7u2a - 12(b) identify the main functions of the systems of ... · circulatory capillaries a tiny...
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7U2A - 12(B) identify the main functions of the systems of the human organism, including
the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, excretory, reproductive,
integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems;
Cell The basic unit of structure of all living things.
• 1. Delivering Needed Materials
Blood carries most substances ex) Blood carries oxygen from lungs to other body cells ex) Blood transports the glucose to produce energy
Circulatory
• 2. Removing Waste Products
The cardiovascular system picks up wastes from cells ex) Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product when cells break down glucose --> it is carried to the lungs to be exhaled
Circulatory
• 3. Fighting Disease
The cardiovascular system also transports cells that attack disease-causing microoganisms. This process can help keep
Circulatory
people from becoming sick.
Aorta The largest
arteries in the
body
Circulatory
Aorta The largest artery in the body; receives blood from the left ventricle
Circulatory
Artery A blood vessel that carried blood away from the heart
Circulatory
Artery The blood vessel
that carries blood
away from heart
Circulatory
Atrium Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart
Circulatory
Capillaries A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells
Circulatory
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle tissue found only in the heart
Circulatory
Cardiovascular System
The body system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood aka: the circulatory system
Circulatory
Heart A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Circulatory
Heart The hollow,
muscular organ
that pumps blood
to the body
through blood
vessels.
Circulatory
Hemoglobin A protein that
contains iron and
binds chemically
to oxygen
molecules in the
lungs
Circulatory
Plasma It carries
nutrients in
blood
Circulatory
Platelet It form blood
clots in the blood
Circulatory
Red blood cell The non-nuclei
cell in the blood
circulatory
Vein The blood vessel
that carries blood
to heart
Circulatory
Ventricle Each of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
Circulatory
• What direction and how long does blood travel?
Blood travels in only one direction The entire trip would take less than a minute
circulatory
• What does the cardiovascular system (aka: the circulatory system) do?
1. Delivering Needed Materials 2. Removing Waste Products 3. Fighting Disease
Circulatory
White blood cell It defeat viruses
and bacterias in
the blood
Circulatory
Digestive
Absorption The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood.
Digestive
bicuspids Digestive
Bile A yellow-green
fluid that is made
by the liver,
stored in the
gallbladder and
passes through
the common bile
duct into the
duodenum where
it helps digest
fat.
Digestive
Bile A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.
Digestive
calorie The energy
needed to raise
the temperature
of 1 gram of
water by one
degree celsius
Digestive
Carbohydrate The main source
of energy.
Digestive
circumvallate 1 taste buds
Digestive
cuspids Digestive
Digestion The process in
which your body
breaks down
food into smaller
nutrient
molecule.
Digestive
digestive system breaks down
food into units
that can be
absorbed by the
body
Digestive
duodenum shortest part of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion takes place
Digestive
Epiglottis A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
Digestive
esophagus - carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach
Digestive
Esophagus A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Digestive
Fats The energy-
containing
nutrients that
form cell
membrane
Digestive
Gallbladder An organ of the
digestive system
that stores bile
until needed.
Digestive
gallbladder A Stores bile
Digestive
incisors Digestive
Large Intestine
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed into the bloodstream and the remaining material is eliminated from the body.
Digestive
large intestine responsible for removing water from the contents of the intestine and making it ready for removal from the body
Digestive
Liver An organ of the
digestive system
that produces
bile.
Digestive
liver filters and processes blood
Digestive
molars Digestive
mouth Digestion begins in your mouth. Your teeth grind up the food. Your tongue helps move food around in your mouth so your teeth can work on it. Saliva keeps the food moist. Saliva also has chemicals called digestive enzymes that help break
Digestive
down some foods.
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small
intestine, large
intestine, anus
Name the organs
in digestive
system in order
Digestive
Nutrients are
absorbed
What happens in
small intestine ?
Digestive
Pancreas An organ of the digestive system that produces a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and chemicals that help finish digestion.
