7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?

• Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.

Climate Helps Determine Where Organisms Can Live

• Scientists have divided the world into several major biomes: large land regions with certain types of _______________ and dominant ____________ life

• Not uniform throughout

• Considered to be more of a _____________________, with slightly different communities based on the…• distribution of ____________________• Effects of ________________ activities

climate plant

“mosaic of patches”

resourceshuman

Fig. 7-7, p. 153

Tropic of Cancer

High mountainsEquator

Polar iceArctic tundra (cold grassland)Temperate grassland Tropic of

CapricornTropical grassland (savanna)ChaparralConiferous forestTemperate deciduous forestTemperate rain forestTropical rain forestTropical dry forestDesert

The Earth’s Major Biomes

Figure 3, Supplement 8

North America Biomes

In which biome dowe live?

Temperatedeciduousforest

Climate Helps Determine Where Organisms Can Live

• Differences in climate, mostly in average _________________ and ___________________ lead to the formation of tropical (______), temperate (_____________), and polar (_______) forms of each of the major biomes• Forests• Grasslands• Deserts

temperature precipitationhot

moderate cold

Fig. 7-9, p. 154

Cold

Arctic tundra

Cold desertEvergreen coniferous forest

Temperate desertTemperate deciduous forest

Temperate grasslandChaparral

Hot WetTropical rain forest Dry

Tropical desert

Tropical grassland (savanna)

Fig. 7-8, p. 153

Elevation Mountain ice and snow

Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)

Coniferous Forest

Deciduous ForestLatitude (south to north)

Tropical Forest

Tropical Forest

Deciduous Forest

Coniferous Forest

Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)

Polar ice and snow

Climate and vegetation vary with both __________________ and________________________

latitudeelevation

Figure 6, Supplement 8

Global Plant Biodiversity

There Are Three Major Types of Deserts

• In a desert, annual precipitation is _________ and often scattered unevenly throughout the year.

• Desert soils have little vegetation and moisture to help store daytime heat…resulting in __________ nights

• Vulnerable to ______________

• Desert surfaces are also vulnerable to disruption from ___________________

low

colder

sandstorms

vehicles

There Are Three Major Types of Deserts

1. Tropical deserts - _______ and dry most of the year, few plants

2. Temperate deserts - ___________ precipitation than a tropical desert, so more ___________________

3. Cold deserts – hot summers but __________ winters, vegetation is _________________

• Desert ecosystems are _____________________• ___________ plant growth and __________species diversity• Slow nutrient ________________ in the soil and very little water

hot

morevegetation

coldsparse

fragileslow low

cycling

Fig. 7-10, p. 155

Tropical DesertUnited Arab Emirates

Temperate DesertSouth Eastern California

Cold DesertMongolia

Figure 1, Supplement 6

Temperate Desert Ecosystem in North America

Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert

• Adaptations for survival in the desert have two themes…• ____________ the heat• Every drop of water _____________

• Plant adaptations• Some plants ______________ their leaves

during hot spells to remain dormant

• Succulents plants• No leaves…no water loss through ________________• Store water and make food in their ________________• Open pores only at _____________ to take into CO2

Beatcounts

lose

transpirationfleshy tissue

night

Fig. 7-A, p. 156

Wildflowers Bloom after Rain in Arizona

• ________ roots to reach groundwater

• Widely spread, shallow roots to _____________ water after brief showers

• Leaves with ___________ coatings

• Seeds may remain _______________ for extended periods of time

Deep

collect

waxy

dormant

Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert

• Animal strategies and adaptations• Most are _____________ and _________________• May become _______________ during periods of extreme

heat• Larger animals, like camels, have the ability

to _____________ water in their fat for future use

• Thick fur for __________________ against outside heat• Acquire water from ____________ that they eat• Thick outer ____________________ to minimize water

loss

small nocturnaldormant

store

insulatingfood

coverings

There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (1)

Grasslands occur mostly in the __________________ of continents in areas that are too moist for deserts and too dry for forests

1. Tropical (___________________)• Contains widely scattered clumps of trees• Warm temperatures year round and alternating

_______ and _________ seasons• Home to …

• Grazing animals…mostly __________ eating• Browsing animals….mostly __________________ eating• Predators

interiors

savanna

wet dry

grasstwig and leaf

There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (2)

2. Temperate (__________________)• Cold _______________ and hot and dry ____________• High winds and evaporation rates often lead to

_____________....hinders tree growth and adds ash to the _____________• Tall-grass prairies and short-grass prairies• Often converted to __________________ due to its

