71424437 wind energy presentation (1)

7/31/2019 71424437 Wind Energy Presentation (1)

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Introduction to Wind Energy

Prof. M. P. Poonia

MNIT, Jaipur


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All numbers in MW

31-1-2010 % of

Total

28-02-2011% of TotalIncrease %

Change

Thermal

- Coal

based

82,096 47% 92,418 48% 10,322 13%

- Gas

based

17,056 10% 17,706 9% 650 4%

- Oil

based

1,200 1% 1,200 1% - 0%

Thermal Total 100,352 57% 111,324 58% 10,972 11%

Hydro 36,885 21% 37,367 20% 482 1%Renewable 15,427 9% 18,454 10% 3,027 20%

Nuclear 4,120 2% 4,780 2% 660 16%

Captive power

connected to the

grid

19,509 11% 19,509 10% - 0%


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Capacity additions

All numbers in MW

Cumulative

capacity till

Capacity

additions

for Year

Cumulative

capacity at

the end of

Year 2009 2010 2010 % of Total

Wind 11,806 1,259 13,065 70%

Solar 12 5.5 18 0.1%

Biomass/BagasseCogeneration 2,200 360 2,560 14%

Small hydro 2,736 204 2,940 16%

Waste to power 65 7.5 72 0.4%

16,819 1,836 18,655


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State Gross potential (MW)

Andhra Pradesh 8275

Gujarat 9675

Karnataka 6620

Kerala 875Madhya Pradesh 5500

Maharashtra 3650

Orissa 1700

Rajasthan 5400

Tamil Nadu 3050

West Bengal 450

Total (All India) 45195


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5

Wind Energy


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June 19 20, 2007 Wind Energy 6

Historical overview

Wind has been used bypeople for over 3000 yearsfor grinding grain andpumping water

Windmills were animportant part of life formany communitiesbeginning around 1200 BC.

Wind was first used for

electricity generation in thelate 19th century.


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8

Jacobs Turbine 1920 - 1960

History of Wind Energy Contd


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9

Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's

History of Wind Energy Contd


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10

Modern Wind Turbines

Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota


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Modern Wind Turbine


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Mod 1 (2 MW)


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13

Orientation

Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes

based on the orientation of the rotor

Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis


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14

Vertical Axis Turbines

Advantages

Omnidirectional Accepts wind from any

angle

Components can bemounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers

Can theoretically use lessmaterials to capture thesame amount of wind

Disadvantages

Rotors generally nearground where the wind ispoorer

Poor self-starting capabilities

Overall poorperformance/efficiency andreliability

Have never beencommercially successful


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15

Horizontal Axis Turbines

Advantages

High hub heights Larger wind velocities

High efficiency: lower cost perpower output ratio

Ability to yaw into the wind

Commercially successful

Disadvantages

Mechanically complex:gearbox and pitch actuators

Restricted servicing ofgenerator and gearbox


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Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE


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17

Types of Wind Turbines

Small (10 kW) Homes Farms Remote Applications

(e.g. water pumping,telecom sites,icemaking)

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms

Distributed Power

Intermediate

(10-250 kW)

Village Power

Hybrid Systems Distributed Power


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18


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19

Yaw systemHub

Drive train

Column

Rotor

1D steady

wind flow(12m/s)


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Number of blades

Three blade HAWT are most efficient

Two blade turbines dont require a hub

As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase

and efficiency decreases

Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water

pumping purposes


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Offshore turbines

More wind speeds

Less noise pollution

Less visual impact

Difficult to install and maintain

Energy losses due long distance

transport


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23

Effect of air density,

Effect of swept area, A

Effect of wind speed, V

R

R

Calculation of Wind Power

Power = Work / t

= Kinetic Energy / t

= mV2 / t

= (AV)V2

= AV2(V)

= AV3

Swept Area:

A = R2


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Force Strength km/h Effect

0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically

1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly

2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle

3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls

4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move

5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move

6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out

7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind

8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard

9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down

10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings

11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings

12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation

Type of Wind


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25

The Wind Resource


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Velocity with Height


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Power vs. Velocity


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Status of Wind Energy

A il bl t ti l i I di


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Available potential in India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aralvaimozhy_station.jpg


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aralvaimozhy_station.jpg


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Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source


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Predicted Questions

Whats the real story with bird kills?

