72 frequently asked questions about participatory budgeting: urban governance toolkit series
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72 Frequently Asked Questions
about Participatory Budgeting
U R B A N G O V E R N A N C E T O O L K I T S E R I E S
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GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
ON URBAN GOVERNANCE
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Brazil Latin America elsewhere Europe
Alvorada Cotacachi Crdoba
Belo Horizonte Cuenca Saint-Denis
Campinas IloCaxias do Sul Montevideo
Icapu Villa El Salvador
Porto Alegre
So Paulo
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UNDP UN-HABITAT URBAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
G e n e r a l
Qu e s t i o n s
I.C H A P T E R
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72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting
GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE
Box 2:
Websites on Participatory Budgeting
BrazilRecifehttp://www.recife.pe.gov.br
Porto Alegrehttp://www.portoalegre.rs.gov.br
Belmhttp://www.prefeituradebelem.com.br
Belo Horizonte
http://www.prata.pbh.gov.brSanto Andrhttp://www.santoandre.sp.gov.br
Campinashttp://www.campinas.sp.gov.br
Alvoradahttp://www.alvorada.rs.gov.br
Juiz de Forahttp://www.juizdefora.mg.gov.br
Caxias do Sulhttp://www.caxias.rs.gov.br
Icapuhttp://www.icapui.ce.gov.br
Mundo Novohttp://www.mundonovo.ba.gov.br
So Paulowww.prefeitura.sp.gov.br
Other cities in Latin America
Mxico Distrito Federal, Mxicohttp://www.df.gob.mx
Buenos Aires, Argentina.http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar
Montevideo, Uruguay.http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/gobierno
Rosario, Argentina.http://www.rosario.gov.ar
Villa El Salvador, Per.http://www.munives.gob.pe
Cuenca, Ecuador.http://www.cuenca.gov.ec
Cotacachi, Ecuador.http://www.cotacachi.gov.ec
Europe
Crdoba, Espaa.http://www.ayuncordoba.es
Mons, Blgica.http://www.mons.be
Saint Denis, Francia.http://www.ville-saint-denis.fr
Palmela, Portugal.http://www.bm-pinhalnovo.comhttp://www.cm-palmela.pt
Bobigny, Francia.http://www.ville-bobigny.fr
Pieve Emanuele, Italia.http://www.comune.pieveemanuele.mi.it
Rheinstetten, Alemania.http://www.rheinstetten.de
Manchester, Inglaterrawww.participatorybudgeting.org.uk
Other sites
Red URBAL 9http://www.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/urbal
PGU-ALChttp://www.pgualc.org
DRDhttp://www.budget-participatif.orgSource:Introduction to the PB Resource
I G l Q t i
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27
I . General Quest ions
UNDP UN-HABITAT URBAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
te www.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/urbal/.13
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38 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE
DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT
1st round (per sub-region)
2nd round (per sub-region)
EXECTUION OF THE PROJECTS
Inform priority works for community
Regional in general
Neighborhood meetings
City administration
City administration
City administration
City administration
Phase open
to the community in
general
Phase open
to the community in
general
Participates and directs
- Pre-selection 25 projects per region
- Delegates are elected for regional forum
Technical staff of city administration
inspect 25 pre-selected proposed
projects and develop cost estimates
The 14 projects to become part of the
regional plan are discussed and approved
for OP 2003/2004
The COMFORA 2003/2004 is elected
Delegates
3 - Priority caravans
4 - Regional forum of budget priorities
5 - Municipal forum of budget priorities
Inspections
and community
Competitive bidding for projects or
comprehensive plans
Development of
comprehensive plans
(for low-income areas)
Budget, review and developmentof competitive bidding process
Bidding for project
Execution of project
Inauguration of projectDELEGATES
Neighborhood 1 Neighborhood 2
Neighborhood 3
Sub A Sub B
Sub C Sub D
Now that you know every step of the
Participatory Budget, it is easier for you
Participate in the decision-making process
Don't miss the meetings of the OP in your reg
Development of projects
Approval of preliminary
design and cost estimate
Detailed design
The community deliver to the mayor
the work plan for OP 2003/2004
- Informs amount funding available
- Informs general guidelines
- Distributes the form (one per neighborhood or district)
COMF
ORA
ParticipaoPopular
Popular
partic
ipation
COMFOR
A
COM
FOR
A
COMF
ORA
All delegates visit all 25projects from their region
Box 7:
The Participatory Budget Cycle in Belo Horizonte:
From planning to executing public works and services
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III.C H A P T E R
F i n a n c i a l
D im e n s i o n
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46 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE
S/.
