7449balochistan problems solutions
TRANSCRIPT
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www.thevision21.org
BALOCHISTAN
Problems and Solutions
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Vision21isaPakistanbasedNonProfit,NonPartySocioPoliticalorganisation.Wework
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BALOCHIST
PROBLEMSANDSOLUTI
Preface
Introduction
BritishEraandSandeman System
Reasonsfortheconflict
ProvincialAutonomy&EthnicCulture
ResourceExploitation
DeprivationandLackofDevelopmentlag
RoleofSardars
ReligiousExtremism
External FactorsandGeoPolitics
Historyoftheconflicts
The Current Insur enc and Baloch Nationalism
InsurgencyandGeoPoliticsofEnergyResources
InsurgentGroupsinBalochistan
Settlersissue¤tsituationinBalochistan
Pakhtun Factor
LiberationandViability:IsindependentBalochistanviable?
PossibleconsequencesforindependentBalochistananddividedPakistan
QuestionsforBaloch NationalistsandInsurgents
BalochistanPackage(seeappendixB)
Solution:Whatneedstobedone?
Conc usion
References
AppendicesAppendixA:Blochistan Provinces
AppendixB:AghazeHuqooqeBalochistan Package
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Balochistanhistorysincethetimeoftheformationofthecountry
representsanunendingnarrativeoftheincessantconflicts
.
mergerwithPakistanhaveledtothepresentcrisisintheprovince
andthewholecountry.
,
conflictswhichhavecontinuedtofesterandperiodicallygiven
risetotherevoltsandinsurgenciesresultingintothepresent
crisis,highlighting
the
recommendations
for
the
urgent
action
in
ordertoeradicatetherootcausesofthelon standin conflict.
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BALOCHISTANPROBLEMSANDSOLUTIONS
BalochistanisthelargestofPakistansfourprovincesbythegeographicalarea. Itisthe
leastpopulatedandresourcerichprovince. Ithascommonborderswithallthethree
provinces viz. NorthWest Frontier Province (NWFP) through Federally Administered
TribalArea
(FATA)
in
the
north,
Punjab
in
the
extreme
north
east
and
Sindh
in
east.
Balochistanhasa longcostallinewithArabianSeainthesouth.IntheWestithas814
kmlongborderwithIran;andfinallyinthewestandnorthwestithasaborderof1096
kmwithAfghanistan.
At 5%, about 8.5million Pakistanis reside in the province. Balochistan is home to
roughlyhalfamillionethnicPunjabis,ornearlysixpercentofitspopulation,andtoan
even smallerpercentageofUrduspeakers.About35%of thepopulation isPashtun.
EthnicBalochpopulation(includingBrahui)isabout6.8million.Oftheseabout5million
resideinBalochistanaccountingforabout55%ofitspopulation.About27%Balochlive
outsideBalochistan,
mainly
in
Sind.
AtthetimeofcreationofPakistan,Balochistanwasdivided intotwoparts:theBritish
Balochistan comprising Quetta, Pishin, Zhob, Loralai and Lasbela and the native
BalochistanconstitutingKalat,KharanandMakran.Makranbecameadistrictwithinthe
provinceofBalochistan,minusanareaof800kmaroundGwadar,whichwasthenstill
partoftheSultanateofOman.
In1783, theKhanof Kalathad grantedsuzeraintyover Gwadar toTaimur Sultan, the
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defeated rulerofMuscat.When thesultansubsequently retookMuscat,he continued
his rule inGwadarbyappointingawali(or"governor").Thiswaliwas thenordered to
subjugate the nearby coastal town ofChah Bahar(in moderndayIran). Until 1958
GwadarwaspartofOman.PakistanpurchaseditinSeptmeber1958.Themoneyforthe
purchase was generated by way of taxation and donations. It was made part of
theBalochistan
province
in
1977.
Balochistanprovince itself,asweknow ittoday,came intobeingonJuly1,1970,with
theabolitionofOneUnit inWestPakistan.TheadministrativedivisionsofQuettaand
Kalatweremergedtoformthisprovince.Balochistan istheabodeofdifferentpeople
mainly populated by Balochis, Barohi and Pathans. A great number of settlers from
aroundPakistan,particularlyPunjab,andnorthern Indiahavealsobeensettled inthe
provinceforgenerations.TheyareironicallystillknownasSettlerBalochis.
BritishEra&SandemanSystem
InLate
1800s
there
were
four
princely
states:
Makran,
Kharan,
Lasbela
and
Kalat.
In
1876SirRobertSandemanconcludedatreatywith theKhanofKalatandbroughthis
territoriesincludingKharan,Makran,andLasBelaunderBritishsuzerainty.
TheboundaryofwesternBalochistanwasfixedin1872,when Iranconqueredit inthe
19th
century. After theSecond Afghan Warof 187880, theTreaty of
Gandamakconcluded in May 1879, theAfghan Emirceded the districts of
QuettaPishin,Sibi,Harnai, andThal Chotialito the British. In 1883 the British leased
theBolanPass, southeastofQuetta, from theKhanofKalatonapermanentbasis. In
1887someareasofBalochistanweredeclaredBritishterritory.
Thisbrief summaryofevents is crucial tonote, as it severelyundermines the claims
madebyBalochnationalists. Insummary,Balochistan thatexisted in1947wasminus
the British Balochistan as noted above aswell asminus Gwadar,whichwas part of
Oman. Evenmore importantly these areas had been ceded legally by then Baloch
rulers toother rulers and empires. Theother important event thathappenedduring
thatperiodwasincreaseindirectautonomyandpowerofSardars.Theconsequenceof
this was that it undermined the traditional social system and helped deepen class
divisionsanddeprivation.
The Sandeman systemof administration thatwas introduced inBlaochistan gave the
chiefscomplete
autonomy
with
respect
to
their
power
over
their
subjects.
They
were
themselvessubjecttoBritishsupervisionwhopaidtheirsalaries.TheKhanofKalathad
no direct power to run the affairs of Sardars under the system. He could not even
approvethedevelopmentalprojects.ThiswassupervisedbytheBritishpoliticalagents
only.
This new administration changed the character of the jirga (adjudicating assembly)
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altogether:Whereas the Jirgaused tobeacommunalcourt todispenseparticipatory
justiceinthepast,anewshahi(royal)jirgawasintroducedinstead.Inthisnewjirgaonly
theSardarsandthearistocracatscouldsit.ThisgavetheBritishapowerfulweaponto
control any rebellions against them, broke the last remaining institution of a purely
tribal character, reinforced class conflict and gave the Sardars immeasurable powers
overthe
lives
and
belongings
of
the
masses.
The
new
jirga
could
impose
taxes
not
only
in property but also labor and could expropriate women; the decisions could be
reviewedonlybythePoliticalAgent.[TheNationalQuestionEjazAhmed]
TheroleofSardarswasextendedgreatlytotheextentthattheycouldmakedecisions
independent of the will and benefit of people. They were made responsible for
organizing the lawandorder situation. For this levies corps was established, which
recruited tribalpersonnelunder thepowerof theSardars.TheseSardarsused topay
the tribalpersonals the subsistence salaries and kept in theirownpocketswhatwas
givenforthepurposebyBritishArmy.
In 1893 after fighting twowarswithAfghanistan, SirMortimerDurandnegotiated an
agreement withAmirof Afghanistan to fix theDurand Linerunning fromChitralto
Balochistan to as theboundarybetween theAfghansand theBritish. Theborderwas
drawntodividethePashtunandBalochtribesoftheareaintotheinternationalborders
ofIran,AfghanistanandwhatlaterbecameWestPakistan.
TheBritishcontinuedtoformulatelawsandregulationsfromtimetotimetokeeptheir
holdonthepopulation.[ThehistoryofBalochistan194790]TheBritishImperialismalso
tendedtostrengthenthedependencyofBalochistanandstagnateitssystem.
Since1947
Balochistan history since 1947 represents an unending narrative of the incessant
conflictsunfortunately.The long standing resentmentsdatingback to itsmergerwith
Pakistanhaveledtothepresentcrisisintheprovince. Theissuesandgrievances,which
gaverisetothepreviousconflictsandpresentcrisisrelatetodemandsandaspirations
about theeconomic,ethnicandpolitical rightsofand for thepeopleof theprovince.
The reasonsof thepresentcrisishavebeenknown to thepoliticallyawarepeopleall
along.Butlittleornothinghasbeendonetoaddressandresolvethesemattersbythe
successive governments. Consequently the wounds have continued to fester and
periodically
given
rise
to
bleeding
insurgencies
and
revolts.
There have been five insurgencies in Balochistan since the creation of Pakistan.
According to the official estimates, these have resulted inmore than five thousand
deathsamongtheinsurgentsandalmostthreethousandamongthePakistanarmy.The
recentviolencewhichstarted in2005tookaseriousturnattheendofyear2009and
becameapotentialthreatto thestabilityofPakistanistate,asthe insurgentsspurred
and inflamed, and in all likelihood aided and abetted by the outsider international
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playersinthearea,gaverisetotheseparatistmovementintheprovince.