What about bats?

What happens to electricity when the wind

doesnt blow?

How noisy are wind turbines?

Do wind turbines interfere with electrical

power quality or TV and radio transmissions?


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Impacts of Wind Power: Noise

Modern turbines are relatively

quiet

Rule of thumb stay about 3xhub-height away from houses


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Noise

Noise used to be a very seriousproblem for the wind energyindustry. annoying from as much as a mile

away

Aerodynamics and soundproofinghave been improved significantly.

Wind turbines operate when thewind is blowing, which tends tobe louder than turbine noise.

A modern operating wind farm at

a distance of 750 to 1,000 feet isno noisier than a kitchenrefrigerator or a moderately quietroom.

http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/WE_Noise.pdf


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Shadow flicker

A wind turbine's moving blades can cast a movingshadow on a nearby residence, depending on thetime of the year and time of day.

Normally, it should not be a problem in the U.S.,

because at U.S. latitudes (except in Alaska) the sun'sangle is not very low in the sky.

http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_environment.html#Bird%20and%20bat%20kills%20and%20other%20effects


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Avian Deaths?... NegligibleAvian Deaths Per Year

1.5

7

67

75

100

174

500

0.000809106

0.001

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

1

Annual Bird Deaths (Millions)

Glass Windows

Elect ric Transmission

Line CollisionsHouse cats

Hunting

Automobiles

Agriculture

Communicat ion Towers

Oil and Gas Extract ion

Electrocution

Wind Turbines


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Bat Kills

Bat fatality at wind turbines has been documented worldwidein the U.S., Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, and Sweden.

Bat fatalities have been reported at nearly all wind energyfacilities in the U.S. annual mortality estimated at


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When the wind doesnt blow

Do fossil-fired generating units have to be kept running on a standbybasis in case the wind dies down?

No. Wind speeds rise and fall gradually and the system operator has timeto move other plants on and off line as needed.

A 100-MW wind plant requires about 2 MW of conventional capacity tocompensate for changes in wind.

Wind can reliably provide 20% or more of our electricity.



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Lifetime environmental impact

Manufacturing wind turbines and building

wind plants does not create large emissions of

carbon dioxide.

When these operations are included, wind

energy's CO2 emissions are quite small:

about 1% of coal, or

about 2% of natural gas(per unit of electricity

generated).



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TV and radio reception

Modern small (residential) wind turbines will notinterfere with communication signals. The materials used to make such machines are non-

metallic (composites, plastic, wood).

Small turbines are too small to create electromagneticinterference (EMI) by "chopping up" a signal.

Large wind turbines can interfere with radio or TVsignals if a turbine is in the "line of sight"between a receiver and the signal source.Alleviate the problem by: improving the receiver's antenna

installing relays to transmit the signal around the windfarm



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GE WIND

1.5 MW

GE WIND

3.6 MW


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Small Wind Turbines

Blades:Fiber-reinforced plastics,

fixed pitch, either twisted/tapered,

or straight (pultruded)

Generator:Direct-drive permanentmagnet alternator, no brushes, 3-

phase AC, variable-speed

operation

Designed for: Simplicity, reliability

Few moving parts

Little regular maintenance required

50 kW10 kW

400 W900 W


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On-Grid Home with Wind System

Tehachapi, CA

Bergey Excel wind turbine,23 ft rotor, 10 kW

Total installed cost was$34,122 in October 1999

California Buy-Down Program,$16,871 cash rebate

Estimated payback: 8 years


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On-Grid Farm with Wind System

Southwestern Kansas

Bergey Windpower Excel wind

turbine: 10 kW, 23 ft rotor, 100

ft tower

~21,000 kWh/year generation,

utility bill savings ~$2,800/year

Installed in early 1980s,

~$20,000, received federal tax

credit

Maintenance costs $50/year


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Orland, Maine

Turbine Size: 50 kW

Turbine Manufacturer: Atlantic

Orient Corp. (AOC)

Radius: 7.5 m Developer/owner: G.M. Allen

& Sons Blueberry Processing

Plant


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Selawik, Alaska

4 x 50 kW Wind

Turbines

Turbine Manufacturer:

AOC Developer/Owner:

Alaska Village Electric

Corp.

