7 Transforming the Notes into

a Rough DraftInstructer: Mavis Shang

Class: AE 3aNames: Brian 9610003A Ryan 9610017A Tracy 9610049A Gill 9610913A

7a. preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist

1.Formulate a thesis.

2.Go over your notes (picking out only material to your thesis)

3.Organize your notes in the order of their appearance in the paper.

4.Write an outline or abstract of the paper (breaking down the thesis into an ordered list of topics)

7b. Writer’s block

Meaning you haven’t found the right topic or you’re expressing a point of view or opinion in which you don’t truly believe.

7c. Writing with a Computer(Computer is good for writer but scholar)

7c-1 Overdoing it Using the trackless changes of a word

processor frequently will let draft been erased and lost. 7c-2 Using a spell-checker

It can catch the misspelling of a word, but none

can tell you whether or not you have used a word correctly.

7d. Using your notes in the paper

7b-1 Summaries and paraphrases A summary is a condensation of an idea. A paraphrase is a restatement of an idea using approximately the same number of words as in the original.

7b-2 Direct and indirect quotation Research paper writers typically use a mix of

both direct and indirect quotations to avoid the choppy style that results from a string of direct quotations alone.

Direct quotation– the exact reproduction of someone else’s words.Also be called quoted speed.

Indirect quotation– it is reports what someone said or wrote but not in the exact words of the original. Also be called reported speech.

Ex: J.K. Galbraith makes the following statement: “In the Affluent Society no useful distinction can be made between luxuries and necessaries.”

(Add comma after said, and add a period in the quotation.)

EX:J.K. Galbraith suggests that in an affluent society, people don’t make any useful distinction between luxuries and necessities.

Make the proper grammatical changes

7b-3 Using brief direct quotations

Brief quotation can be introduced with a simple word or phrase

. If the quotation is grammatically part o the sentence in which it occurs, the first word of the quotation does not need to be capitalized, even if it is capitalized in the original.

EX: “God is the perfect poet,” said Browning in “Paracelsus”

EX: Original quotation “Some infinitives deserve to be

split.” Bruce Thompson Quotation used as part of a

sentence Bruce Thompson affirms what

writers always have suspected, namely that “Some infinitives deserve to be split.”

Here’s how to use quotation: Introduce the quotation with a colon Do not leave and extra line space between the

text and the start of the quotation. Double space everything.

Ident the quotation ten space from the left margin of the page.

In a quotation of two or more paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph and additional quarter inch or three spaces as in the example in book.

7d-4 Using long quotations

Conventions used by various styles to handle long quotation:1. Definition of a long quotation:MLA: Any quotation longer than 4 lines.APA: Any quotation longer than 40 words.CMS: Any quotation of 8 or more lines; any poetry quotation of 2 or more lines.

Quotation tips

2. Indentation:MLA: 10 spaces or 1 inch.APA: 5 spaces or 0.5 inch.CMS: 10 spaces or 1 inch. 3. Quoted material longer than one paragraph:MLA: Indent first lines of all paragraph 3 spaces or 0.25 inch.APA: Imdent first lines of all paragraphs but the first 5 spaces 0.5 inch.CMS: Indent first lines of all paragraphs (we recommend 5 spaces).

7d-5 Using quotation from poety

7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation

7d-7 Punctuating quotations

7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted material

7d-9 Using the ellipsis

7d-10 Overusing quotations

7d-11 Personal commentary

7e How to use quotations to explore and discover

To cite a parade of authority opinions, react to them according to personal theories and views

→support or confirm viewpoint, not replace thesis thesis → reflect views or speculations on the topic authority you citeauthority you cite → never be given more credence than personal

judgment Should we doubt authority? Should we doubt authority? → assert the opinion, react to the research, say why you think it right or wrong

7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis

Notes → blended smoothly into the natural flow of the

paper Paraphrase, summaries, indirect quotations,

allusions → smoothness Quotations →be used verbatim, not altered, fit into the context Transitions →logical & smooth

7f-1 Unity

Unit means that a paper should stick to its chosen thesis without rambling

The thesis predicts the content of the paper, controls its direction, and obligates you to a single purpose.