171,000.
S/.
1,829,000.
Fon
do
de
Comprensac
in
Mun
ic
ipa
l
2000
Pr
stamo
a
cuenta
de
l
Fon
do
de
Compensac
in
Mun
ic
ipa
l
Total:
2millones
denuevossoles
Criterios
para
decidir
la
aprobacin
de
los
proyectos
de
los
planes
sectoriales
FONDOS
n
dice
de
po
breza
Vo
lmen
po
blac
iona
l
Moros
ida
d
en
la
tr
ibutac
in
Sector
%
de
pre
dios
que
no
est
n
al
da
en
sus
tr
ibutos
I
66.
43%
II
66.
89%
III
69.
85%
IV
68.
36%
VII
72.
47%
IX
80.
31%
Edilbeto
Ramos
67.
26%
Oas
is
75.
71%
Presupues
to
Part
ic
ipati
vo
Mun
ic
ipa
l
de
Villa
El
Sa
lva
dor
Critrios
deDistribuo
dos
Recursos
NoPlano
deInvestimento
Para
aten
der
as
pr
ior
ida
des
vota
das
pe
la
popu
la
o,
fo
i
ana
lisa
da
a
situa
o
de
ca
da
reg
io
e
su
as
necess
ida
des
e
de
fin
idos
os
segu
intes
cr
it
r
ios
para
se
rem
ap
lica
dos
em
ca
da
situa
o:
1.
Care
^nc
ia
de
serv
ios
ou
in
fra-estrutura
peso
4
2.Popu
la
o
tota
l
da
reg
io
peso
1
3.
Pr
ior
ida
de
tem
t
ica
da
r
eg
io
peso
2
Em
ca
da
reg
io
a
ap
licaao
dos
recursos
fo
i
ca
lcu
la
da
de
acor
do
com
a
segu
inte
ta
be
la:
Care^ncia
(peso
4)
At
25%
nota
1
De
26%
at
50%
nota
2
De
51%
at
75%
nota
3
De
76%
at
100%
nota
4
Populao
(peso
1)
At
13.
000
Ha
b.
nota
1
De
13.
001
a
26.
000
Ha
b.n
ota
2
Ac
ima
de
26.
000
Ha
b.
nota
3
Prioridade
(peso
2)
Pr
ime
ira
Pr
ior
ida
de
nota
3
Segun
da
pr
ior
ida
de
nota
2
Terce
ira
pr
ior
ida
de
nota
1
Plano
de
Investi
mento
do
Oramento
Part
ic
ipat
ivo
-2002
Source:MunicipalityofVillaElSalvador.
2002.
So
urce:MunicipalityofDourados.
2002
Box 12:
Criteria for Allocating Resources. Examples from Villa ElSalvador, Peru (2002) and Dourados, Brazil (2002)
trument used in Brazilian municipalities (but not exclusively) is the Caravans of
I I I . Financial Dimension
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trument used in Brazilian municipalities (but not exclusively) is the Caravans of
Priorities. During these "caravans", the elected delegates visit the different areas
of the city to see the identified demands first-hand. This makes it possible for them to
visualise the different levels of need and above all gives greater legitimacy to
the technical criteria presented. It also allows the neighbourhood dele-gates to openup to the city in its entirety and to the needs beyond their neighbourhood.
47UNDP UN-HABITAT URBAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
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It is difficult to give indications of absolute numbers, given the variations of the
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costs of personnel, transportation and the production of communication materials ineach place. By way of example, the city of Porto Alegre (pop. 1.4 million) sets asideover US$ 250,000 annually for the implementation of its Participatory Budget.
This expense can easily be covered in poor cities through international co-operation. Unfortunately, at the present time, it can be observed that internationalresources are often accompanied by technocratic orientations "from above" andrequirements which may distort the local process and creative solutions of the citizensand local governments themselves.
