7.4 DNA TECHNOLOGY & MUTATIONS

Key Concepts

1.What are different types of

DNA Technology?

2.How do we use DNA

technology?

3.What are some different types

of mutations?

4.What causes Mutation?

Vocabulary

• Genetic

engineering

• Genome

• Mutation

• Mutagen

• Cloning

Genetic Engineering

Is the Process of changing the

genetic material in an organism

• Humans purposefully Changing

the order of the nitrogen bases

of a DNA molecule

• How would changing the order

of the nitrogen bases in a DNA

molecule change to organism?

Genetic engineering can involve:

1. DNA extraction – Removing DNA from a cell

2. DNA cutting – Snipping out DNA

3. Separating DNA – Sectioning out DNA

4. Recombining DNA – combining DNA from 2

different organisms.

DNA Cutting - Restriction Enzymes

• Enzymes

• Can be used to extract a

specific sequence from

a DNA molecule

DNA Cutting – SOL QUESTION

In order to form recombinant DNA,

scientists have found a way to cut

a DNA segment using an enzyme

named EcoRI. This enzyme cuts

DNA wherever the sequence C-T-

T-A-A-G occurs between the A

and the G base.

the DNA in the diagram to theWhich

of these would result if EcoRI

were used on right?

Gel Electrophoresis – Separating DNA

• Process used to

• Separates DNA fragments

based on size and charge

• Can be used to compare

genomes of different organisms

Gel Electrophoresis – SOL question

The DNA fingerprints were made

from blood samples taken from

a puppy and four possible sires

of this puppy in an effort to

determine the puppy’s pedigree.

According to this information,

which sire was probably the

father of this puppy?

Recombinant DNA

• DNA made by combining

fragments of DNA from two or

more organisms

• Can help produce transgenic

organisms that contain DNA

from different species

• What products could be made

from transgenic organisms?

Making Recombinant DNA

Human Cell

Gene for human

growth hormone

Recombinant

DNA

Gene for human growth

hormone

Sticky

ends

DNA

recombination

DNA

insertion

Bacterial Cell

Plasmid

Bacterial

chromosome

Bacterial cell for containing gene

for human growth hormone

Genome

• A Organisms complete set of genes

• Includes all the sequence of all nitrogen bases

• Used to determine what nitrogen base sequences code for what traits

Human Genome Project

• Project to Map out entire DNA code of Humans

• Will help determine what nitrogen base sequences code for what human traits.

• How would the HGP be helpful for doctors?

Uses of Biotechnology

Forensics – Using DNA to solve Crimes

Agriculture – Using DNA to increase Crop Yield or

resistant to pests

Medicine – to cure/treat diseases

Cloning

Production of an organism from

a single cell

• Offspring are ___genetically

identical___________to

parent cell

• What organisms have been

successfully cloned?

Mutations

• Change in an organisms genetic code

• A mutagen is any factor that causes a mutation

• What are some examples of mutagens?

• Mutations are always random events – there is no

pattern

DNA Mutations

• Changes the sequence of

nitrogen bases in a DNA

molecule

• How would changing the

order of A,T,G,C, in DNA

affect an organism?

Point mutation

• Changes ___________

_____________________

in the DNA sequence

• Also called a

____________________

____________________

because one base is

replaced by another

DNA: T C G T C A

mRNA: A G C A G U

Amino acids:

DNA: T C G A C A

mRNA: A G C U G U

Amino acids:

Frameshift Mutation

• Changes in the way

the DNA sequence is

read

• Caused by the

addition or deletion of

a nitrogen base from a

DNA sequence

DNA: T A G C A T

mRNA: A U C, G U A

Amino acids:

DNA: T T A G C A T

mRNA: A A U, C G U, A..

Amino acids:

Inversion Mutation ~ SOL question

Inversions in chromosomes

occur when part of a

Which of the diagrams to the

right represents an inversion?

Mutation - FACT

• Most mutations do not cause any harm

How would mutations cause changes in organisms?

What are some examples of harmful mutations?

What are some examples of beneficial mutations?