Capacity: 200 kW


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Hull, Massachusetts

Turbine Size: 660 kW


Vestas

Developer/Owner: Hull

Municipal Lighting Plant

Capacity: 0.66 MW


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Ponnequin, Colorado


Vestas, NEG Micon

Developer/owner:

DisGen/Xcel Energy

Turbine Size: 660-750 kWCapacity: 31.5 MW

Commissioned: 1999


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Current Trends

Move towards ever larger machines

Offshore

More financial players

More countries

Low wind speed turbines (U.S.)

Green energy and green tags


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Worlds Largest Wind Mill of 6 MW

The Crown Estate of England

The MagLev A Magnetically Levitated Wind


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The MagLev A Magnetically Levitated Wind

Turbine

The MadLev is a magnetically levitated wind

turbine that can generate one Gigawatt of

power (enough to power 750,000 homes) and

delivers clean power for less than one cent perkilowatt hour using this wind turbine.

There are already several MagLev wind

turbines in operation in China


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The M.A.R.S.

The M.A.R.S. (Magenn Power Air Rotor System)

is an interesting device that is capable of

harnessing the power of the wind to generate

electricity, sending that power down a 330

meter tether rope for consumption. Since the

M.A.R.S. is filled with helium, it is capable offlying much higher than other wind turbines in

order to gain access to higher wind speeds.

The 4.0 kW unit will enter production this year.


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Helical Structured Wind Turbine

Helical structured wind turbines are thefuture of wind mill technology. These new

and sleek looking windmills are designed

much like the old ones when it comes to

converting their circular motion in to

mechanical work, but it is the structural

design that makes them unique and special.In fact, they logically should function better

than the traditional windmills as the helical

structures seems to not just utilize the

energy of the wind, but maximize it by

containing the wind.


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Phillipe Starcks Home Windmill

Made from the same transparentmaterial also used in the very familiar

Louis Ghost Chair, these clever

contraptions are able to generate 20

60% of a homes energy needs. In

addition to looking like a piece of

Gucci jewellery, they are relativelyinexpensive.


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The Loop wing

It was unveiled in Japans Eco-Products

2006 Exhibition. The E1500 model

turbine is a home windmill and sports a

very unique wing design that operates

with low vibration and at wind speedsas low as 1.6 m/sec. The efficiency

specs on the turbine are vague 43%

power performance at optimum wind

speeds.


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Urban TurbinesQuiet Revolution

Beautiful Helical DesignThe Quiet Revolution turbine has 5-metre-

tall blades which can generate 10Kw-hours of

energy from a mean annual wind speed of just

5.8 metres per second. Embedded LEDs in

each S-shaped blade are used to create images

as the turbine turns. It is rumoured that the

ones to be installed at Buckingham Palace may

be used to display a glowing union flag.

The Queen of England seems to agree.

The V LIM A Rooftop Wind turbine


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The V-LIM A Rooftop Wind turbine

Rogue River Wind and

Portland State University

Maseeh College of

Engineering and

Computer Science, have

joined forces to optimizepower generation from a

high efficiency wind

turbine suitable for

rooftop mounting.

Pictured here, this twelve

foot, self indexingturbine can produce 3Kw

at 15mph windsmost amazing windmills of the world.


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Sky Serpent - An Array of Small Rotors

This is a 1,000 year-old design of

the single-bladed turbine, I knew if

I could get more rotors, I could get

more power.