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72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting
Box 20:
The relationship between PB and other mechanisms of
ti i ti i P t Al S t A d d C d b
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74 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE
Porto Alegre, Brazil
In addition to the Participatory Budget there are significant numbers of participatory democracy
mechanisms in the municipality, for instance: the Sectoral Councils (currently numbering 22) who-
se objective is to define policies and directives in their respective areas; 8 Regional Planning Fo-
rums in accordance with the management strategy of the Master Development and Environment
Plan; Sectoral Conferences and the Congress of the City which this year meets for the fourth ti-
me. (Case Study: Porto Alegre)
Santo Andre, Brazil
The Participatory Budget and the Future City Project are the principal channels. They have be-come national and international benchmarks, but it is important to point out that these are not the
only channels adopted by this administration. In the city there are also 17 Thematic Councils and
two Forums, a Theatre of the Oppressed (which addresses citizen participation using the enter-
taining language of theatre), the Citizens Network of Digital Inclusion, the Plant Maintenance
Councils, The Participatory Management of aquatic reserve areas, Public Hearings and Com-
plaint Hearings (ombudsman). (Case Study: Santo Andre)
Cordoba, Spain
Citizen participation in the Municipal Government of Cordoba is articulated through the following
citizen bodies, according to the Citizen Participation Guidelines of 1986: a) District Councils (14);b) Citizens Movement Council; c) Representatives in Municipal companies, foundations and
trusts; and d) other means established by the City as means of representation for sector-specific
organizations, such as unions and others.
The Citizens Movement Council, in a rather unique way, is conceptualised as being the point of
coordination and orientation of citizens movements, as well as the focal point of participation wit-
hin the municipality on issues relating to the whole city. As part of its latter role, it participates in
the Support and Follow-up Committee for the Participatory Budget. In all the Boards of the muni-
cipal utility companies and in the executive organs of the Municipal foundations and trusts, there
is a resident representative designated by the Citizens Movement Council. (Case Study: Cordo-
ba)
Source: Base Document (op cit.) and PB Toolkit.
participation in Porto Alegre, Santo Andre and Cordoba.
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C H A P T E R
Normative andLegal Dimension
V.
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Who makes the link between the long-term plans and the
Participatory Budget?Those who make this link are, first of all, the citizens who participate in both process-
es The links between the short and long term56 perspectives are the delegates
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es. The links between the short and long-term56 perspectives are the delegates,
council members and representatives who act in both arenas. In Porto Alegre, forexample, the councillors of the PBC are, at the same time, representatives (not the
only ones) of the Urban Master Plan Council. On the one hand, this allows them to
draw on immediate demands when debating about the future of the city, and on the
other, these same representatives/delegates conduct the discussions about the
Master Plan within the Participatory Budget Process.
If the role of the citizen is central, the ordering and integrating role of the local gov-
ernment should be valued. It is the responsibility of the public authority to create anintegrated system of participation which links diverse channels and spaces of debate
and in particular, long-term plans and the Participatory Budget.
Are there evaluation mechanisms or systems for the
Participatory Budget?There are very few, and even though there are incipient efforts 57, there is a clear
deficit in evaluation resources given the multiplicity of experiences in variousregions. The evaluation of 103 Brazilian58 experiences, the documentation of 25
international cases parting from a common model59 in the context of the Urb-al
Network 9, and a study on participation and PB in Europe are three initiatives which
use a common body of variables and criteria.
63
64
56 See PB Toolkit: Montevideo and Ilo Case Studies
57 See PB Toolkit: Digital Library and UMP library
58 Grazia de G, Torres Ribeiro, Experiencias de OP no Brasil.
59 See PB Toolkit. Questionnaire for the documentation of experiences
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C H A P T E R
TerritorialDimension
VI.
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Municipality of Cordoba, Spain
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Municipality of Icapui, Brazil
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C H A P T E R
Final Questions
VII.
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that it represents an opportunity to serve their values and interests: politicians can en-
hance their legitimacy; technicians and public officials can improve the efficiency of
their work and its social meaning; international organisations can see that the
resources they contribute are better used; and citizens can contribute productively to
decision-making and local management.
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86 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE
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9 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5
The Global Campaign on Urban Governance
promotes increased acceptance and use of the
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promotes increased acceptance and use of the
principles of urban governance. The Campaign has
succeeded in initiating concrete activities aimed at
spurring policy change and enhancing organizational
capacities in more than 30 countries across the
world. To further translate urban governance
principles into practical measures, the Campaign has
developed a range of tools, which includes a
collection of resources on Participatory Budgeting.
The Urban Management Programme (UMP)
represents a major effort by UN-HABITAT and UNDP,together with external support agencies, to
strengthen the contribution that cities and towns in
developing countries make towards economic
growth, social development and poverty alleviation.
Over the past 18 years, UMP has been able to
provide a platform for partners to engage in work
related to emerging urban management themes.
The present Manual attempts to provide direct and
practical answers to the how, why, when and where
of implementing a Participatory Budget under thebest possible conditions.
UN-HABITAT, P.O. Box 30030, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.unhabitat.org/governance
PGU-ALC, Garca Moreno 751 entre Sucre y Bolvar,
P.O. 17-01-2505, Quito - Ecuador
http://www.pgualc.org