7. 9 april 2013 pengecapan
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Physiology of Taste
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Digestive System
Major Parts of the Machine
food, water intake oxygen intake
elimination of carbon dioxide
Digestive System Respiratory System
Circulatory System Urinary System
elimination of excess watersalts, wastes
rapid transportto and from allliving cells
eliminationof foodresidues
nutrients,water,salts
carbondioxide
watersolutes
oxygen
Based on: Starr, C. Biology: Concepts and Applications, Brooks/Cole
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Digestive System
Salivary Glands
Gastric Glands
Pancreas amylase, trypsin, lipase
Liver bile
Small Intestine maltase and peptidase
amylase
HCl and pepsin
Saliva
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Related:
– Body Fluid
– Ren
– Ion (kation and anion)
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
The Salivary Glands
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Decreasing fluid intake . . .
• Oral rehydrating fluids• Fears: dehydration, thirst• Remind families, caregivers
– dehydration does not cause distress– dehydration may be protective
• Parenteral fluids may be harmful– fluid overload, breathlessness, cough, secretions
• Mucosa / conjunctiva care
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Nervous control of salivary secretion
• endpieces and ducts are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
• the main agonists are ACh (parasympathetic) and noradrenaline (sympathetic)
• main stimulus of secretion is from the parasympathetic pathway acting via signals from the salivary nuclei
• excited by both taste and tactile areas of the tongue
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
• also excited via stimuli arriving at the salivary nuclei from higher centres of CNS - such as smell or thinking of food
• salivation also occurs in response to reflexes from stomach and upper intestines following gastric irritability - saliva serving to dilute the digesta
Jenny Sunariani Kuliah Biologi Oral S1 FKG-Unair
4 May 2012
Digestive Secretions: Ions and water – Ions: H+, K+, Na+, HCO3
-, Cl-
– From interstitial fluid to the GIT lumen across epithelial basolateral and apical membranes
– H2O follows osmotic gradient thus created
– Transporters:• Na+/K+ ATPase• H+/K+ ATPase • Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter,
• Cl-/HCO3- antiporter
– Ion channels• Na+, K+, Cl- channels
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
special sensesspecial senses
TASTE
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Taste:
Must be disolved in saliva Na channel open Potensial action
Correlation with body need:• Adrenalectomy animal : drink electrolit water• Hypogicemia : sweet
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
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Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
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Respons Test on Receptors Respons Test on Receptors CellsCells
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
The taste buds located in papillae on the tongue contain taste cells that communicate with sensory nerve fibers.
Microvilli on taste cells contain receptor proteins that match chemicals in food.
The brain determines the taste according to a “weighted average” of incoming impulses from taste buds sensitive to either sweet, sour, salty, or bitter tastes.
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
• Papillae (named according to shape)– a. Vallate (surrounded
by a wall)• Largest, not many
– b. Fungiform (mushroom shape)
• Scattered irregularly – c. Foliate (leaf shape)
• Distributed in folds on the side of the tongue. Most sensitive
– d. Filiform (filament shape)
Embedded in epithelium of the tongue and mouth
Taste
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Histology two types of specialized epithelial cells
– Support cells (exterior support capsule)
– Gustatory or taste cells (inside taste bud)
•Microvilli called gustatory hairs extend from apex to the gustatory or taste pore.
• Function– Receptors on hairs
detect dissolved substances
• Taste sensation. Taste types
– Sour – H ion/acids– Salty – metal
ions/inorganics salt– Sweet – carbohydrat,
proteins (amino acids, and sugars)
– Bitter - alkaloids such as quinine, caffeine, nicotine
– Umami – glutamate, proteins and amino acids
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Anterior tounge: sensitive to changes of:
Temperature
Tactile Pain Pressure Taste bud: ephiteliun cells,
supporting cells, taste cells, taste pore, taste hair.