The present government has recently initiated certain measures to address these
complaints and grievances. For past two years there is a democratic set up in the
province.Buttheresentmentsstillpersists,asnopracticalstepshaveyetbeentakento
actuallytackle
the
problems.
According
to
the
nationalist
groups,
the
government
has
only provided a lip service to their problems so far. In fact, despite the promises to
resolve the problems, the trust deficit between the nationalists and state has not
narrowed.It isessentialtounderstandthatthecrisisisgraveandrequiresseriousand
urgentactionbyallstakeholders,atalllevelsinordertoeradicatetherootcausesofthe
longstandingconflict.
ReasonsfortheConflict
Conflicts in BALOCHistan historically have several underlying reasons. The fiercely
independent Baloch sardars have resisted state interference,mainly to protect their
continuedinfluenceandwealthandtoseekrentfromthestate;thegrievancesofthe
masses relating to political, economic and cultural rights, that have given rise to
nationalist movement; absence of problem resolution mechanisms, even in the
democraticsetups;continuednegligenceofthewellbeingofthemassesthathasbeen
thehallmark,thoughoutPakistansinceitscreation;religiousextremism,andperhaps
most importantly continuedmishandlingof these issuesby theCentralgovernments,
whoonoccasionshaveresortedtobruteandunrestraineduseofforce.
The most recent surge of violence in BALOCHistan is mainly a recurrence of the
longstanding stateperiphery tension. The turn and shape, the present conflict has
taken,has
alot
to
do
with
two
sea
change
factors
within
Pakistan
and
the
due
also
to
international geopolitical situation. First there has been a telemedia revolution in
Pakistan,whichhasresultedinnotonlyheightenedawarenessofthesituation,butalso
paradoxicallyheightened the situation like apositive feedback loop,byproviding the
insurgentleaders,mediaexposurethatmanyrightlyclaimisoutofproportion. Internet
hasalsohelpedinternationalisetheproblem.Second,withnearlytwothirdpopulations
undertheageofthirty,theimmediacyandacutenessoftheproblemanditseconomic
roothasassumednewanddeepermeaningandsignificance.
Finally, the conflicthashad anunintended catalyst in the formof thepresentglobal
geo
political
conflict
that
rages
across
the
border
in
Afghanistan.
Taking
advantage,
certain well known external players have continued to provide aid, in the form of
money, shelter, ammunitions andweaponry to the separatist element.However the
attention outside interference gets in themedia is far out of proportion to its real
contributiontotheissuesthatunderliethewholeconflict.
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ProvincialAutonomy&EthnicCulture
ThegrievancesofBalochpeoplearemanifold.Themartialpolicyofthecentreindealing
withtherecentinsurgencyhasaddedfueltothefire.ThemaincomplaintoftheBaloch
Nationalists has always been that the provincial autonomy promised in the 1973
constitutionhas
not
been
recognized
and
practically
nonexistent
till
today.
The
Baloch
people have demanded the right of self administration to the province through a
process of complete decentralization of powers.
Moreover, the silent but visiblewar by army andparamilitary in past few years has
raisedthelevelofresentmentinordinaryBaloch.Theactionofthegovernmentagainst
theBalochnationalistshasalsobeenseenastheimperialismofthestate.Thesetupof
militarycantonmentswasalsoseenasawaytosuppressthem.
Balochistan like theother threeprovincesofPakistanhas itsunique cultural identity.
This,somenationalistscomplain,hasnotbeengivenduerepresentationinthecentre.
Thereforewheneverpeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupsfeeltheirdesertiononnational
levels, they feel being neglected and this creates frustration among such groups.
Resultantlytheyresistanynewideasofdevelopmentormodernizedlifestyleduetothe
fearthattheywilllosetheirtraditionsandculturalidentity.
ResourceExploitation
BalochnationalistsmaingripeandgrumblerelatestoPakistansdomesticnaturalgas
industry. They complain that the gas industrys wellpaid managers and technicians
werealmostinvariablydrawnfromoutsideBalochistan;localBaloch,inevitablyviewed
withsome
suspicion,
were
mainly
employed
in
low
end
jobs
as
day
laborers.
No
efforts
were made to remedy the shortage of technically skilled Baloch such as providing
governmentfundingoftechnicaltraininginstitutionsinBalochistan.
However thestrongestdissatisfaction isaboutBalochistans lopsidedlydeficientshare
of revenues from the governments sale of natural gas. Balochistan receives
proportionatelyonlyaboutonefifthasmuchinroyaltypaymentsastheothertwogas
producing provinces. Thismeans that poorest province actually subsidises the richer
provinces.Thenationalistsalsomaintainthathistoricallyverylittleofthehugeearnings
ofthecentralgovernmentinnaturalgasrevenueswaseverreturnedtotheprovincein
the
form
of
development
expenditures.
DeprivationandLackofDevelopmentlag
The complaints and issues of the local people in Balochistan, about the situation of
developmentorthelackofit,areabsolutelygenuinebeyonddoubt.Thereisnodoubt
thattheprovincehasbeenneglectedforsixdecadesandhastakenabackseat inthe
minds of the ruling elite. The basic facilities of life including health, education,
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Dr.WaheedBalochsaidwhilegivinghisviewaboutthecurrentsituationinBalochistan,
thattheprovince(Balochistan)hasbeendeprivedofthebasicdevelopmentneedsfor
morethan60years.Hesaidthattheyoungpeopleonmountainsarethose,whoonce
hadtrustindemocraticforcesfortheirwelfare,butthedillydallyingonthepartofthe
successivegovernmentshasbroughttheresentmentinpeopletothepresentlevel.He
saidthat
political
solution
of
ending
the
crisis
is
in
the
hands
of
the
government
and
it
is
simple:deliverthepromisedrightstothepeopleofBalochistan.
RobertWirsing inhisveryperceptivestudy, BalochnationalismandtheGeopoliticsof
Energy Resources says, two important facts should be kept inmindwith regard to
Balochdemography.One isthatmanyPakistaniBaloch,23.9percentofthetotal ifwe
extrapolatefromthefiguresabove,liveoutsideofBalochistan,especiallyinSindh.The
second isthattheBalochmayalreadybeaminority inBalochistan,ortheyarealmost
certainly heading in that direction. The fact is that modernization, globalization,
Pakistans steadily rising population, and themassive forces of change unleashed by
economicdevelopmentarethreateningtoleavetheBalochfarbehind.Theyareamong
thepoorest,leasteducated,andleasturbanizedofPakistanspopulation;andtheyare
tooeasilypassedoverorpushedaside in thehighlycompetitive socialandeconomic
environmentsnowgainingtractioninPakistan.
He furtheraddsthatwhilethis is inpart,ofcourse, astructuralproblem,not lending
itself readily to policy manipulation, circumstances did not arise unassisted by the
government,whosepolicieshavealmostneverbeendesignedtogiveseriousattention
toBalochproblems.
Andthisiswhere,inouropinion,liesthecruxoftheproblem.
GovernmentsNeglect
Thecentralgovernments inabilityand reluctance to identifyand tackle theproblems
foralongperiodisthemajorreasonfortheprevailingsituation.Butthegovernmentin
Balochistan has also never represented the genuine interests of the people of
Balochistan.Theelectedrepresentativesoftheprovincehavealsoshownanapolitical
andnondemocraticattitudeinsteadofhighlightingthegenuineneedsandinterestsof
theirpeople.Converselythepeoplesrepresentativessupportedthecriminalsactivities
in
the
region
through
dictating
their
orders
to
the
local
police.
Pakistanicentralgovernmentsontheotherhandhaveattemptedtoestablishastrong
centralizedstate.Andintheprocesstheyhaveneglectedthebasicdevelopmentrights
of people and their peculiarities. The checkered history of Pakistani democratic
government has also proved a hindrance in the way of addressing the grievances
politically; instead thearmy rulehasalmostalways favored themilitary solutionover
politicalones.
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ItwasthisattitudethatledMusharraftodeclareabouttheinsurgentthattheywillnot
knowwhathitthem.HowsadacommentaryonaNationssfatethatsuchremarksare
madebythepresidentofthecountry.Inhistime,Islamabadadopteda virtuallyzero
tolerance model, allegedly consisting of psychological warfare, public diplomacy,
politicalharassment
and
intimidation;
decapitation
of
separatist
leadership;
co
option
of tribal leadership, increaseddeploymentof security forces and relianceonmilitary
repression.
The failureof themodel isclearasaday light.Theharassmentandhoundingof the
Baloch, withoutanytangiblebenefitstothemassesontheground,onlyledtoincrease
inthepopularsupportandhelpingtoprovetheclaimmadebytheinsurgentsthat the
governments real aim is to marginalize them and to reduce them to second class
citizenshipintheirownland.
RoleofSardars
In 15th centuryMir Chakar Khan Rindbecame first king of BALOCHistan. Balochistan
subsequently was dominated by empires based inIranand Afghanistanas well as
theMughalEmpirebased in India.NadirShahand thenAhmedShahDurraniwon the
allegianceoftherulersofBalochistan.LatertheseareasweredominatedbyBalochsand
Pashtuntribes.
