7-5 Engineering Drawings,Diagrams and Standards.Diagrams and Standards.

Syllabus

• Drawing types and diagrams, their symbols,dimensions, tolerances and projections;

• Identifying title block information;

• Microfilm, microfiche and computerised presentations;

• Specification 100 of the Air Transport Association (ATA)• Specification 100 of the Air Transport Association (ATA)

• of America;

• Aeronautical and other applicable standards includingISO, AN, MS, NAS and MIL;

• Wiring diagrams and schematic diagrams.

Aircraft Manuals

• An aircraft may have any / all of the followingmanuals:

– Flight Manual

– Maintenance Planning Manual (MRB)

– Maintenance Manual– Maintenance Manual

– IPC

– Wiring Diagrams

– Structural Repair Manuals

– Component Maintenance Manuals

– Manual of Service Bulletins

ATA 100• ATA = Air Transport Association of America

• Prior to the introduction of ATA 100 thepresentation of technical data in themanufacturer’s manuals was not laid out toany standardised format.any standardised format.

• Consequently, HYDRAULICS could be inchapter 15 of the De Haviland manual but itwas in chapter 9 of the Vicker’s manual

• An example of this is the Fouga manuals in thehangar.

ATA 100

• Chapters 1 to 19General

• Airframe Systems

– 20 to 49

• Powerplant

– 70 to 89

• General

– 90 to 100– 20 to 49

• Airframe Structures

– 50 to 59

• Propellers / Rotors

– 60 to 69

– 90 to 100

ATA 100 Chapters

• 04 Airworthiness Limitations

• 05 Time Limits-Maintenance Checks06 Dimensions and Areas07 Lifting and Shoring08 Leveling and Weighing09 Towing and Taxiing

• 20 Standard practices-Airframe21 Air conditioning22 Auto flight23 Communications24 Electrical power25 Equipment/Furnishing26 Fire protection27 Flight controls28 Fuel29 Hydraulic Power09 Towing and Taxiing

10 Parking, Mooring, Storageand Return to Service11 Placards and marking12 Servicing

29 Hydraulic Power30 Ice and Rain Protection31 Indicating/Recording system32 Landing Gear33 Lights34 Navigation35 Oxygen36 Pneumatic38 Water/waste44 Cabin system46 Information Systems49 Airborne Auxiliary Power

• 51 Standard practices andstructure52 Doors53 Fuselage54 Nacelle/pylons55 Stabilizers

• 60 STANDARD PRACTICES -PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS /PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)55 Stabilizers

56 Windows57 Wings

62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAILPYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHTCONTROL

ATA 100• 70 Standard Practices-engines

71 Power plant72 Engine73 Engine Fuel and control74 Ignition75 Bleed76 Engine controls77 Engine indicating

• 91 Charts

• 92 Electrical andElectronic commoninstallation

77 Engine indicating78 Exhaust79 Oil80 Starting

• 81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATINGENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINEDRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION

installation

Sections and Subjects

• Each chapter is dividedinto sections andsubjects:

• Example

• Composition

– 73 - Chapter (EngineFuel and Control)

– 10 Section (Distribution)

– 41 Subject (HP FuelExample

– Chapter 73 Section 10 =Distribution

– Subject 41 may deal withFuel Pumps

– 41 Subject (HP FuelPump)

– 73-10-41

ATA 100 Page Blocks

• 1-general discriptionand operation101- Troubleshooting201- MaintenancePractices

• 501- Adjustment andtest601- Inspection Checks701- Cleaning andPaintingPractices

301- Servicing401- Removal andinstallation

Painting801- Approved Repairs.

Example

• The inspection procedure for the HP FuelPump would be on page:

– 73-10-41-601

• The procedure to remove the HP Fuel Pump• The procedure to remove the HP Fuel Pumpwould be on page:

– 73-10-41-401

ATA iSpec 2200

ATA S1000D

• S1000D is an international specification fortechnical publications, utilising a CommonSource Database. It was originally introducedto the European community by theto the European community by theAssociation Européenne des Constructeurs deMatériel Aérospatial (AECMA), representingthe aerospace industry.

S1000D

• By definition: S1000D is an internationalspecification for the procurement andproduction of technical publications. Whilethis definition appears to restrict its use tothis definition appears to restrict its use totechnical publications, it has been foundthrough application that the principles of thespecification can also be applied to non-technical publications.

Reference

• http://www.s-techent.com/ATA100.htm

Media

• Paper

– Permanent in White Paper

– Amendments in Yellow Paper

• Microfiche• Microfiche

• CD

Microfiche

• Microfiche is asheet of film orplastic, usually 4” x6”. One sheet is6”. One sheet isoften part of alarger set, eachsheet is stored in anenvelope andplaced upright in afile cabinet.

Microfiche Reader

• Insert the microfichesheet between theglass plates in amicrofiche reader tomicrofiche reader toview the imagethrough a lens.

Microfilm

• Microfilm is 16 mm or35 mm wide positiveor negative film on areel. Each reel isreel. Each reel isusually stored in a box.You wind it on amicrofilm reader inorder to view itthrough a lens.