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
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Taste (Gustation)Taste (Gustation)
1.1. Location - oral cavity (mostly in Location - oral cavity (mostly in papillae of tongue)papillae of tongue)
2.2. Structures/receptors - Structures/receptors - chemoreceptors (respond to chemoreceptors (respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva)chemicals dissolved in saliva)
3.3. Nerve pathways from taste buds Nerve pathways from taste buds in:in:
* mouth/tongue: * mouth/tongue: • facial - anterior 2/3 of tongue)facial - anterior 2/3 of tongue)• and glossopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal
(posterior 1/3)(posterior 1/3)* lower pharynx and epiglottis: * lower pharynx and epiglottis:
vagusvagus Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
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Taste PathwaysTaste Pathways
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
2323
TasteTasteSynapsesSynapses
– facial, glossopharyngeal and vagusfacial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry impulses to medulla nerves carry impulses to medulla – some fibers from medulla synapse with parasympathetic fibers to initiate some fibers from medulla synapse with parasympathetic fibers to initiate
reflexes for saliva and gastric juice secretion (also gagging or vomiting)reflexes for saliva and gastric juice secretion (also gagging or vomiting)– other fibers from other fibers from medulla medulla carry impulses to carry impulses to thalamusthalamus– fibers from thalamus carry impulses to gustatory area (parietal lobe), fibers from thalamus carry impulses to gustatory area (parietal lobe),
hypothalamus and cerebral limbic system hypothalamus and cerebral limbic system • Final destinations:Final destinations:
– gustatory area (parietal lobe), hypothalamus and cerebral limbic systemgustatory area (parietal lobe), hypothalamus and cerebral limbic system• NOTE:NOTE:
– receptors for taste and smell complement each other and respond to many of receptors for taste and smell complement each other and respond to many of the same stimulithe same stimuli
– most (~80%) of what we call taste is really smellmost (~80%) of what we call taste is really smell– mouth also contains: mouth also contains: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors
(carried by trigeminal nerve) (carried by trigeminal nerve)
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
• Integration centre: Brain stem
Nuclei of Tr. Solitarius
Nucleus ventral posterior medial Thalamus
Lower tip of the gyrus post centralis cortex parietalis near by SSA. I for tongue area
sup
Inf.
N. VII (Facialis)
Submaxillaris gland Submandibularis gland
Saliva Scretion
Parotis Gland: served by N.IX (glossopharyngeus)
Nucl. Salivatorius
SALIVA
REFLEX
ES Pathways
TasteTaste Bud Bud
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Taste pathway:Taste pathway:
1/3 posterior 1/3 posterior IX aferent IX aferent
2/3 anterior 2/3 anterior VII aferent VII aferent
Pharynx/Glottis Pharynx/Glottis X aferent X aferent
Gustatory to contralateral Gustatory to contralateral
ventro-postero-medialis ventro-postero-medialis talamus ( VPM) talamus ( VPM)
cortex of gustatory cortex of gustatory
( parietalis).( parietalis).
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
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Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Mechanism of Salty Transduction
• Prototip: cooking salt ion of Na.
• Receptor sensitive toinsulator of amiloride.
• Ionotropic Receptor Na channels sensitive Na channels voltagegate.
• Ion of Na (salty) dif. Nadepolarisasi
ion influks of Ca
Release of NT
salty
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
• Receptor 2 way of :1. Ion of H/diffusion proton
via canal of Na amiloride ion of H close ion canal of K
2. depolarisasi
ion canal of Ca open ion influks of Ca
release of NT
transmission of impul nerveof aferen.
Mechanism of Acid Transduction
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Sweet Molecule: R metabotropik = NA
G-protein, and c-AMP of PKA
ion channel fosforilisasi of K ion channel of K close
Depolarisasi
Sweet
Mechanism of Sweet Transduction
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
• 2 way transdution :1. Compound of Ca2+ and
quinine pass short band=feel BITTERLY closing ion canal of K
depolarisasi Ca influks etc.
1. Band of Metabotropik : G-protein
II system messenger cascade of
phosphoinositol C phospholipase
traphosphat inositolion of Ca ER
release of NT.