Theperiodbetweeneleventhandfifteenthcenturywasimportantforthetransitionof
Balochi community from clan units to the development of chieftaincieswhich is the
predecessorofpresentdaySardarisystem.ThehistoryofBalochipeople inthisphase
wentthrough
afundamental
social
transformation.
Ejaz
Ahmad
in
his
article
The
nationalquestioninPakistan writes:
Permanentchieftaincywasinstitutedandthechiefsbegangraduallytoaccumulateat
leastaprimitivekindofcapital,notonlythroughacquisitionfromoutsidetheresources
of the tribe, but also in form of expropriation of labor aswell as commodities from
membersofthetribeitself.ThisgaverisetotheclassconflictinBalochistan.
The system of sardarkheli (chieftains clans)was essentially a feudal system,where
sardarwas the feuadal lord and theothermembersof the clanwere relegated to a
secondary
position.
They
then
worked
for
sardars
as
well
as
collected
revenues
for
them.
GraduallytheinterestsoftheBalochipeopleceasedtobeinalignmentoftheinterests
of the Balochi Sardari system as it existed then. Ejaz Ahmad further says The great
wealth,powerandconspicuousconsumptionoftherulingelitefound,atthebottomof
thesociety,itsexactequivalentinunspeakablepovertyandpowerlessnessofthegreat
massofserfs,slavesandlabouringpeasants.
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This subjugation and exploitationwas veiled over by myths of tribal solidarity and
brotherhood. As this stateofaffairsgotworse for theordinaryBaloch, themythof
tribal classlessnesswaspropagatedwith loudnoise. It remainedamythnevertheless
andworkedasanopiateonthemasses.
In reality,Balochpeoplehavebeen crushedbetween the state and the Sardars.The
grievances about social and economic backwardness have escalated due to the
entrenched sense of tribalism and deprivation. TheMany different Sardarswho rule
their respective tribes,have a very poor record of protecting the rightsof the tribal
peoplethemselves.
TheproblemstartedwithPrinceKarimsinvasionfromAfghanistan.Itwasrepressedby
the state. Since then foundations for mistrust were laid down. The neglect and
exploitationcontinued,with sardarsplaying their roleofappeasing theestablishment
andnevertakinganypart inthedevelopmentofPakistanorBalochistan.Forexample
BugtiSardarshavebeenpaidbillionsofRupees.Howmuchofthathasbeenspenton
theirowntribesmen?
There iscertainlyweight intheargumentthatthefederalgovernment inPakistanhas
neglectedthedevelopmentofBalochistan,butequalresponsibilitylieswiththeSardars
ofBalochistanwhoenjoyimmensepowerintheirtribes.Theseverysardarshavebeen
partoftherulingeliteintheprovince,bothunderthemilitaryandcivilianrulers.
Perhapsnotsurprisingly,thesameBalochleadershavecensuredthedevelopmentplans
whichwerelikelytobringimmenseopportunitiesfortheprogressoftheirpeople.Even
thehorrific
human
rights
atrocities
taking
place
in
the
province
have
been
defended
by
thetribalchiefsinthenameoftheirculturalnorms.
Prof.MukhtarAliNaqviwrites that thedemandsofa FairDealhavealsobeen set
forthbythesesardarsandnotbytheelectedmembers.Theyareunwillingtocomeinto
themain stream society,havemonopolyover the laws and regulationsof the state,
whiletheythemselvessitinprovincialandnationalparliaments,yettheydontworkfor
the development of their own people. Through brutal customs, and practices, they
target their own people. Their opposition to the development plans stems from the
apprehensions that employment opportunities and consequent change will liberate
people
from
their
bondage.
ProfNaqvi furtherpointedout thatSince the situation in theprovincehasbeen the
subjectofdiscussioninthecountry,thenewsmediahaspresentedviewsofallshades
ofopinion.Many intervieweesbelongingtothesametribeexposedthetribal leaders.
Theygavefirsthandinformationabouthowpeopleareoppressedandhowdespicable
methodsareusedtokeepthem inbondage.Thedetailsofcaptivity inprivatejailsare
simply harrowing. The leaders are running a parallel government and consider
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themselvestobeabovethelaw.
ReligiousExtremism
Thestate
of
deprivation
has
made
the
people
of
the
province
vulnerable
to
the
aggravationandmilitanttendencypromotingreligiousextremisminBalochistan.Lackof
education and awareness, sense of deprivation and acute poverty gave space to
terroristactivitiesbybothexternalandinternalenemies.
Abdul Rahim Ziaratwal, former parliamentary leader of the Pakhtunwa Milli Awami
Party also alleges that government itself promotes the extremist activities in the
province.Hepointedoutwhenspeakingtoaseminar thatThispolicyhadpreviously
radicalizedthePashutnareasoftheprovincebutnowithadalsoexpandedtotheBravi
speakingbeltofBalochistanwherescoresofyoungpeoplewerebeinginclinedtowards
sectarian militancy and violence.
External FactorsandGeoPolitics
Despitebeing amajor factor, thebackwardness anddevelopment lag isnot the sole
explanation of the insurgency in Balochistan. According toGlobal Research scholar,
MichelChossudovsky: Inthecurrentgeopoliticalcontext,theseparatistmovement is
in the process of being hijacked by foreign powers. British intelligence is allegedly
providingcovertsupport toBalochistanseparatists (which from theoutsethavebeen
repressed by Pakistan 's military)Ten British MPs were involved in a closed door
sessionoftheSenateCommitteeonDefenseregardingtheallegedsupportofBritain's
SecretService
to
Baloch
separatists
(Ibid).
Also
of
relevance
are
reports
of
CIA
and
MossadsupporttoBalochrebelsinIranandSouthernAfghanistan."
Ina2006researcharticleonBalochistanwhichwaspublished inPakTribune in2006,
FarzanaShah,acurrentaffairsanalystforBrassTacks,highlightedtherolewhichisbeing
playedbyaBritishthinktankagainstBalochistan.Shahwrites:
InthisregardtheForeignPolicyCentre (FPC)UnitedKingdomarrangedaseminaron
BalochistanprovinceofPakistan incollaborationwith thesocalledBalochistanRights
Movement on 27th June 2006 in the House of Commons, London. It was highly
disappointingasitwasabashedlyaonesidedcheappropagandaratherthandiscussing
the realsituation.Byamere lookat thepanelof theparticipantsof theseminarone
couldeasily figureout that itconsistedofonlyantiPakistanelementsand some self
styled activists advocating terrorism in the province. Therewere no representatives
from government of Pakistan or even from the elected provincial government of
Balochistanintheseminar.ItisjustunfortunatethattheForeignPolicyCentrewhichis
expectedtopresentfairsuggestionstotheBritishgovernmenttoengageacountryof
their concern for important issues, indulged in such a blatant onesided propaganda
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Historyoftheconflicts
ControversiesinvolvingtheareascomprisingBalochistandatebacktotheestablishment
oftheDurandLinein1893, thatdividedPashtunandBalochtribeslivinginAfghanistan
fromthose living inwhat laterbecamePakistan.Afghanistanvigorouslyprotestedthe
inclusionof
Pashtun
and
Baloch
areas
within
Pakistan
without
providing
the
inhabitants
withanopportunityforselfdetermination.
Since1947,thisproblemhasledtoincidentsalongtheborder,withextensivedisruption
ofnormaltradepatterns.Themostseriouscrisis lasted fromSeptember1961toJune
1963,when diplomatic, trade, transit, and consular relations between the countries
weresuspended.
Balochnationalistsdemandinggreaterpoliticalrights,autonomyandcontrolovertheir
naturalresources,haveledfourprevious insurgencies in1948,195859,196263and
197377.The fifth conflictbetween theBalochnationalists and theCentre started in
2005 and this time the insurgents have gone a step further and demanded for
seccession.
DividedinthenineteenthcenturyamongIran,Afghanistan,andBritishIndia,theBaloch
found their traditionalnomadic life frustratedby thepresenceofnationalboundaries
and the extensionof central administrationover their lands.Moreover,manyof the
mostmilitantBalochnationalistswerealsovaguelyMarxistLeninistandwillingtorisk
SovietprotectionforanautonomousBalochistan.
In 1947,When India and Pakistan eventually gained independence from the British,
princelystates
were
given
the
choice
of
either
joining
Pakistan
or
India
or
being
independent. Initially Khan of Kalat, Mir Ahmed Yar Khan declared Kalat's
independence.However, in1948 theprincelystateofKalatwasannexed toPakistan.
According to the then ruler of Kalat, the agreement had been to accept the unique
statusof the stateby incorporating it into Pakistan as a sovereign, independent and
autonomousunit.Buthe then signedanaccessionagreementendingKalat'sde facto
independence,whichhe laterclaimedhehadonlydoneunderduress.HoweverKhan
wasneveranabsolutemonarch.HewasrequiredtoactundertheprovisionsofRawaj
andwasundoubtedlyundertheinfluenceofBritishempire.