Digestive
Rectum The end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated.
Digestive
Saliva A liquid
produced by the
glands in your
mouth that
moistens the
food and begins
to break down
the starchy
foods, such as
pastas , into
sugar.
Digestive
Saliva The fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion.
Digestive
Small Intestine The organ in the
digestive system
that digest food
into nutrients.
digestive
small intestines
bsorption of nutrients and minerals from food
Digestive
Stomach The organ that partially digests food.
Digestive
stomach Digestive
tongue chewing and swallowing food, as well as for speech
Digestive
Villi The finger-
shaped structure
that absorb
nutrients
Digestive
What are the 3 main functions of the digestive system?
(1) Breaks down food into molecules the body can use (2) Molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body (3) Wastes are eliminated from the body
Digestive
What begins in the mouth?
Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin
Digestive
What does digestive juice contain?
It contains the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
Digestive
What happens in the esophagus when food enters?
Contractions (peristalsis) of smooth muscles push the food toward the stomach
Digestive
What occurs in the stomach?
Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion occur in the stomach
Digestive
endocrine system controls body
activities with
hormones
Endocrine
Enzyme A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.
Endocrine
Excretion The process by which wastes are removed from the body.
Excretory
excretory system removes waste
from the body
Excretory
Kidney A major organ of excretory system which removes urea and other wastes from the blood.
Excretory
Nephron Small filtering structure found in the kidneys that removes wastes from blood and produces urine.
Excretory
Ureter A narrow tube that carries urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Excretory
Urinary Bladder
A sack-like muscular organ that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body.
Excretory
Urine A watery fluid produced by the kidneys that contains urea and other wastes.
Excretory
Active immunity
Immunity that occurs when a person's own immune system produces antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen.
Immune
B cell A lymphocyte that produces proteins that help destroy pathogens.
Immune
Immune response
Part of the body's defense against pathogens in which cells of the immune system react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at
Immune
that pathogen.
Immunity The body's ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease.
Immune
Infectious disease
A disease caused by the presence of a living thing in the body.
Immune
Inflammatory response
Part of the body's defense against pathogens in which fluid and white blood cells leak from the blood vessels into tissues and destroy pathogens by breaking them down.
Immune
Lymphocyte White blood cell that distinguishes between each type of pathogen.
Immune
Pathogen An organism that causes disease.
Immune
Dermis The inner layer
of skin Integumentary
Epidermis The outer layer
of skin
Integumentary
Follicles Strands of hair
grows in these in
the skin
integumentary
integumentary
system
provides a
protective barrier
for the body
integumentary
Pores The openings
that allow sweat
to reach the
surface
integumentary
About how many muscles are in your body?
600 muscles Muscular
Ligament It connects
movable joints
and bones
Muscular
muscle system What system is
this?
Muscular
Skeletal Muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones
Muscular
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
Muscular
Striated Muscle
A muscle that appears banded (aka: Skeletal Muscle)
Muscular
Tendon Strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
muscular
Voluntary Muscle
A muscle that is under conscious control Ex) smiling, getting out of a chair
Muscular
Axon A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. (p. 178)
Nervous
Brain The part of the central nervous sytem that is located in the skull and controls most functions in the body. (p. 183)
Nervous
Brain Stem The part of the brain that lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord and controls the body's involuntary actions. (p. 184)
Nervous
Central Nervous System
The division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. (p. 182)
Nervous
Cerebellum The part of the brain that coordinates the actions of the muscles and helps maintain balance. (p. 184)
Nervous
Cerebrum The part of the brain that interprets input from the senses, controls movement, and carries out complex mental processes. (p. 184)
Nervous
Concussion A bruiselike injury of the brain that occurs when the soft tissue of the brain collides against the skull. (p. 189)
Nervous
Dendrite A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body. (p. 178)
Nervous
Motor Neuron A neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react. (p. 179)
Nervous
Nerve A bundle of nerve fibers.