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The Jellyfish Micro Turbine

At a mere 36 inches tall, the Jellyfish plug-in

wind appliance can generate about 40 kilowatt

hours each month, thats enough to light a

home using high-efficiency bulbs.The Jellyfish Wind Appliance consists of the

following parts:

A vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT)

A solid-state controller

A variable-speed induction generator
http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/03/the-jellyfish-wind-turbine-and-the-google-zeitgeist/http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/03/the-jellyfish-wind-turbine-and-the-google-zeitgeist/http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/03/the-jellyfish-wind-turbine-and-the-google-zeitgeist/http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/03/the-jellyfish-wind-turbine-and-the-google-zeitgeist/http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/03/the-jellyfish-wind-turbine-and-the-google-zeitgeist/http://www.mywindpowersystem.com/2009/03/the-jellyfish-wind-turbine-and-the-google-zeitgeist/


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The Highway Turbine

This is a very novel way of re-capturing some

of the energy expended by vehicles moving at

high speeds on our nations highways which is

being proposed by an Arizona State University.Knowingly, air turbulence is generated by

vehicles moving at speed particularly trucks

and the proposal would involve mounting

horizontal wind turbines above the roadway

that would be driven by the moving air

generated by the passing traffic. Theelectricity generated by spinning these

turbines could be fed back into the grid.

Analysis indicate that based on vehicle speeds

of 70 mph each turbine could produce 9,600

kWh per year.


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Broadstar AeroCam

The major innovation in the design, however, isthe ability to automatically and interactively

adjust the pitch or angle of attack of the

aerodynamic blades as the turbine rotates,

thereby optimizing its performance for much

the same reasons a bird changes the shape of

its wing in flight.

The Nano Skin Spiral Twist Wind


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The Nano Skin Spiral Twist Wind

Turbine

As wind played over the buildings

skin, the turbines would spin and

create energy that would be fed into

the buildings electrical grid. They

would also absorb carbon dioxide


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The Helix Wind Turbine

capable of capturing omni-directional

winds to provide quieter, kinder small

wind power for your urban home.

The Helix S322 is compact, elegant,

sophisticated and versatile. It provides

smooth power and torque deliveryacross a broad range of wind speeds

and under the most difficult of physical

environments. simple to install, This

turbine is very captivating to the eye

indeed.


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The Dutch Windmill Tree

Dutch company One Architecture, Ton

Matton and NL Architects were

commissioned by the Dutch government

for a next generation windmill. Theproposed mill is shaped like a tree and

can hold up to 8 turbines and be as high

as 120 meters! The Dutch government

feels that tree shaped mills are less

intrusive in the flat Dutch landscape

than the mill-parks they use.

The Bahrain World Trade Centre


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The Bahrain World Trade Centre

Turbines

The Atkins designed Bahrain World Trade

Center (BWTC) made history when the three

turbines which are allocated between the two

adjourning towers were turned together for

the first time.

The three 29m-diameter turbine blades on

Bahrains iconic landmark are the first in the

world to be integrated on such a scale into a

commercial development and are forecast to

provide the equivalent of 11-15% of the powerfor the two towers when fully operational

The Anara Tower Dubai


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The Anara Tower - Dubai

another skyscraper, this time in Dubai and in

the shape of a giant wind turbine. Following a

global design competition between threeAtkins offices Dubai, Hong Kong and London

Dubai based property developer Tameer

holding has decided on the 600meter-plus

skyscraper design to be build on the famous

Sheik Zayed Road.


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Night View of Anara Tower


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Economics

Determining Factors


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g

Wind Speed

Turbine design and construction

Rated capacity of the turbine

Exact Location

Improvements in turbine design

Capital

Wind Speed Matters


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p

Assumingthe same

size project,

the betterthe wind

resource,

the lowerthe cost.


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Overall cost distribution

Size Matters


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Assuming the

same wind

speed of 8.08m/s, a large

wind farm is

moreeconomical


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Conclusion


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Wind energy is pollution free and nature

friendly

Wind energy has very good potential and it is

the fastest growing energy source The future looks bright for wind energy

because technology is becoming more

advanced and windmills are becoming more

efficient


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THANK YOU

71424437 wind energy presentation (1)

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