Mechanism of Transduction Feel Bitterly
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Feel acid of amino (glutamat, arginin)
Anticipated y there is 2 way of transduction:
Ionotropik Receptor
ion canal of Na open
Ca influks
2. Metabotropik Receptor: system cAMP and phosphoinositol.
Mechanism of Transduction Feel Deliciously
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Summary
Innate and Learned Taste Preferences
• Specific Hunger– An innate taste preference– Refers to ability of animals to compensate
for deficiencies in diet by selecting foods with missing nutrients
– Example: damage to adrenal cortex can impair sodium retention by kidney leading to seeking out of salty foods
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Genetika Taste receptors
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1 T1R1, TR1
TAS1R2 taste receptor, type 1, member 2 T1R2, TR2
TAS1R3 taste receptor, type 1, member 3 T1R3
TAS2R1 taste receptor, type 2, member 1 T2R1, TRB7
TAS2R3 taste receptor, type 2, member 3 T2R3
TAS2R4 taste receptor, type 2, member 4 T2R4
TAS2R5 taste receptor, type 2, member 5 T2R5
TAS2R7 taste receptor, type 2, member 7 T2R7, TRB4
TAS2R8 taste receptor, type 2, member 8 T2R8, TRB5
TAS2R9 taste receptor, type 2, member 9 T2R9, TRB6
TAS2R10 taste receptor, type 2, member 10 T2R10, TRB2
TAS2R13 taste receptor, type 2, member 13 T2R13, TRB3
TAS2R14 taste receptor, type 2, member 14 T2R14, TRB1
TAS2R16 taste receptor, type 2, member 16 T2R16
Appetide• Colour• Smell• Memori• Tactile• Temperatur• Kinesthetica• Gen• Leptin• Grehlin• NPY Prof. Dr. Jenny
Sunariani , drg., MS Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir
9 April 2013
Zam Zam: 2013 • taste 2 receptors (TAS2R):
Reseptor rasa pahit dikode oleh family gen (Behrens et al., 2007).
• Gen TAS2R16 salah satu gen Famili yang paling banyak dipelajari dalam famili reseptor rasa pahit (Li et al., 2011).
• Gen: deteksi salicin dan senyawa pahit alami lainnya: natrium benzoate, amygdalin, arbutin, helicin, dsalicin, sinigrin, danfenil beta-D-glucopyranosid (Bufe et al.,2002; Wiener et al.,2011).
• Kurus-tidak suka makan panjang umur
Centenarian: orang-orang yang hidup 100 tahun lebih
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
• Leptin (Greek λεπτός (leptos) meaning thin) is a 16-kDa protein hormone
• plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite/hunger and metabolism.
• It is one of the most important adipose-derived hormones.
• The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans.
• It functions by binding to the leptin receptor. Prof. Dr. Jenny
Sunariani , drg., MS Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir
9 April 2013
Grehlin• hormone produced mainly
by P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the human stomach and epsilon cells of the pancreas
• stimulates hunger. • increase before meals and
decrease after meals. • counterpart of the
hormone leptin, produced by adipose tissue, which induces satiation when present at higher levels. In some bariatric procedures, the level of ghrelin is reduced in patients, thus causing satiation before it would normally occur.
NPY = Neuropeptide Y• 36-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as
a neurotransmitter in the brain and in the autonomic nervous system
• In the ANS is mainly produced by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and serves as a strong vasoconstrictor and also causes growth of fat tissue.[
• In the brain it is produced in various locations including the hypothalamus, and is thought to have several functions, including: increasing food intake and storage of energy as fat, reducing anxiety and stress, reducing pain perception, affecting the circadian rhythm, reducing voluntary alcohol intake, lowering blood pressure and controlling epileptic seizures.[1][
Pain in Taste
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Substance:From:
• Capsaicin: Chili
• Khavaisin: Pepper
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Hot Hot TasteTaste: Nociceptor in Taste (N.V): Nociceptor in Taste (N.V)
(modification by Jenny Sunariani, 2005)(modification by Jenny Sunariani, 2005)
Stimulant: Capsicum or Cayenne
CAPSICUM ANNUUM External: • topical stimulant, Rubefacient
and counter-irritant• Used for local pain, neuralgia,
pleurodynia, intercostals neuralgia, toothache, chronic rheumatic pains, lumbago, chilblains.