CD Version

AMPI

AMPI Chapter 5

IPC

Wiring Diagram

Maintenance Manual

Aeronautical Standards

Aeronautical Standards

Standard Description

AN An American Army / Navy standard that is used for many small partson aircraft. Tends to be found on older aircraft e.g. AN5-5 Bolt

BS British Standards

EN European

MIL Military. A US military standard common to all the US services andMIL Military. A US military standard common to all the US services andused widely for the specification of oils, fuels on civil aircraft. Maybe written as MIL-SPEC or MIL-STD

MS Military Standard (American) Example MS20470 AD 5-12 denotes arivet (size, shape of head and material)

NAS National Aerospace Standard (UK Based)

ISO International Standards Organisation. Has over 17000 standards.Field number 49 is of importance in aviation as it relates to “Aircraftand space vehicle engineering”.

ISO Standards

• 49.020 Aircraft and space vehicles in generalIncluding aircraft performance, flightdynamics, etc.Air transport, see 03.220.50Air transport, see 03.220.50

• 49.025 Materials for aerospace construction

• 49.030 Fasteners for aerospace constructionFasteners for general use, see 21.060 49.035Components for aerospace constructionTyres for aircraft, see 83.160.20

Engineering Drawings• Types of Drawings

– Working / Production Drawing

• Detail Drawings

• Installation Drawings

• Assembly Drawings

– Sectional Drawings– Sectional Drawings

– Block Diagrams

– Logic Flow Charts

– Schematic Diagram

– Exploded View

Detail Drawing

• A detail drawing supplies all the informationrequired to construct a part, including alldimensions, materials and type of finish.

Assembly Drawing• After individual parts are fabricated, they are

assembled into various sub-assemblies withthe aid of an assembly drawing.

• The assembly drawing depicts the relationshipbetween two or more parts.between two or more parts.

Installation Drawing• All sub-assemblies are

brought together in aninstallation drawing.This type of drawingshows the generalshows the generalarrangement or positionof parts with respect toan aircraft and providesthe information neededto install them.

Sectional Drawings

• When it is necessary to show the internalconstruction or shape of a part a sectionaldrawing is used.

• There are four types of Sectional Drawing:• There are four types of Sectional Drawing:

– The revolved section.

– The removed section.

– The complete section

– The half section.

Sectional Drawings

Block Diagrams• This consists of individual

blocks that representseveral components.

• Since most of themaintenance needed oncomplex systems consists ofcomplex systems consists ofidentifying a malfunctioningsubassembly and replacingit, block diagrams enhancethis process.

Logic Flowcharts

• A logic flowchartrepresents themechanical, electrical orelectronic action of asystem withoutsystem withoutexpressing constructionor engineeringinformation.

Schematic Diagrams

• A schematic diagram is used to illustrate a principle ofoperation and therefore does not show parts as theyactually appear or function.

Pictorial Diagrams

• Pilot’s handbooks andsome training manualsoften use pictorialdiagrams of electricaland hydraulic systems.and hydraulic systems.

• In pictorial diagrams,pictures of componentsare used instead of theconventional symbolsfound in schematicdiagrams.

Exploded View• Often used in Illustrated

parts catalogues.

• All parts are typically intheir relative positionsand expanded out-and expanded out-ward. Each part isidentified by both isphysical appearance orby its name or by areference number thatis coded to the partslist.

Drawing Information

• The information that the engineer adds to thedrawing form is located in five general areas:

– Indexing Pane

– Revision Block– Revision Block

– Title Block

– Picture or Drawing Area

– Additional Information.

Title Block

• A title block is generallyprinted in the lowerright hand corner ofevery aircraft drawing.It contains the

• It should contain

– Title of Drawing

– Size (E.G A, B, C, D)

– Drawing NumberIt contains theinformation necessaryto manufacture theillustrated part.

– Scale

– Page or Sheet Number

– Signatures

– Application or SectionNumber

Title Block

• Title

– To establish the conceptof the item.

– What is it used for?

– Where is it used?

• Size

– A = 8.5 x 11 inches

– B = 11 x 17 inches

– C = 17 x 22 inches– Where is it used?

– What does it do?

• Example:

– Wing Rib-Sta.111.9Lining instl-left sidewall,aft cargo compartment

– D = 22 x 34 inches

– E = 34 x 44 inches

– R = 36 x 42 inches

Title Block

• Drawing Number

– A drawing number orpart number is assignedto each drawing. Thepart carries the number

• Scale

– The scale indicates thesize of the drawing.

part carries the numberthrough-out its entirelife.

Title Block

• Page or Sheet

– When drawings areassembled into a book,as with wiring diagrams,this space on the title

• Signatures

– For the peopleresponsible for allaspects of the part.

• The designerthis space on the titleblock is used for thepage number of thebook.

• The designer

• The person who approvedthe design.

• The draftsman.

• The person who checkedthe drawing.

• The person who releasedthe drawing.