In
1948,
Prince
Karim
Khan,
the
younger
brother
of
Khan,
decided
to
conduct
a
rebellion
andguerrillawarfareagainstthePakistanarmybasinghimself inAfghanistan. It issaid
thathehadapersonalgrievanceinthatPakistanrecognizedSardarGichkiasMakrans
ruler insteadofacceptinghimasagovernor.Thisendedwiththearrestoftheprince,
whowas imprisoned inQuetta Jail.Hewas later sentenced to ten years of rigorous
imprisonment.
After this NawabNowroz Khan (1958) took up arms in resistance to theOneUnit
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policy.Heandhis followerswere chargedwith treasonand arrestedand confined in
Hyderabadjail. Five of his family members (sons and nephews) were subsequently
hanged.NawabNowrozKhanlaterdiedincaptivity.
Later on themore serious insurgency happened in 196369 led by SherMohammad
BijaraniMarri
against
he
establishment
of
Pakistan
Armys
garrisons
in
the
troubled
areasofBalochistan.Andthefourthconflictin197377wasledbyNawabKhairBaksh
Marri. Undoubtedly this was provoked by Mr Bhuttos arrogance and federal
impatience,highhandednessandundemocraticconduct.
TheCurrentInsurgencyandBalochNationalism
ThecurrentscenariofortheconflictinBalochistanstartedbuildingupwhenthefederal
authorities in Pakistan started developing Gwadar Portwith road and rail links. The
development projects of the coastal highway and the Gwadar port have been also
opposedtoothandnailbyBalochnationalists.Balochiresistancetodefygovernments
efforts to start Gwadarwas based on the charge that itwill change Balochi ethnic
culture.
Balochi disaffection grew more in the aftermath of the attack on the Taliban in
Afghanistan and the establishment of US bases in Pasni, Gwadar, Dalbandin and
Jacobabad in Sindh. Thiswas not somuch because of theUSmilitary presence, but
because the then administration decided to establish some army cantonments in
Balochistan.
Duringthe
eight
years
of
Musharrafs
military
rule
in
Pakistan,
the
absence
of
political
processthatisnecessarytodealwiththeinsurgenciesresultedinthefurtheralienation
ofevenmoderateBalochnationalistfromtheFederationofPakistan. Itshutthedoors
ofnegotiationprocesswiththeBalochLeaders.
Thisconflictbecamemoreintense,in2006whenNawabBugti,theBalochtriballeader
andexchiefministerandgovernorofBalochistanwaskilled inanarmyoperation.He
hadbeenaccusedbyPakistansgovernmentforseriesofbombblasts,killingsofhisown
peopleandmainlytherocketattackonthethenPresidentofPakistan.Hewaslaudedas
a leaderofBalochby thenationalistswhohaddied fighting for their cause andwas
turned
into
a
hero.
During this time the political parties did not play their role to raise the issues of
deprivationandneglectattheserious level.Thiswasnot limitedtotherulingparties;
unfortunately opposition also ignored the Balochistan issue. In the All Parties
Conference thatwasheld in2007, toplanacollective lineofaction todealwith the
differentproblemsfacedbyPakistan,theBalochistanproblemwasnotevenincludedin
theagenda.
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CloseanalysistellusthattheBalochnationalistmovementisnotaunitaryforcethatit
may appear. There is notmuch love lostbetween the leading tribes involved in the
insurgency. There is no single voice which can claim to speak for all. There is no
coherent second tiermiddleclass leadership,despite increased support in theBaloch
areas.In
fact
the
middle
classes
may
still
be
on
the
side
of
moderate
federally
inclined
Balochpoliticians.ForsomeBalochnationalismonlymeanstribalidentitysuchasMarri
orBugti,atbest.SomeBalochnationalistsdemandcompleteindependence.Most,still
believe that 1973 Constitution is the most workable basis for a reconstructed and
strengthenedfederalism,andalltheywantisgreaterautonomy.
Thereforewhileitistruethatantistateviolencehasbeenthechosentacticofsome,for
thegreatmajority,federalframeworkstaysthechosenmethodtoaddressgrievances.
AnditisthisthatPakistangovernmentmustcapitalizeonto.
Thedangeraswementionedearlieraretwofold.Theeducatedmiddleclass inBaloch
townshasstartedrallyingbehindnationalistsandevenSardars.Thesesardarswillnever
deliverbutlikeallotherPakistanis,theyarebeingfooledintoutopianidealism.Second
variousvestedlocal,nationalandinternationalinterestsaretryingtotakeadvantageof
thissituation.
Steven Metz has persuasively argued that contemporary insurgency has undergone
fundamentalchangeinitsstrategiccontext,structure,anddynamics.Heassertthatthis
requiresPakistansfederalandprovincialgovernmentstoadoptaverydifferentwayof
thinking about (and undertaking) counterinsurgency. The real threat posed by
insurgency,heobserves,isthesustainedconflictleadingtopoliticaldestabilizationand
relatedsocio
political
pathologies.
Protracted
conflict,
he
declares,
not
insurgent
victory,isthethreat.
To summarise thenationalists complaints aremixofold andnew.Older complaints
consist of lack of autonomy, exploitation of resources and lack of development. In
addition since then, the new complaints are that hundreds of people aremissing in
action and there has been a silentwar that nationalists allege state iswaging upon
them.
Aboveanalysismaketwothingsabsolutelyclear.Onethatthere isvirtuallynochance
that
the
problems
confronting
Islamabad
arising
from
the
current
resurgence
of
Baloch
nationalismcanbesweptaside.Whiletheactualscaleoftherebellionmaybeamatter
ofconsiderablecontroversy,thedangerispresentandclear;andthereasonsunderlying
itaregenuineandreal.Second,thereisconsiderableavenueofhopewithmajoritystill
willingtoworkwithinthestateframeworkandthroughpoliticalmethods.
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InsurgencyandGeoPoliticsofEnergyResources
Selig Harrison writing in his book In Afghanistans Shadow in 1981, predictedominously Aglanceatthemap,quicklyexplainswhystrategically locatedBalochistan
andthe
five
million
Baloch
tribesmen
who
live
there
could
easily
become
the
focal
point
ofsuperpowerconflict.
WiththepresentenergycrisisitshouldbenosurprisethatenergysecurityinPakistan,
nowstandsatornearthe topofnationalpriorities.Pakistanseconomy isoneof the
worldsmostnaturalgasdependent.Naturalgas,accounting forabout50percentof
Pakistanstotalenergyconsumption,iscurrentlythecountrysprincipalenergysource.
OutofPakistansprovennaturalgasreservestwothirdsarelocatedinBalochistan.But
while Balochistan accounts for about 40% of Pakistans natural gas production, but
consumesonlyamodest17percentofit.
Pakistanscurrent
annual
consumption
of
natural
gas
is
about
1.2
trillion
cubic
feet
and
fast increasing.ThismeansthatthereareextremepressuresonPakistansnaturalgas
resourcescomingfromindustrial,commercial,transport,andresidentialconsumers.But
anymoreaggressiveeffortsfordomesticexplorationandextractionriskmilitantstrikes.
TheremedyistogettheordinaryBalochsoutofmilitantmindsetandbacktopolitical
grounds.AslongasPakistanhasgassupply,therewillalwaysbeaflashpointforasharp
controversybetween IslamabadandBalochnationalists.Thereforethesecurityofthis
supplyforPakistanistopoftheagenda.
Balochinsurgencydirectlythreatensthisenergysecurity.RobertWirsingpointsoutthat
thiscontext
is
related
to
Baloch
nationalism
in
at
least
three
ways.
One
is
that
Balochistanisrichinenergyresources.Themostpersistentandlongstandinggrievance
that nationalists have is that these resources have been exploited by the central
governmentwithoutadequatecompensationtotheprovince.Second,Balochistan isa
transitrouteformajorproposednaturalgaspipelinesfromeitherIranorTurkmenistan
to Pakistan and from there potentially to India. Balochmilitant attacks are amajor
threat to any suchundertaking.Third,Gwadar is the siteofamajorport facilityand
energyhub.
Hefurtherelaboratesthatthisenergycontextalsoexertsapowerfulthreefold impact
onBalochnationalismitself.First,itvastlyincreasestheimportanceofBalochistanand
Baloch nationalism to the central government. Second, the changed energy contextsimultaneouslyincentivizestheBalochinsurgentstoclaimcontrolofBalochistan.Third
andmost important however, he states that to both sides advantage, the changed
energycontext,whichincludesthepotentialformajorincreasesinPakistansrevenues
and dramatic improvements in Balochistans economy and Social infrastructure, also
suppliesnovelandabundantopportunitiestoaddressBalochnationalistdemands ina
positiveandmutuallyacceptablemanner.
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Thereforetoconclude,asintheprevioussectionweagainseethatthedangerandthe
avenueofhopeexistsidebyside.ThechoiceremainsforthePakistansgovernmentin
howtodealwiththesematters.Beingswift,decisive,fair,justandtransparentarekey
tosuccess in thepoliticalengagement,which is theonlyoptionavailable toPakistan.
Balochnationalism
has
to
be
accommodated
in
good
faith.