• Can be used to promote circulation and tissue repair in gum disease, pharyngitis and hoarseness (gargle). Prof. Dr. Jenny
Sunariani , drg., MS Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir
9 April 2013
Capsicum• Capsaicin inhibits release of neurotransmitter substance P,
after an initial stimulation. • It stimulates adrenal secretion from the medulla
(adrenaline) and cortex (cortisol). • It reduces serum triglycerides. Inhibits gastric motility,
increases duodenal motility. • Increases mucosal blood flow and vascular permeability. • Stimulates sensitive areas in stomach and duodenum,
which afford protection against ulcers (also when stimulated by acid).
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Capsicum or Cayenne
Internal: stimulant to heart and circulation; Peripheral circulatory insufficiency, Raynaud's, intermittent
claudication.
Stimulant and tonic to the gastro-intestinal tract; Membranes pale, relaxed, or flabby; Impaired
secretion; Chronic gastric catarrh in absence of inflammation. Atonic dyspepsia; Gastric flatulence
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Capsicum Interaction
• Ace inhibitors: capsicum has the ability to normalize both low and high blood pressure and is often used to equalize blood pressure; Hence capsaicin may interfere with the blood-pressure regulating functions of ACE inhibitors. Capsaicin may also aggravate cough due to ace-inhibitor drugs.
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Capsicum Interaction
• Anticoagulants & Antiplatelet drugs• Increases coagulants effect and also has a additive
effect so monitor pt/inr• Barbiturates : Increased or decreased effect, depending
on the length of time capsaicin is administered
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
TASTE PATHWAY
• Primary afferents parts of cranial nerves VII, IX and X which go to brainstem
• 2nd order neurons project to ipsilateral thalamus
• 3rd order neurons --> taste cortex
Also Find in Gut:
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013
Jenny Sunariani Kuliah BO I FKG Unair 8
Juni 2011
Taste
2. Endocrine glandresponds (eg. pancreas)
3. Hormonesecreted (eg. insulin)
1. Change in ionor nutrient levels
in blood (eg. glucose)
Jenny Sunariani Kuliah BO I FKG Unair 8
Juni 2011
2005
1 Perbedaan Derajat Keasaman (pH) Saliva akibat Pemakaian Jangka Panjang Pasta Gigi Berdeterjen Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 5% dengan pasta gigi Non Deterjen.
Mutia Rochmawati, Anis Irmawati dan Jenny Sunariani.
Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia Vol. 8, No. 1. Juni ISSN 0215.1995 Akreditasi Dirjen Dikti No. 56/Dikti/Kep/2005.
2 Perubahan Konsentrasi IL-1 dan Gustducin Terhadap Rasa Pengecap Pahit pada Demam
Jenny Sunariani, Sunarko Setyawan
Abstract e journal-Folia Medica Fakultas Kedokteran Unair 2005
3 Bitter Taste In Inflammation
Jenny Sunariani Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia Vol.7 No. 1 Oktober 2007 ISSN 0215.1995 Akreditasi Dirjen Dikti No. 56/Dikti/Kep/2005
2006/2007
1 Effect Of IL-1 and Gustducin Expression Change On Bitter Taste During Fever
Jenny Sunariani Majalah Kedokteran Gigi (Dental Journal) Vol. 41 No. 2 April–Juni 2008 ISSN. 0852-9027 Terakreditasi No. 48/Dikti/Kep/2006
1 Change Of IL-1 Concentration And Intracellular Calcium (Ca2+
Ic) As An Indicator Of Increased Bitter Taste In Thypoid Fever
Jenny Sunariani Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 44 No. 3 July-September 2008 Issn. 0303-7932 Accredited No. 167/DIKTI/Kep/2007
2007
2 Perbedaan Persepsi Pengecapan Rasa Asin Antara Usia Subur dan Usia Lanjut
Jenny Sunariani, Yuliati, Bestari Aflah
Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia Vol.6 No. 3 Juni 2007 ISSN 0215.1995 Akreditasi Dirjen Dikti No. 56/Dikti/Kep/20052007
3 Change Of IL-1 Concentration And Intracellular Calcium (Ca2+
Ic) As An Indicator Of Increased Bitter Taste In Thypoid Fever
Jenny Sunariani Folia Medica Indonesiana Vol. 44 No. 3 July-September 2008 Issn. 0303-7932 Accredited No. 167/DIKTI/Kep/2007
2008
1Efek Perubahan Warna Minuman Terhadap Persepsi Rasa Pengecapan
Sandra, Yuliati, Jenny Sunariani
Jurnal PDGI ISSN. 0024 – 9548, Edisi Khusus Kongres PDGI XXIII, Maret 2008
2 Mekanisme Peningkatan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Umami Akibat Pemberian Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) pada Usia Lanjut
Khoirun Nisa, Jenny Sunariani, Anis Irmawati
Kongres Nasional XIII IAIFI Seminar Nasional XVII IAIFI Hotel Garuda Plaza, Medan 06-08 Agustus 2008
3 Korelasi Antara Massa Tubuh Dengan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Rasa Manis
Olivia Ekaputra Winata, Jenny Sunariani, Anis Irmawati
Kongres Nasional XIII IAIFI Seminar Nasional XVII IAIFI Hotel Garuda Plaza, Medan 06-08 Agustus 2008
4 Comparision of sour taste sensitivity between detergen tooth paste and detergen tooth paste
Upayati Ifarum, Anis Irmawati, Jenny Sunariani
Dimuat dalam e-jurnal Biology Oral FKG UNAIR Vol 1 No 1. September 2008. ISSN: 1979-8814