________________ soil

Prairiewinters summers

firessoil

farmlandfertile

Fig. 7-12, p. 158

Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland

There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (3)

3. Cold (__________________)• Thick, spongy mat of _________________ plants to

conserve heat• Most growth occurs in a short (____________) summer• Animals have thick fur…some animals migrate there in the

summer• formation of ______________________

• Underground soil that stays frozen for more than two consecutive years

• Often causes ___________________ areas because water can’t penetrate through the frozen soil

• Attracts __________________ that serve as food for migratory birds

arctic tundralow-lying

7-8 weeks

permafrost

waterlogged

insects

Stepped ArtFig. 7-11, p. 157

Grasslands

• The tundra is a ________________ biome• Soils are nutrient ______________ and have little

_________________ (decaying matter)• Recover __________________ after human

disturbance

• Alpine tundra: above tree line in ______________• Receives more _________________

so often covered in _____________ during the brief summer

fragile

poordetritus

slowly

mountainssunlight

flowers

Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live

• Temperate Shrubland or __________________• _______________ areas that border on deserts• Enough rain to support shrub growth and occasional

small trees

• Near the sea: nice climate• Southern California• Mediterranean Sea• Southern Australia

• Prone to ____________ in the dry season

Chaparral

Coastal

fires

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1)

Forests are lands dominated by ________________.

1. Tropical (_________________)• Found near the __________________• Year round ______________ temperatures, high

______________ and almost daily _____________• Dominated by _________________ evergreen plants…

which keep most of their leaves year round• Dense _______________ that blocks sunlight from

reaching the forest floor• Vines called _______________ grow from tree to tree

providing _________________ for many species

trees

Jungle

equatorwarm

humidity rainfall

broad leaf

canopy

lianaswalkways

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1)

High Biodiversity• High net primary productivity…much ___________ is

available to move throughout food chains

• Species occupy a variety of specialized _____________ in distinct layers• Niche stratification

• Plants from tropical rainforests are a source of chemicals used as _________________ for making most of the world’s prescription drugs

energy

niches

blueprints

Fig. 7-15, p. 162

45

Harpy eagle

Emergent layer

40

35Toco toucan

30Canopy

25

Heig

ht (m

eter

s)

20Wooly opossum

Understory

15

10

Brazilian tapir Shrub layer5

Black-crowned antpitta

Ground layer

0

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1)

• Decaying matter decomposes ________________ because of the warm, moist conditions and hordes of decomposers

• Instead of nutrients staying in the soil, they are quickly taken up and stored in __________, vines, and other plants

• Lack of fertile soil…NOT a good place for __________________ farming

quickly

trees

sustainable

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2)

2. Temperate deciduous forests• Moderate, average temperatures that change

significantly with the ________________.

• Abundant precipitation

• Dominated by broad-leaf __________________ trees• Survive cold winters by _________________ leaves

• _____________ rate of decomposition than in tropical rainforests• Thick layer of decaying leaf _____________....good

source of nutrients for the soil

seasons

deciduouslosing

Slower

litter

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2)

• This terrestrial biome has been the ____________ disturbed by human activity throughout history

• However, they can grow back in a _____________ year time span through secondary ecological succession

most

100-200

There Are Three Major Types of Forests (3)

3. Evergreen coniferous forests: (____________ forests and ______________)• Cold winters, short summers• Precipitation often in the form of ____________• Dominated by coniferous or ___________ bearing

trees• Pine needles are often ______________, so the

topsoil is __________________ and acidic• Variety of wildlife…year round residents as well as

_________________ animals

borealtaigas

snow

cone

droppednutrient poor

migratory

Stepped ArtFig. 7-13, p. 160

Forests

• _________________ coniferous forests or ___________________ rainforests

• Found in coastal areas with ___________ rainfall or moisture

• Example: Coastline along Northern California through Canada

CoastalTemperate

abundant

Fig. 7-16, p. 163

Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State

Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles

• Contain the majority of the world’s _____________

• _________________________...mainly untouched but surrounded by human activity

• Habitats for ______________ species…found nowhere else

• Major __________________ of water…stored as ice and snow during colder months

• Glacial ice cover ______________ sunlight which helps to offset global warming

trees

Islands of biodiversity

endemic

storehouse

reflects

Review

• Identify the biomes based off of the climate graphs shown!

Tropical desert

Review

• Identify the biomes based off of the climate graphs shown!

Temperate grassland (Prairie)

Review

• Identify the biomes based off of the climate graphs shown!

Evergreen coniferous forest

Boreal / taiga