The
Baloch
need
to
become
partnersofenergydevelopment,notitsenemies. Therearenotwowaysaboutthis.
InsurgentGroupsinBalochistan
Accordingtogovernmentsources,presentlytherearefivemilitantoutfitsoperating in
Balochistan.Baloch LiberationArmy (BLA) is themostprominent amongst them that
seeks separation of Balochistan from Pakistan. Besides BLA, four other militant
organizationsincludingBalochistanLiberationFront(BLF),BalochistanRepublicanArmy
(BRA),LashkareBalochistanandJhalawanBalochTigershaveemergedtochallengethe
writofthegovernment.Theseoutfitshaveclaimedtheresponsibilityofvarioussporadic
attacksongaspipelines,powertransmission lines,powerpylons,securitycheckposts,
FCforts,securityforces,railwaytracks,oiltankers,governmentoffices,progovernment
tribesmen,official residencesandciviliansetc.BRA is themostprominentamong the
newly emerged Baloch militant groups. [Khurram Iqbal: Counter insurgency in
BalochistanPakistansstrategy,outcomeandfutureimplications]
Despitetheviolentresurgenceofthenationalists it isstillanalmostcertaintythatthe
voiceofBlochnationalistsisnotreallythevoiceofallBalochis.While,unfortunatelythe
fact is that generalBalochipeople are theultimate victimof exploitation in thewar
between state and insurgents. Insurgent groups, in the opinion of many moderate
Balochipeople,
do
not
represent
the
whole
of
provinces
population.
They
do
not
have
majoritys support as they too do not have any record of serving common peoples
interests.Infactthereishardlymuchlovelostbetweendifferentinsurgentgroupsand
unityacrosstheseistenuous.
Settlersissue¤tsituationinBalochistan
ThetermsettlersisusedinBalochistantodescribethoseBalochiswhoareethnically
neitherBalochnorPathan.ThesesettlersinBalochistanhavebeenlivingintheareafor
generations. We find this term extraordinary. Ethnic Balochis are also themselves
settlers
under
one
definition,
and
so
are
Pathans,
as
both
ethnic
groups
arrived
a
few
hundredyearsearlierandarenotindigenoustoBalochistan.
The migration of settlers has been going on for at least two centuries. Their first
migration tookplacewhenPunjab in late1700s. And the second flowof immigrants
wasstartedin1800sduringdevelopmentalmovementsineducation,socialservicesand
journalismpeopleofBalochistan invitedvariousscholarsfromUP(NorthernIndia)and
PunjabtosettleinBalochistan.[HistoricalperspectiveofBalochistanp.8]Bytheendof
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nineteenthcenturymajorityofthegovernmentemployeeswasPunjabi.
The professional entrepreneurial middle class composed of the nonindigenous
communitiesintheprovincehasbeenanassettoPakhtunsandBalochsforanumberof
decades.Forgenerations theyhaveprovided skilledmanual labour fromhairdressers
andtailors
to
professional
middle
class
including
teachers,
educationists,
bankers,
lawyersandscuh.
According to Assakzai, the contribution of Punjabis in the education sector in
Balochistan is tremendous.Anumberofotherjournalists inBalochistan,Pakhtunand
Balochs alike, have been trained by Punjabi and Urduspeaking journalists.
Duringthecurrentwaveofviolence inBalochistan,thesettlershavebeenparticularly
targeted and have suffered immense violence at the hands of the insurgents. In a
recent visit to Quetta we met with Baloch, pathan and settler political workers,
professionals and settlers. Theypresent a gloomypictureof the situation in city and
wholeprovince.ThetargetedkillingofthePunjabispeakingminorityhasbeengoingon
since the killing of Baloch nationalist leader Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti. It has been
described by nationalists as revenge kiiling to avenge the killing of Balochs by the
"Punjabi"armyduringtheoperation.
There has been a series of target killings of settlers. Nationalist militant group in
Balochistan are targeting and killing settlereducationists,doctors,professionals and
suchlike.Thepeoplefromotherprovinceswhohadcometoworkaslowearningwage
workers arebeing forced tomigrate.Thisviolence ispushing theprovince to further
backwardness through skill and brain drain. These settlers in Balochistan all over
Pakistanstand
for
the
ethnic
unity
of
all
communities
who
are
being
targeted
to
destabilizetheprovincialcapital.
Ingeneral,peopleareterrorizedtotheextentthattheydonotgoout freely.Women
and children are scared and feel themselves insecure. The major fallout of Baloch
militants'violencetobemassmigrationfromBalochistanofPunjabi andUrduspeaking
people,whomostlyliveinQuetta.Thealreadydeprivedprovincewillnotbeabletofill
thegap.Recently,over70professorsinBalochistanUniversityappliedtoberelievedso
thattheycanworkinotherprovinces,followingthebrutalkillingofProfNazimaTalib.In
other words if this happens, Balochistan University will simple shut down.
The insurgent groups and their supporters are brainwashing the general people
through negative portrayal of the role of state against Balochi people. The Chief
MinisterofBalochistanAslamRaisaniseesincidentsoftargetkillingandbombblastsas
anaimtodamagingBalochistanseconomy.Hehasalsolinkedtherecentdeteriorating
lawandordersituationintheprovincetotheongoingwarinAfghanistan.
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PakhtunFactor
While Balochistan's Pakhtuns may have sympathy for Baloch grievances, they have
shunned away and occasionally condemned the violence by the nationalists. Some
Pakhtuns claim that there is a fundamental difference between Pakhtun and Baloch
politicalforces,
in
that
Pakhtuns
have
never
used
violence
as
amethod
to
resolve
politicalproblems,despitetheirequallyseriousgrievances.
Pakhtun leaders in Balochistan point out that despite being 30 percent of the
population,Pakhtunshavenoquota injobs.Even theconventionofaPakhtunbeing
governorofBalochistan ifthechiefminister isBalochhasbeenbrokenthistime.They
complainthatthePakhtunsoftheprovincehavereceivednoattentionfromthefederal
government because, they have never resorted to militancy. The recent Haqooqe
BalochistanPackagehasnothing forPakhtuns,who arenearlyhalf thepopulationof
Balochistan.
Pakhtun political forces have opposed the target killings and held some active
demonstrations.Manysettlers it issaid,aremovingtoPakhtunareas.Andsomehave
actuallyjoinedPakhtunpoliticalparties.Historically,Pakhtunshavebeenthemainstay
ofthebusinesscommunityinBalochistanandhaveenjoyedexcellentrelationswiththe
SettlerBalochisaswellasPersianspeakingHazaracommunity. Ithasbeen reported
thattherearemorePakhtunPunjabiintermarriagesthanPakhtunBalochmatches.
With the new naming of Paktunkhwakhyber and a growing movement for smaller
provinces, it is likely thatBalochi Pakhtunsmay becomemore vocal in creation of a
province for themselves.They increasinglypointout thatwhileBalochpolitical forces
wantmore
powers
for
themselves
they
are
not
prepared
to
give
the
Pakhtuns
of
the
province same rights. Any ethnic problem thismay lead to willworsen the socio
political situation in the province.
LiberationandViability:IsindependentBalochistanviable?
PossibleconsequencesforindependentBalochistananddividedPakistanA very important aspect of the problem of the Balochistan is to see whether the
independentBalochistan,asdemandedbysomegroups intheprovince, isviable?For
this
case
we
need
to
look
at
the
viability
in
terms
of
wherewithal
to
survive
as
a
small
state.Moreover,whatareBalochnationalistswillingtodo?Aretheywillingtotakeon
theirown sardars? Is themiddle classeducated?Are thereenougheducated, settled
andpoliticallyconsciouspeople,willingtotakeonthepoliticallead?
Atabout400,000kmsq,Balochistanwillbe60th
largestcountryinsize,followedby150
countriesPopulationwise itwillbesomewherebetween155to160onthe listofthe
worldspopulationlist.
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Withthisnewstatuswillthisstatebecompetitiveenoughtosurviveasanindependent
state?What is the plan of action to run and sustain the state?Has anyone thought
about thismost fundamentalquestion?Are the tribal chiefs,with their track record,
capableof runningan independentstate in the interestof itsownpeople?Howwell
preparedand
well
planned
are
the
separatists
and
their
supporters
to
promise
the
survival of poor people of the province in the current age of globalization and
internationaltradingactivitiesbasedonthevestedgeopoliticalandeconomicinterests
ofthebigeconomies?
In the times of dismantling boundaries between the countries of the world, small
countries need to be competitive in all aspects. They need skills for resource
development,viableeconomicplan;skillandtechnology;social,intellectualandhuman
capital; capable leadership;andeffective state structure to implement theplans.The
wayskilledpeoplearedesertingandbeingforcedtomigrateunderthepainofdeath,it
wouldbeimpossibleforanystatetosurvive.Onlytheotherday,theVicechancellorof
BalochistanUniversityheldapressconferencetostatethathisqualifiedstaffwantsto
leaveandatthisratetheuniversitymayclose.