2009
1 Ekspresi Gustducin pada saluran Pencernaan.
Jenny Sunariani. Disajikan dalam Seminar Rutin Biologi Oral -FKG 2009
2 Hubungan Fisiologis Neuroepitel Lidah dengan Usus.
Jenny Sunariani. Disajikan dalam Seminar Ilmiah Rutin IAIFI cabang Surabaya. 2009
3 Effect Of Gustducin and Calcium Intracelluler (Ca2+
Ic) Expression Change During Fever.
Jenny Sunariani, Sunarko Setyawan, Yuliati.
Hibah Penulisan Interna 2009sional tahun
2010
1 Perubahan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Rasa Manis Akibat Latihan Fisik Aerobik.
Ni Luh Putu A.W, Anis Irmawati, Jenny Sunariani
Di sajikan dalam Seminar di IAIFI di Palembang, 14 s/d 17 Oktober 2010.2010
2 Perubahan Sensitivitas Indera Pengecap Rasa Manis Akibat Latihan Fisik Aerobik.
Ni Luh Putu A.W, Anis Irmawati, Jenny Sunariani
Di sajikan dalam Seminar di IAIFI di Palembang, 14 s/d 17 Oktober 2010.2010
3 Perbandingan persepsi Rasa Manis antara pemberian chlorhexidine Gluconate dan Povidonelodine
Bella Novalina, Jenny Sunariani, Sophia E,W
2010
2011
1 Efek sodium Lauryl Sulphate terhadap perubahan Vili Intestinal Duo Denum
Nino Mayangsari, Jenny Sunariani, An’nisa Chusida
2011
2 Efek Leptin terhadap perubahan tinggi epitel papilla fungiformis pada tikus wistar dengan kondisi Diabetes Melitus (DM)Tipe 2
Lia Betsyba N, Jenny Sunariani, Sophia Eleonora
2011
3 Perubahan morfologik Chief Cells pada tikus diabetes Melitus (DM) tipe 2
Hermin Sulistyorini, Jenny Sunariani, Agung Sosiawan
2011
4 Perbedaan sensitivitas indera pengecap rasa asin pada wanita menopause dan Postmenopause
Elfa Rushdah Ekandini, Jenny Sunariani, Ester Arijani
2011
2012
1 Perubahan morfologik sel Hepatosit akibat pemberian Leptin pada tikus model Diabetes Melitus tipe 2
Fika Ariesta Agustine, Jenny Sunariani, Edhi Jularso
2011
2 Perbedaan sensitivitas pengecap rasa asin antara kebiasaan mengkonsumsi makanan pedas dan mengkonsumsi makanan tidak pedas
Raindika Putri A, Jenny Sunariani
2012
2013
1-8 Sedang berjalanPenelitian Leptin –diabet dalam rongga mulut (8 komponen)
Irham, Donny, ........, Sari, Diesta, Aflah, Diesta, Bowo
9 Neurobiology and Neurochemistry of the taste
Marriot, 30 April 2013
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani , drg., MS
Oral Biology S1 FKG - UnAir 9 April 2013