogy": \\hi\1• snlll<' hn\1' hl'l'n 11101'<' flippant. for <'X:tmplt•. Profl'ssnr \\'ooldridgc· ''riling 011 " T lw P rogrl'ss of (:t•omor·phololf.''", Pnds !Jis p-.s:ry \\'ith till' statt•ntc.•nt tl1at:

" 'fhc• gl'ograpllc•r t·a nnol tal<t• L111df0rlll'\ as gin·n \\'ithout intpl\igt'll t Sl'l'll t i11y of thP i I' gl'lll'sis, :lilY 11101'\' tl1:1n l ht• t·\I(•Ji tist l':lll I'<'Sl ('OIItt• Ji t wi\ \1 nl<;ll'I'U l('s :1 11 d i~non• l ite \\'Orlds uf :1tomit and suh·:lto mi t· plt ys i<·s. I t is pN lt :1 ps th t• gN>gr:tpltl'l' of 'llllll iH IIist' pl·o\'l i,·i l iPs r:t tlll'l' t ll:111 tlw gt'o logh;t who twt•ds to talH• 'st r:tight li JWil t lw dtin' tll('se l'o rn• l'u \ \\'ords of D: t,·is." ( P. li' fi-117) .

I thin!< tltP \·:ditcH· 111igltt h:l\'l' t1t·ldl'd th:1t paragraph " ·itl1 :ul \':tHt:lg(• to tht• \nitc•r.

'l'hl'rt ' i-.. :tu inlt·n•-.tiHg arth·ll· on "~oils awl tlu·ir (:l•ogr:tphi•·:tl ~ignilit·:ttH'I' .. lJy D. 1·'. l' ut · ll:tlll. ll o\\t'\ 1'1'. if soil is to ltt• dt•:dt \\ ith a" :111

:l..;pt•t·l of I'll\ irottllll'llt. it \\'ill not hp through tlH• l:lllgll:l!.(t' of soil st·it•ll('l', ho\\'('\'l'r suit('(\ that llll l\' la• to Il l(' s•·iPIII'l' or lhl' soil, ltut :rs :1 pro due: I ot' t ht· t•lld poi ut of dt•11utlatio11.

So t 111• 111:1in nit it·ism Oil(' ltus to o!Tn of I hi" hook is th:tl tltP \\' ri ll•rs, whilt• t·nntriltuliug Yl'r.' inlt'l'l'S(ing :ll·tit·lt•s in tlH•IIt~wln•s . lt:t\'l' 1111!

1'1'\ll't'SI'IIIt•c\ th1•ir -..ultji•C'( ;1" 1-!l'Oj.! l'lljlhl'l''> S('(' it. :111cl IIH•n• :tn• 111:111\' wni"-.io11-; of gNtgr:tphit·:ll writ l'l's wlto :t n• nwn· tit ll'd to pn•s1•nt stwlt a t•:J-..{'.

'l'hl'l'l' '>l't'lll-. tu 1111' :tll 11\l'I'I'I'O\\'tling- in l'l'l't:1i11 iiS\11'1'1:-< or klltt\\ lt•dgt• n•J:ttl'tl to (~I'O~ra pity , t\tn-. cli..;tort ing I ltc· (l'lll' t I'I' IHI of gt·ograplth·a 1 :-tudit•-..

Till' Editor ..;tall'" th:1t "niiL' of till' mo-.t l'l'l'l'll'

l1r:IIH·h<•., on th1• !.!t'Ograplti<·al tn·e j.., that kno\\11 as gi'O\'olitic·-.". ll 1· would hl' 111on• t·OI'I'l'd to say tlt:1t J.!I'IIJHIIilit·s and g<•op:t<·ifil's arc par:rsiti1· gi'O\\ tIts \\ ltic·h no nu l' l'Xtt•pt :l par:u,itologi-.t c·utlld h:t\'1' :tll\ intt•n•st in n•a<ling, nnd whic·lt <·t•l'l:ti11h· :-.l1oul;l not l~t• intlu<l~·<l in n ~nod hook 011 < :c.•og r·a pity.

.\ ustrnli:1 :111d X,· w Zt•:tlnnd dr~wrn•cl \'1'1'~ IIIU<·It n1on• :tl lt•n l io11 iat this I took, l' Jll'ti:lli,Y fro111 t Ill' l ·~ di tor who h:td ' istt•tl t h~·~\' pa d~ o n l.r \'t'r." 1'\'('('11 t ly.

I <·:tn rwl :q,!n'c' tlt:d this is a good hool\ ro1' ~\'og r:lplt<•rs m· fOI' t lll'ir fri1•1Hl. , tlwu~h H is not \\'i thou t so uw good rv:t d i ng.

- .J. )f.\( no~.\1.0 TTODfF~.

~8 australian museum magazine · ~8 australian museum magazine ' vol. x, o.9 price-two...

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