ZiauddinSardar inhisarticleCansmallCountriesSurvive intheFuture?assertsthat
In conventional development literature, small countries are distinguished by their
physicalsize.CountrieslikeTheGambiaorGuineaBissauaredescribedasfacingsmall
country problems, i.e they are unable to sustain themselves. But small doesn't
necessarily mean unsustainable. Singapore, by contrast, has one of the highest
standardsoflivingintheworld.Thisarticlearguesthatgeographicalorpopulationsize
is less significant factors in determining viability than social, economic and cultural
conditions.The
future
for
small
countries
will
only
be
viable
ifthey
can
come
together
onthebasisofmutualhelpandrespect.
This isalso importanttonote inthecaseofBalochistan.TheconductofBalochitribal
chiefsisthatofoppressingandterrorizingthecommonpeople.Withthissituationwill
thesardarsbeabletoprolongthebasisofmutualrespectandhelpwithpeople?
ThecommonBalochipeoplearebiggeststakeholderinthisproblem.Sotheymayraise
themselves to the situation andquestion thosewhodemand separation, about their
rights of safety and survival. The Balochi peoplemay ask:, howwill the sardars and
nationalists
ensure
an
independent
state
without
any
bloodshed
and
any
further
violence?HowwilltheyensuretheprovisionofwelfareservicestothecommonBalochi
people?
Russel Longcore on the state secession writes that only the nations with vibrant
economies can survive or the regional cooperation can increase the potential of
economic viability.With their target killingpolicyofeducated settlers andBalochis
ownlowdevelopmentindexandthegenerallackofvisionaryleadership,theviabilityof
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an independent Balochistan that can serve the interests of its own people,without
becoming a vassal state of great powers, remains seriously suspect at the best and
impossibleinreality.
Intheoryevenifonewastoenvisagesuchasscenario,Balochistanwillbeinnoposition
tochoose
its
neighbours.
Sandwiched
between
Pakistan
and
Iran
from
who
it
would
accede,itisunlikelytogainanyfavoursontheissuesoffoodandwaterandevenselling
itsnaturalwealth.Consideringtheserealitiesandwhetherthesemayormaynothave
beenassessedbynationaliststrugglingfor GreaterBalochistan, itseemsunlikelythat
they have the best interest of Balochs at heart. If they reallywant to develop their
peopletheymayfinditeasierdoinginthepresentfederalsetupofPakistan,ratherthan
someimaginedunrealisticproposition.
QuestionsforBalochNationalistsandInsurgents
TheanalysispresentedaboveshouldmakeaBalochnationalistquestiontheinsurgents
and those claiming to fight for a separate Baloch homeland. The strategy of the
violence,targetkillingofotherethnicgroups,especiallyskilledandeducated,disruption
ofdevelopmentprojectsandkillingofthoseworkingonitespeciallynonPakistanisand
thedimprospects for realizationof thesegaspipelineprojects,especially in thenear
term, and a non functioning Gwadar, has had only negative consequences for
BalochistanandBalochnationalism.
For one, anymaterial gains to developmentstarved Balochistan province have been
lost.Furtherstarvationofalreadystarvingpopulation,mayintheshortterm,beblamed
uponthe
centre.
However
it
would
be
amatter
of
time
when
this
will
be
seen
through.
StalemateatGwadarhasresultedinlossofopportunitiesfordevelopmentbothsocially
and economically. No pipeline through Balcohistan means no construction and
maintenancejobs,forinstance,orthepossibilityofaprovincialshareingastransitfees,
orwiderdistributionofnaturalgaswithintheprovince.
Braindrainandshortageofskillsisalreadyshowingthrough.Thepremierinstitutionsof
Balochistan province, Balochistan university and Bolan Medical College are already
creakingunder severe straindue to shortageofeducatedand skilled.Howdoes that
benefitordinaryoppressedBalochisbeyondcomprehension.Ithasbeenreportedthat
such
local
trades
as
hair
dressing
or
tailoring
or
even
primary
school
teachers
are
rapidly
becomingascarcecommodityinsmallerBalochtowns.
BalochSardarscontinuetoliveabroadorinKarachi,inluxury.Thoseinpowercontinue
theirunrelentingpursuitofpowerandluxurywithleastattentionbeingpaidtothelaw
andordersituation,peaceandsecurity,andmitigationofeconomicwoes.Recently in
aninterviewwithdailyDawn,MrHiarbayarMarri,whoalongwithMrBramdaghBugti
claims leadership of insurgents, when asked about his future plans about an
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16scalesonmerit.AndforthedevelopmentoftheGawadarmostofthelocalqualified
contractorswillbegivenpreference.
There shallbeuniformpriceofgas throughout the country for calculationof thegas
development surcharge. Special incentiveswould be given to the local tribes in the
Kohludistrict
to
facilitate
the
exploration
of
the
gas
in
the
area.
The federal government would provide one billion rupees for rehabilitation and
settlementoftheIDPsfromDeraBugti.
Unfortunatelythismuchawaitedpackagedidnotbring inany immediaterelieftothe
peoplestruckwithturmoilandstrife. Ittookgovernmentgoodoneandahalfyearto
bringthisoutandyetwithin24hoursithadbeenrejectedbymostoftheNawabsand
localleadersoftheBalochistan.
Abdul Rahim Ziaratwal, former parliamentary leader of the Pakhtunwa Milli Awami
Party,speaking
at
aseminar
held
recently
in
Quetta
on
the
socio
political
situation
in
Balochistan, said that The18th
amendmentbillhas come very latebut stillprovides
somehopefortheimprovementofrelationsbetweentheprovinceandtheCentre,.He
added Had a similar initiative been takenmuch earlier, confrontation between the
federalgovernmentandtheprovincescouldhavebeenavoided.Somepeoplearestill
viewing the constitutional packagewith skepticism, saying that it is too little being
offeredtoolate.Ifthegovernmentfailstotrulyworkonempoweringtheprovinces,the
countrywouldexperienceanotherepochofdismemberment.
AnimportantbusinessfigureinQuetta,talkingtousonthefactorsleadingtothecrisis
saidthat
the
province,
having
enormous
strategic
significance
in
the
country,
has
been
thevictimofneglectbythegovernment[provincialandfederal]foritsindifferenceand
tribalsardarsfortheirownvestedinterests.Hesaidthattherecentannouncementsby
thegovernmentcangivearayofhopetothepeoplebutonlyifmaterializedintime.In
hisopiniontheseparatistelementsinBalochistandonothaveapopularfollowingand
theircauseistosecuretheirauthorityoverthepeople.
The gentleman is of the view that the bureaucracy in Islamabad till today, is not
bothered aboutwhat ishappening inBalochistanwhich isdisappointing. He further
assertedthattheprosperityofPakistanislinkedwiththeprosperityofBalochistanasit
isthestrategicallylocatedprovince,whichenhancesPakistansgeopoliticalimportance
intheregion.
AsSenatorMirHasilKhanBazenjorightlyputsit,Empowerthelocals.Howcanthisbe
achievedinthepresentsetupishardtofathom. Eveninthedemocraticsetupitisnot
thelowerormiddleclasseswhohavecomeforward,butratherthenawabsandsardars
continue to rule the roost. Unless and until the tribal system is broken down and
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dismantled or the tribal leaders are willing to be less powerful which is absolutely
unimaginable.
UsmanZahidopinesthatthecurrentpackageisadisappointmentinanumberofways
becausetheoutcomeascomparedtothetimetakenbythegovernment isnotmuch;
thepoints
mentioned
in
the
package
provide
no
short
term
relief
to
the
province;
it
doesnotendtargetkillingovernightnoritgivesanyrelieftothemassesinonewayor
theother.
He furtheradds, What couldhavebeendoneby the governmentwas to announce
shorttermgoalsalongwithlongtermgoalswhichcouldhaveincludedemphasisonthe
current law and order situation; provision of electricity in far flung villages of the
province;declaringeconomicandindustrialzonesintheregionsothatthroughprivate
firmsemploymentwouldhadbeen created; special subsidies for thearea thatwould
haddeveloped aneconomic cycle for the region sparking change through shortterm
goalsthatwouldhadleadtolongtermgoalsandwouldhadmadethesuccessratioof
anysuchpackagemuchhighthenascomparedtothecurrentpackage.
Governor Balochistan Nawab Zulfiqar Magsi has recently said while speaking to a
seminarheldtodiscussthecurrentsituation inBalochistanthattheAghaziHaqooqi
Balochistan package was not the solution to the provinces problems. Speaking to
journalistsattheGovernorHouse,hesaidBalochistansissuescouldonlybeaddressed
throughcompleteprovincialautonomy.
InIARehmansopinion,themainresponsibilityforaninauspiciousstartoftheAghazi
Huqooqexercise lieswith the federal government. It shouldhavebeen awareof the
Balochistanpeoples
distrust
of
reform
proposals
that
began
with
the
dismissal
of
the
report of the reform committee of 1949. They are completely fed up with reform
proposalsbecauseofalonghistoryoffailuretoimplementthem.