7f-2 Coherence

Coherence means “sticking together”

To make your writing coherent, you should only express a single idea in a paragraph

Four suggestions to help you write coherent paragraphs

A. Repeat key words or use clear pronouns B. Use parallel structures

→Repeat certain words, phrases, or clauses C. Use transitional markers

→words or phrases used to assert the relationships between the sentences

D. Use a transitional sentence

Repeat key words

EX:The villain in science fiction movies is always the personification of evil. One way this concentration of evil is achieved is by surrounding the villain with numerous henchmen. Without henchmen, the villain would appear much less powerful. To accentuate his villainy, he surrounds himself with ruthless storm troopers, evil robots, slime monsters, or whatever.

Use parallel structures

EX:Fleas of various species can jump 150 times their own length, can survive months without feeding, can accelerate 50 times faster than the space shuttle, can withstand enormous pressure, and can remain frozen for a year and then revive.

Transitional markers

1. Adding: furthermore, in addition, moreover, similarly, also2. Opposing: however, though, nevertheless, on the other hand, unlike3. Concluding: therefore, as a result, consequently4. Exemplifying: for example, for instance, to illustrate, that is 5. Intensifying: in fact, indeed, even, as a matter of fact6. Sequencing: first, second, finally, in conclusion, to sum up, in short

Use a transitional sentence

One common way to make the transition from one paragraph to the next is to open the second paragraph with a straddling sentence.

7f-3 Emphasis

• Main or independent clauses => more important

• Subordinate or dependent clauses => less important

Use different grammatical structure torank ideas

EX:A child is considered gifted if the child has achieved a high score on a specific test—the Otis or Binet I.Q. test, for example. Characterized by written as well as verbal questions so that the child has the opportunity to be creative, these tests are administered at the end of the second grade to determine the proper placement of the child in third grade.

7g Using the proper tense Cite a work

1. MLA and CMS styles use the present tense to cite a work.

2. APA style requires the past or present perfect tense to cite a work.

Papers

1. Humanities => present tense (comments have universal significance that

makes them true now or then.) 2. Social and life sciences use the APA=> past or present perfect tense (the time that the results of studies are

pointed out happened in the past.)

7h Using graphics in your research paper

The case with which graphics can be downloaded from the Internet or scanned from books and periodicals has changed the look of the modern student research paper.

If you have the expertise, many computers allow the creation of tables, line graph, or pie charts on your own. Or you may prefer to download such items from various electronic sources.

Here are some electronic sources for graphics you can

download and use in your paper:

Artwork: Library of Congress Exhibitions, lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits

Population: U.S.Census Bureau, www.census.gov

Federal government: USA. gov( the U.S. government’s offcial web portal)

Information: www.usa.gov The latest in disease control:National Instiutes

of Health, www.nih.gov

Here are some general rules to which you should pay attention:

1. Place your graphics as close as possible to their introduction. Don’t separate text from artwork by pages. 2. Know the difference between figures and tables. Tables use the heading Table at the top of the illustration. All figures as well as tables must be numbered consecutively.

3.Provide the source (book, periodical, agency, or URL) for any illustrations used.( see samples that follow.) 4.Full-color art is acceptable if you have a color printer, but the headings and explanations should be in black print.

5. Always explain the table or figure before you show it in your text.

6.Make your explanations as brief and clear as posible.

7i Writing the abstract

•Abstract- a summary of the major ideas in your research paper

The abstract Write from an outline. (to achieve logical development and balance in the paper)

Produce a smooth abstract

1. Link and condense the main ideas of the outline

2. Use no more than one page (about 120words)3. Falls on page 24. Center the title Abstract(without quotation marks) one inch from the top of the page

The abstract should follow some conventions:

1. Reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper2. Explain briefly the central issue or problem of your paper3. Summarize your paper’s most important points4. Mention the major sources used5. State your conclusions clearly6. Be coherent so that it is easy to read7. Remain objective in its point of view

Thank you for listening