Nervous
Nerve Impulse The message carried by a neuron. (p. 178)
Nervous
nervous system controls body
activites with
electrical signals
Nervous
Neuron A cell that carries information through the nervous system. (p. 178)
Nervous
Peripheral Nervous System
The division of the nervous system consisting of all of the nerves located outside* the central nervous system. (p. 182)
Nervous
Receptors A structure
(sensory nerve
ending) of the
nervous system
that detects
stimuli.
A structure
which, on
receiving
environmental
stimuli, produces
an informative
nerve impulse
that is sent to the
control center.
Nervous
Reflex An automatic response that occurs rapidly and without conscious control. (p. 187)
Nervous
Sensory Neuron
A neuron that picks up stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse. (p.
Nervous
178)
Spinal Cord The thick column of nervous tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. (p. 183)
Nervous
Stimulus Any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way.
Nervous
Synapse The junction where one nueron can transfer an impulse to the next structure. (p. 180)
Nervous
• reproductive system producing
offspring
Reproductive
• reproductive system Which is the
only system that
is different
between males
and females?
Reproductive
Alveoli Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
Respiratory
Alveoli Where are the
gas exchanged?
Respiratory
breathing system What system is
this?
Respiratory
Bronchi The passages that direct air into the lungs
Respiratory
Bronchus They carry
oxygen from the
trachea to the
alveoli and bring
carbon dioxide
back.
Respiratory
Cilia These hairs
sweep pollen,
bacteria, and dust
from the body
Respiratory
Cillia Tiny hairlike extensions that move together in a sweeping motion
Respiratory
Diaphragm A large dome-
shaped muscle
Respiratory
Diaphragm A large, dome-shaped muscle that plays an important role
Respiratory
in breathing
Larynx The voice box: located in the top part of the trachea, underneath the epiglottis
Respiratory
Lungs The main organs of the respiratory system
Respiratory
Lungs These organs is
where gas
exchanged
occurs
Respiratory
respiratory system breathes in
oxygen and
removes carbon
dioxide
Respiratory
Trachea The windpipe: a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system
Respiratory
Trachea This tube carries
oxygen to the
lungs and carries
carbon dioxide to
the pharynx
Respiratory
Vocal Cords Fold of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx and produce a person's voice
Respiratory
5 Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Provides shape and support 2. Enables to move 3. Protects organs 4. Produces blood cells 5. Stores minerals and other materials
skeletal
• About how many bones does a human have in the skeleton (or skeletal system)?
Newborn (275 bones) Adult (206 bones)
skeletal
Ball and Socket Joint
Allows the greatest range of motion Ex)arm & hip - swing freely in a circle
Skeletal
blood cells what do red bone
marrows make?
Skeletal
Cartliage A connective tissue that in more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together
skeletal
Compact bone Strong, dense
layer that
supports the
body
skeletal
Gliding Joint Allows one bone to slide over another Ex) wrist & ankle - bend and flex as well as make limited side-to-side motions
Skeletal
Hinge Joint Allows forward or backward motion Ex) Knee & elbow - bend and straighten your leg
Skeletal
Joint The place where
2 bones join
together
Skeletal
Marrow The soft connective tissue that fills the internal spaces in bone - produces blood cells and stores fat Two types of marrow: red and yellow
Skeletal
Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily
skeletal
pairs Skeletal muscle
works in _____
Skeletal
Pivot Joint Allows one bone to rotate around another Ex) neck - turn head from side to side
Skeletal
skeletal system provides support
for the body and
protects major
organs
Skeletal
Spongy bone It is lightweight
and strong, with
small pockets
that hold red
bone marrow
Skeletal
Vertebrae The 26 small bones that make up the backbone
Skeletal
What are two ways to help ensure healthy bones?
1. Diet - balance diet including calcium and phosphorus 2. Exercise - weight-bearing activities (running, skating, or dancing) help your bones grow stronger
skeletal
and denser