7 unit 1 chapter 7. 7 unit 1 places where bones meet classified structurally by anatomy classified...
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JointsJointsJointsJoints
Chapter 7
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JointsJointsJointsJoints
• Places where bones meet• Classified structurally by
anatomy• Classified structurally by motion
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Structural ClassificationStructural ClassificationStructural ClassificationStructural Classification
• Based on material between bones• Fibrous joints- no cavity just
fiberous Connective tissue• Cartilaginous joints- bones held
together by cartilage• Synovial joints- have synovial
cavity and dense irregular tissue of articular capsule and often ligaments
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Functional JointsFunctional JointsFunctional JointsFunctional Joints
• Synarthrosis- immoveablepelvis , sutures,, teeth
• Amphiarthrosis- slight movementEpiphysis, tibia-fibula, vertebrae and pelvic
symphysis
• Diarthroses- free movement= synovialdefined by movement
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Fibrous JointsFibrous JointsFibrous JointsFibrous Joints
• Little or no movement•Suture- e.g. skull (synarthrosis)
joined by thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
•Syndesmosis- e.g.tibia & fibula= amphiarthrosisGreater distance and amount of dense fibrous
material
•Gomphosis- e.g. tooth root in socket = synarthrosis
Figure 7.1aFigure 7.1a
Figure 7.1bFigure 7.1b
Figure 7.1cFigure 7.1c
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Cartilaginous jointCartilaginous jointCartilaginous jointCartilaginous joint
• Synchondrosis- hyaline cartilage
• E.g epiphyseal plate = synarthrosis
• Symphysis- fibrocartilage join• E.g. pubic symphysis and
intervertebral joints = amphiarthrosis
Figure 7.2aFigure 7.2a
Figure 7.2bFigure 7.2b
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Synovial JointsSynovial JointsSynovial JointsSynovial Joints
• Synovial cavity• Articular cartilage• Articular capsule-
Inner layer = synovial secretory membrane
• Synovial fluid• Ligaments• Some contain menisci
Figure 7.3Figure 7.3
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BursaeBursaeBursaeBursae
• Located where friction can occur• E.g. between skin & bone or
bone & tendons, ligaments or other bones
• Structurally similar to joint capsules- Contain synovial membrane and fluid.
Figure 7.10aFigure 7.10a
Figure 7.10bFigure 7.10b
Figure 7.10cFigure 7.10c
Figure 7.10dFigure 7.10d
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Types of motions at Types of motions at synovial jointssynovial joints
Types of motions at Types of motions at synovial jointssynovial joints
• Gliding- flat bone surfaces moving across each other
• Flexion- decrease in angle between articulating
bones
• Extension- Increase in angle between articulating bones
• HyperextensionBending beyond 180o degrees e.g. moving
humerus backwards behind anatomical position
Figure 7.4aFigure 7.4a
Figure 7.4bFigure 7.4b
Figure 7.4cFigure 7.4c
Figure 7.4dFigure 7.4d
Figure 7.4eFigure 7.4e
Figure 7.4fFigure 7.4f
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Motion (cont.)Motion (cont.)Motion (cont.)Motion (cont.)
• Abduction-Movement of bone away from midline
• Adduction-Movement of bone toward midline
• Circumduction-Movement of distal end in a circle
• Rotation-Bone revolves around its own longitudinal
axis
Figure 7.5aFigure 7.5a
Figure 7.5bFigure 7.5b
Figure 7.5cFigure 7.5c
Figure 7.6aFigure 7.6a
Figure 7.6bFigure 7.6b
Figure 7.7aFigure 7.7a
Figure 7.7bFigure 7.7b
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Special MovementsSpecial MovementsSpecial MovementsSpecial Movements
•Elevation- lift upward•Depression- downward
movement•Protraction – movement
forward•Retraction- movement back to
anatomical position
Figure 7.8abFigure 7.8ab
Figure 7.8cdFigure 7.8cd
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Special Movements Special Movements (cont.)(cont.)
Special Movements Special Movements (cont.)(cont.)
• Inversion- move of soles medially
•Eversion- move soles laterally•Dorsiflexion- bending of foot
toward dorsum•Plantar flexion- bend foot
toward plantar surface
Figure 7.8efFigure 7.8ef
Figure 7.8gFigure 7.8g
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Special Movements Special Movements (cont.)(cont.)
Special Movements Special Movements (cont.)(cont.)
•Supination- movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward
• Pronation- movement of forearm so palms face backward or downward
Figure 7.8hFigure 7.8h
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Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints
• Planar joints- articulating surfaces flat or slightly curved
• Hinge joints- convex to concave surfaceOnly do flexion and extension
• Pivot joints- rounded surface with ring formed by bone and ligamente.g. atlantoaxial joint
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Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints
•Condyloid joints- convex oval surface to concave oval surfacee.g. wrist & metacarpophyangeal joints
•Saddle joints- one side saddle shaped other sits astride it
•Ball & socket joints- ball like surface into cup like socket surfaceCan do flexion/extension, adduction/adduction
& rotation
Figure 7.9aFigure 7.9a
Figure 7.9bFigure 7.9b
Figure 7.9cFigure 7.9c
Figure 7.9dFigure 7.9d
Figure 7.9eFigure 7.9e
Figure 7.9fFigure 7.9f
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Aging of JointsAging of JointsAging of JointsAging of Joints
• Slowing of synovial fluid production
• Thinning of articular cartilage• Ligaments shorten and lose
flexibility• Influenced by genetic factors