He goes on to say, unfortunately, the episode of the package has again exposed
IslamabadsinabilitytograsptheseriousnessoftheBalochistancrisis.Itdoesnotseem
torealisethatvagueproposalsforremovingBalochistansgrievancesaccumulatedover
six long decades can make no impression on its Young Turks nor can they attract
elementsthatarepreparedtoentrusttheirfuturetothePakistanfederation.Thelatter
needtohavesomethingtangibleintheirhandswithwhichtonegotiatewiththeangry
youngpeopleofBalochistan.
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Solution:Whatneedstobedone?
Under the circumstances what does one do. This is not the problem of one class,
section,province
or
one
dimensional.
Therefore
the
response
needs
to
be
wholesome.
Themost fundamentalandurgentrequirement is fortrustbuilding.Andtheonlyway
this can even begin is, by governance measures from the centre that are urgent,
transparentandreachthedoorstepoftheordinarymasses.
For its part, Pakistan needs to learn that the problem of Balochistanmust be given
urgent attention and top priority in good faith andmeasure. The governing elite in
Pakistanhavetobesensitivetothegenuinedemandsplacedonthefederalgovernment
by theBalochis.Thesedemandsareprotectedandguaranteedby the constitutionof
Pakistan.
Thegovernmenthas toadoptamultiprongedantiinsurgency strategy toplacate theBalochpoeple.Theuseofforcewillnotleadtoapeacefulsolution.Historyiswitnessto
the fact that suppression further ignites such movements. The situation calls for
strongest possible political will to deliver and implement the solution among all
concerned.
Itistruethatinsurgencystilldoesnotcommandthemajoritysupport.Thisfactmustbe
capitalizedon.Bytakingseriousandurgentsocioeconomicmeasureandbyproviding
justiceandfairplayasbasisofgovernance,thebackofthe insurgencycanbebroken.
There is still an attitude among the Pakistanis establishment led by military that
insurgencydepends
on
some
individuals.
This
is
no
longer
the
case
and
grass
root
supporthaswidened inpast fewyears.Thiscanonlybecounteredbyurgentand fair
governance.
This can be achieved if the federal government, in conjunction with the provincial
government, applies the will to ensure that the legitimate rights of the people of
Balochistanaregrantedanddeliveredimmediately.
Inthisregardfollowingstepscanbeconsidered;
1Government
should
draw
out
a
clear
cut
policy
giving
due
share
in
natural
resourcestotheprovince.
2 Therevenue fromthedevelopmentalprojects inBalochistanmustbespentonitsdevelopment.
3 Development work should be carried out in the fields of infrastructuredevelopment,water for irrigation anddrinking, education,health, energy and
productiveeconomicactivity.
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4 The delivery system of basic social services like health, education,water andsanitationneedstobestrengthenedandeasilyaccessibletocommonpeople.
5 Royalties,duties,developmentsurchargesandotherleviesowedtotheprovincebythecentremustbepaidonfairbasis.
6 Pakistan Army should also make its image better in that province. Thegovernment
must
implement
the
plans
of
canceling
the
constructing
cantonments away from the border region. There must be no unnecessary
presenceofmilitaryforcesintheprovince.
7 PakistanArmyshouldrunarecruitmentdriveforBaloch.8 Onthepolitical level,thegovernmentmust involvethepoliticalandnationalist
groups inthemainstreampolitics.TheBaloch leadersmustbeengagedby the
political leadership to neutralise the extremist/separatist segments of their
groups.
9 TheBalochmustbegivenduerepresentationinstateinstitutions.10 Balochistanscities, townsandvillagesshouldbegivenpriorityandpreference
forSui
gas,
minerals,
and
other
basic
necessities
of
life.
11 Judiciaryshouldplayitsrole SCmustactastoensurejusticeintheprovinceandtheprovisionofbasicnational rights to theBalochpeople incapacityofequal
Pakistanis.
12 Actionisneededonthemissingpersonsformfederalexecutiveandjudiciary13 Peaceand ruleof lawmustbeensured.Asanancillarypoint thismustnotbe
usedasanexcusetoperpetratestatesanctionedcrimes.
14GovernanceandEconomicManagementProgrammesshouldbedevelopedandimplemented.
15Budgetarycontrols shouldbegiven toLocalBodies,withnominatedOfficial inorder
to
ensure
the
benefits
reaches
at
the
grass
root
levels.
16 Provincialgovernmentshouldtackle,education,health,housing,lawandorder,security,communication,roadsandtransportastopmostpriority.
17ThelongheldfearoftheBalochpeoplethatinvestorsmaytaketheirresourcesawayneedstobeaddressedbythesafeguard investmentpoliciesofassurance
bythegovernment.
18TheBalochNationalists, if sincerewith a peaceful resolution of the years oldconflict, must negotiate the issues with the political leadership in order to
resolvetheconflicts.
19By creating major opportunitiesspecifically, by turning Balochistan into animportantenergyconduitintheregiontoaddressBalochnationalistdemands
inapositiveandmutuallyacceptablemanner.
The central government and the establishment should stop seeing this as a foreign
instigatedphenomenononly,aswasdoneinthecaseofEastPakistan.
Thismindsetwillsurelyleadtomoredestruction.Theneednowistoacknowledgethe
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grievances and deal with them directly, immediately and effectively in a political
frameworkdeliveredbytransparentandfullyempoweredpoliticalforces.
Whiletherecanbeanopinionaboutwhethersuchasolutionisatallorderornot,there
canbenotwoopinionsthatthisistheonlywayoutoftheBalochinsurgency.Ontheir
partthe
moderate
Baloch
forces
need
to
create
clear
blue
water
between
them
and
nationalist insurgents and need to challenge the militants' search for an "ideal
Balochistan"whereethnicminoritieswouldhavenoplaceorwhichbringsdeathand
destructionatanunimaginablescalejusttosatisfyegosofcertainarrogantsardarsor
fulfil dreams of certain international powers. .
Conclusion
The history of relationship between centre and Balochistan shows a long story of
political inaptitude, economic exploitation and unfulfilled promises. State, being the
majorrunnerofthenationalaffairs,istobeheldresponsiblemorethananyoneelsefor
causing thecrisis.Centre in its successivepoliciesandmeasureshaveoverlooked the
sociologicalandanthropologicalpeculiaritiesofBalochistanpeopleandharsheconomic
realitiesunderwhichtheypasstheir livesandwhichover60yearshavegivenbirthto
deprivation. Above all, the negligence of the development needs created massive
despairinBalochistanpeople.
Thisdeprivationhasmadethemassesmorevulnerabletotheappealbytheextremists
ofallhueandcolour.Federalgovernmentdespite its claim remainsunable todesign
formalconflictresolutionmechanisms.Oneofthemainreasonsfortheirfailuretocope
withthe
problem
has
been
the
weak
democratic
history
of
the
country,
which
created
thebasisofdeeppolarizationduetowhichthegeneralmassescanno longer identify
themselveswiththestate.
IthasbeensaidPakistanigovernmenthashaditsconstraints.RobertWirsingobserves
thattheenergyrelatedandotherstrategicforcesimpactingonthat
part of the world join together in shaping Pakistani perceptions of their policy
requirements, in some instances narrowing options, in others practically dictating
Islamabads actions.He further states these forces have demanded that the central
governmentmorestronglyexertitsauthorityinBalochistan.
Howeverwewillstillassertthatinternationalsituationsandconstraintscanneverbean
excuseforanynationorstatetoneglect,oppressordepriveitsownmasses.Duringthe
pastfewyears,thedebateonthisissueinmediahasreinsertedtheignoredBalochistan
intogeneralconsciousnessofpeople.Thisdebatehasopenedanewdiscussiononthe
differentdimensionsofthecrisis. In the internationalmedia,however, thenationalist
movement inBalochistanhasalsobeenexaggeratedandpropagandized.Thehistoric
tribal rivalries and the tension between Balochi people and settlers have also been
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exploitedtocreateandfurtherinternaldividesandconflictsintheprovince.
Onlyrecentlythegovernmenthastakenafewofthelongawaitedinitiativestoaddress
the reasons of provincial conflict. After the introduction of AghazeHuqooq e
Balochistanpackageandthepassingofthe18th
constitutionalamendmentandabolition
ofthe
military
cantonments
in
the
province,
the
separatist
movement
seems
to
have
ebbedslightly.Althougheveninthisperiodoflullthetargetkillinghascontinued,and
socioeconomicproblemscontinuetosimmer.Althoughpeoplearehopefulbuttheyare
stillskepticaboutthepromisesduetothetrustdeficitbetweenprovinceandstate.
To solve various problems of national interest throughwide consensus, government
shouldwork on creating and implementing concrete policies thatwill lead to socio
economicdevelopmentandproblemresolution.Provincialandethnicautonomycould
enhance the participatory approach which will help to have wide consensus over
nationalaffairs.ThelegitimategrievancesofBalochpeoplemustbeaddressedasofall
theotherdeprivedareas.
Forthebroaderpeaceandsecurityprogramintheregion,thegovernmentmustinvest
inhumandevelopment,andpoliticallyempower thepeople to takepart ineconomic
development throughmodern but decentralized governancemechanism. The strong
andaccountabledemocraticsetupofgovernancecanserveasthebestmeansofconflict
resolution.