Revision Block

• Most aircraft drawingshave a revision block inthe upper right handcorner.

• Prior to making a partyou should check therevision block to verifyyou have the latestrevision.

Revisions

• Advance Drawing Change Notice (ADCN)

– Used to give advance notification that the drawingwill be changed in the near future.

• Drawing Change Notice (DCN)• Drawing Change Notice (DCN)

– Is a record of changes which have already beenmade to the drawing.

• Drawing Departure Authorisation (DDA)

– Used to authorise the shop to vary from therequirements of the drwg

Zones• Aircraft drawings are

usually 36 to 42 incheswide and several feetlong, hence it is oftendifficult to find detailedviews without a systemviews without a systemof location.

• A 12 inch grid is used.

• Section C-7 for examplewould be used toidentify a part of thedrawing

Methods of Illustration

• Orthographic Projection

• Auxiliary Drawings

• Isometric Drawings

• Oblique Drawings.• Oblique Drawings.

Orthographic Projection

• In orthographic projection there are six possibleviews from which an object can be drawn.

• The most common views in aircraft drawings aretop, front and right side.top, front and right side.

Auxiliary Drawings

• Although anorthographic drawingcan represent up to 6different views, it issometimes necessary tosometimes necessary tosee a view that is not ata 90 degree angle tothe face of an object.

Isometric Drawing

• This is a projection of a3D object on 2D paper.

• With this type ofdrawing the objected isdrawing the objected isrotated so that 3 sidesare visible

Oblique Drawing

• An oblique drawing isan isometric drawingwith one object faceparallel to the drawingplane.plane.

• The depth axis of theoblique is typically anyconvenient angle andmost often 30 degrees.

Perspective Drawings

• These are used whenyou need to see anobject similar to theway the human eyesees it.sees it.

• These are not generallyused in aircraftdrawings

Dimensions and Tolerances

• Dimensions should never bescaled from an aircraftdrawing, because the papershrinks or stretches in use.

• Dimensions are placed in

• Tolerances, which arethe max differencesbetween the extremeallowable dimensions,may be shown with the• Dimensions are placed in

the break of a dimensionline, between two extensionlines, or, if the lines are tooclose together, thedimensions are placedoutside the dimension linearrows.

may be shown with thedimension.

• Some tolerances areshown for the entiredrawing and areindicated by the waythe dimension is written

Dimensions and Tolerances

Dimensions and Tolerances

Dimensionsand

TolerancesTolerances

Example• With reference to the following figure, what is

the finished diameter of the two holes in thispart?

• How is the

• Finished dia• Finished dia

• Achieved?

Ans = ½ “ and Reamer

Example

What is the vertical distance fromthe top of the fitting and the bottomof the lowest 15/64” hole.

Answer = 2.367”

Aircraft Location Systems• Frame Numbers

– The hoop frames on an aircraft are numberedsequentially, usually beginning at the frontbulkhead.

• Panel Numbers• Panel Numbers

– Panels may be numbered odd and even numbersindicating left or right side of the aircraft and maybe in allocated blocks i.e. 200 series upper wingsurface or 600 series the flight deck panels.

Example

• An accurate location for a dent could be:

• Stn 473, WL 85.5, Butt line 45 left adjacent toframe 22.

Zonal

Station Systems

Section Numbers (A319/320/321)

• Each major part of the aircraft, correspondingto production receives a section number. Thefuselage section base number is 10

• The fuselage is divided into various sections• The fuselage is divided into various sectionsfor manufacturing reasons.

Section Numbers (A319/320/321)

• The general wing section base number is 20.

• The general tail plane section base number is30

A320 Structural Breakdown and Zoning

• The station number is the distance incentimeters of a cross section from areference point.

• The station / frame numbers shown• The station / frame numbers showncorrespond to the section boundaries.

STA350/FR1

STA2136/FR35

STA561/RIB11

Z=0

STA561/RIB11

Zonal System

• The zonal location system (specified in ATA100) relies on giving each zone on the aircraftan identification number. The string / framestation system relies on numbering all thestation system relies on numbering all theframes and all the stringers

Zonal Inspection Program

• 100 to 199 Lower Half Fuselage

• 200 to 299 Upper Half Fuselage

• 300 to 399 Tail Section

• 400 to 499 Pylon and Nacelle• 400 to 499 Pylon and Nacelle

• 500 to 599 Port Wing

• 600 to 699 Stb Wing

• 700 to 799 Landing Gear

• 800 to 899 Doors

Zonal System

Boeing 777

Zone Numbers A320• Access doors and panels are identified by the

number of the zone in which the panel islocated followed by a two letter suffix whichlocates it within the zone.

• The first letter indicates which access door or• The first letter indicates which access door orpanel it is, starting from the reference axis.

– A = 1st

– B=2nd

Zone Numbers A320

• The second letter indicates the access door orpanel location.

– T = Top surface

– B = Bottom Surface– B = Bottom Surface

– Z = Internal

– F = Floor Panel

– W = Side wall Panel

– C = Ceiling panel

534AB

534BB

534AB