The real solution lies in the strong political commitment to implement independent
policydecisionsinthebestinterestofPakistan.Goodgovernanceandthestaminaand
patiencetobuildinstitutionsandreconciliation,magnanimityandhumilityonbehalfof
federalpolitical
elites,
efficient
and
uncorrupt
public
service,
independent
and
efficient
judiciary, disciplined police force, and politicalwill to execute the plan, can end this
crisis.
Creation and implementationofGovernance andEconomicManagement Programme
(GEMP) with nominated officials at local levels to deliver health education, energy
supplytransportandsocialtransformationagendawillbringrelief,peaceandsecurity.
Theestablishmentmustcomeforwardandwholeheartedlydemonstrateitswillingness
tograntselfruleandpoliticalautonomytotheprovince inordertobuildanewsocial
contract.Itremainstobeseenifthegovernmentisuptothetask.
In Short there are three components to the comprehensive solution toBalochistan
problem.
One,recognitionofthe legitimatedemandsofBalochpeopleandassessmentofthe
groundreality
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Seconddevelopmentsof soundpoliciesandplans thatwouldaddress theeconomic
deprivationandsociopoliticalissuesandempowerpeople;
Third and final, immediate, direct, accountable and transparent delivery through
provincialandlocalgovernors.
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AppendixA BalochTribes
Source:encyclopedia[http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Balochtribes]
Ahamdanis Ashkani or
Ashekzahis
Ashkani Badezai Bahawalanzai Bangulzai Baloch(tribe) Barija Barzoi Bhutani Bizenjo Brahmani(tribe) Bugti Bulfati Buledi Buzdar Bozdar Bijarani Badini Banulzai Barazani Bahawalanzai Barija Bhutani Bizenjo Brahmani Bugti Buledi BOZDAR, a Baloch
tribe of Rind (Arab)
extraction, usually
associated with the
mountain districts
of the frontier near
DeraGhaziKhan
Bijarani is a Balochitribe in Sindh
Pakistan
Badini is also thename of a Baloch
tribe living in
Balochistan and
Sindh in Karachi
Pakistan,
Afghanistan
Chutani(khoso) Chandio Chutani(khoso) is
also the name of a
Baloch tribe in
Balochistan in
Jaffarabad,Quetta,a
nd Sindh in
Shahdadkot,Jacobab
ad,Iran
Chandioisthenameof
abalochi
tribe
in
Sindh,(rare in
Balochistan but
thought to be the
setllers near
Gawadar now a
days)
Damanis Dashti Dehwar Domki Dareshak Dannarzai Drakhshaan Dumars Dasht is a Persian
word,Dashtimeans
of the (belonging to
ororginatingfrom)
Dehwar is a Balochtribe in Balochistan
province of
Pakistan.
Dareshak
Dannarzai
is
the
name of a Baloch
tribe in Balochistan
Pakistan and Sistan
andBalochestan.
Fatahni(Umrani) Gabol Gadani Ghazini
Ghanbarzehi Gamshadzehi Gorgage Gashkori Gorshani Gichki Gola(tribe) Gyandar Gadani is located in
Gadap Town,
Karachi, Sindh,
Pakistan
Ghazini is a Balochtribe in Sibi District
of Balochistan,
Pakistan
Gashkori is RindBaloch tribe mostly
settled in Areas of
Dera Ismail Khan
Muzaffargarh ,Dera
GhaziKhan ,AliPur
and Kot Addu of
WesternPunjaband
alsoin
Balochistan
,
particularly ,
MakranandQuetta
Gorshani Gichkiis Gola is a Baloch
tribe in Balochistan
andSindhprovinces
ofPakistan.
Hasni Hooth Hasani
Hooth
are
Baloch
and theyareoneof
sub branch of Rind
,we have Khosa
fromHooth
Ismailzahi Jam(tribe) Jadgal Jakhrani
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Jamali Jamot Jarwar Jatoi Jattak Jatt Jam Jakhrani Jamali is the name
of a Baloch tribe in
Balochistan and
Sindh provinces of
Pakistan.
Jarwar isoneof thesubtribe from the
Gazini clan ofMarri
Baloch
Jattak is a Balochtribe
in
Balochistan,
Pakistan. ... Jatt
refers to group of
people who mainly
livedinPunjab
KalmatiKalmathi Kalpar Kashani Khetran Kizilbash Khosa Kolachi
Korai
Kurd(tribe) Khoso Kambarzahi Kupchanis Kalpar is a clan of
Baloch tribe Bugti
and is settled in
Balochistan, Sindh
and Punjab
provinces of
Pakistan
Kashani, dubbed,the
Second
Ptolemy,
was an outstanding
Persian
mathematician of
themiddleages
Khetran Kizilbash Kolachi is a Baloch
tribe and it
originated from
Kulanch, Makran,
Balochistan
Korai are a Balochtribe settled in the
Sind,Punjab,
and
Balochistan
provinces of
Pakistan
Kurd is a PowerfulBaloch tribe in
Balochistan, Sindh,
and Punjab
provinces of
Pakistan
KhosaorKhoso Lamba
Langhani
Lari(tribe) Lashari Lasi Leghari Lehri Loharani Lund(tribe) Lanjwani Lariisthenameofa
Baloch tribe settled
in Balochistan and
Sindh provinces of
Pakistan.
LasiisaBalochtribein Balochistan,
Pakistan
Leghari:alsospeltasLaghari inSindh isa
Balochtribelivingin
Balochistan, Sindh
and Punjab
provinces of
Pakistan
Lehri is a Brahuitribe
in
Balochistan,
Pakistan
Loharani isaBalochtribe in Sibi District
of Balochistan,
Pakistan
Lund is a BalochitribeofPakistan
Lanjwani is also the
name of a Baloch
tribe Sindh
provinces of
Pakistan
Marri Masuri Mazari Mengal Mastoi Mirani Mirali Moosiani Mondrani Malghani Magsi is a Baloch
tribe in Balochistan
and Sindh in
Pakistan. ... For the
Australiantree
see
Corymbiacalophylla
Masuri is a clan ofBaloch tribe Bugti
and is settled in
Balochistan, Sindh
and Punjab
provinces of
Pakistan
Mazari is a tribe oftheBalochpeopleof
Pakistan
Mengal is a famousBalochtribe
Mastoi is the nameof a Baloch tribe in
Balochistan and
Sindh
Mirani is the nameof a Baloch tribe in
Balochistan and
Sindhinlarkana
Miraliisthenameofa Baloch tribe in
Balochistan and
Sindhin
[Shikarpur]
Nothazai Nizamani Narooie(Narouei) Nutkani Nauri Naukri Nausherwani
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Nothazai Nizamani isalso the
name of a Baloch
tribe in Sindh
(Hyderabad)
provinces of
Pakistan.
Qaisrani Rahija Ramzai Rahmanzai Rahimi Rind(tribe) Raisi Raisani Rigi(tribe) Roonjha(Tribe) Rahija is a clan of
Balochtribe
Bugti
and is settled in
Balochistan, Sindh
and Punjab
provinces of
Pakistan
ShahBakhsh Sherzai_Baloch Sanjrani Shambhani Shambhani
(Chandiotribe)
Shar
(tribe)
Sakhani Seyahsawar SarganiBaloch Sardaizai Sadozai Saravani Sethwi Sherzai Sanjrani Shambhani Shambhani
Shar
Sakhani are biggestsub tribe of Magsi
tribe
Sadozai are alineage of the
Popalzayclanofthe
Abdali tribe of the
Pashtun.
Talpur Taherza Talpur is a Baloch
tribe that
conquered and
ruled Sindh, and
other
parts
of
Pakistan, from1783
to1843AD.
Umrani Umrani(khosa) WUmrani Yarahmadzahi Zardari Zarakzai Zehri Zehi Zarrani Zehri
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changedandothercriteriasuchas inversepopulationratio,backwardness,povertyandresourcegeneration
needtobetakenintoconsideration.
B. POLITICALLY RELATED MATTERS
4. Release of PoliticalWorkers: The Federal Government in consultationwith the Provincial Government
should immediately release all political workers, except those charged under heinous crimes;
5.Political
Dialogue:
Immediate
to
the
acceptance
of
all
the
proposals
contained
herein,
initiation
of
apolitical
dialogue with all major stakeholders in the political spectrum of the Province, to bring them into the
mainstream politics.
6.ReturnofExiles:ThepoliticalexileswhoreturntoPakistanwillbefacilitated.(Exceptthoseinvolvedinacts
of terrorism).
7.ProvincialAssemblyResolutions:TheunanimouslypassedResolutionsoftheAssemblyfrom2002tilldate
related to the Province be implemented within the legal framework of the Constitution.
8.LocalGovernment:TheBalochistanLocalGovernmentOrdinanceneedstobeamendedbytheProvincial
GovernmentkeepinginviewtheadministrativeneedsoftheProvince.
C. ADMINISTRATIVELY RELATED MATTERS
9.OperationsbyFederalAgencies:TheFederalGovernmentshould immediately reviewtheroleofFederal
Agencies
in
the
Province
and