6)community diagnosis 2011
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
1/33
Community Diagnosis
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
2/33
POKOK BAHASAN
1. The concept of communitydiagnosis
2. Objectives of communitydiagnosis
3. Methods of community
health diagnosis
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
3/33
THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITYDIAGNOSIS
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
4/33
Definition of a Community
A cluster of people with at least one common
characteristic (geographic location,
occupation, ethnicity, housing condition)
A group of people with a common
characteristic or interest living together within
a larger society
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
5/33
Community
A community is a whole entity that functions
because of the interdependence of its parts or
subsystems. Eight subsystems plus the
community core are identified.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
6/33
Community Core
1. Community core: history, socio-demographic
characteristics, vital statistics,
values/beliefs/religions core
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
7/33
Eight Subsystems
2. Eight subsystems:
Physical environment
Education
Safety and transportation Politics and government
Health and social services
Communication
Economics
recreation
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
8/33
Definition of Community Diagnosis
Community diagnosis is a comprehensive
assessment of health status of the community
in relation to its social, physical and biological
environment. The purpose of community
diagnosis is to define existing problems,
determine available resources and set
priorities for planning, implementing andevaluating health action, by and for the
community.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
9/33
The Community Diagnosis Process
Community diagnosis generally refers to theidentification and quantification of health problems ina community as a whole in terms of mortality andmorbidity rates and ratios, and identification of their
correlates for the purpose of defining those at risk orthose in need of health care.
A means of examining aggregate and social statistics in
addition to the knowledge of the local situation, inorder to determine the health needs of thecommunity
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
10/33
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITYDIAGNOSIS
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
11/33
Goal
The mission of community diagnosis is to:
Analyze the health status of the community
Evaluate the health resources, services, andsystems of care within the community
Assess attitudes toward community healthservices and issues
Identify priorities, establish goals, and determinecourses of action to improve the health status of
the community Establish an epidemiologic baseline for measuring
improvement over time.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
12/33
Importance of Community Diagnosis
It helps to find the common problems or diseases, which aretroublesome to the people and are easily preventable in thecommunity.
Community diagnosis can be a pioneer step for betterment of ruralcommunity health.
It is a tool to disclose the hidden problems that are not visible tothe community people but are being affected by them.
It helps to access the group of underprivileged people who areunable to use the available facilities due to poverty, prevailingdiscriminations or other reasons.
It helps to find the real problems of the community people whichmight not have perceived by them as problems.
It helps to impart knowledge and attitudes to turnover peoplesproblems towards the light of solution.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
13/33
How is the community
diagnosed?
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
14/33
Community Analysis
Community analysis is the process of
examining data to define needs strengths,
barriers, opportunities, readiness, and
resources.
The product of analysis is the community
profile.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
15/33
Community Analysis (cont.)
To analyze assessment data is helpful to categorize
the data. This may be done as following:
Demographic
Environmental
Socioeconomic
Health resources and services
Health policies
Study of target groups.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
16/33
Community is diagnosed using:
Health Indicators
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
17/33
Indicators of healthare variables used for
the assessment of community health.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
18/33
Characteristics of Indicators: a. should be valid, i.e., they should actually measure what they are
supposed to measure;
b. should be reliableand objective, i.e., the answers should be the same ifmeasured by different people in similar circumstances;
c. should be sensitive, i.e., they should be sensitive to changes in thesituation concerned,
d. should be specific, i.e., they should reflect changes only in the situationconcerned,
e. should be feasible, i.e., they should have the ability to obtain dataneeded, and;
f. should be relevant, i.e., they should contribute to the understandingof the phenomenon of interest.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
19/33
Classification of health Indicators
Mortality indicators
Morbidity indicators
Disability rates
Nutritional status indicators Health care delivery
indicators
Utilization rates
Indicators of social and
mental health
Environmental indicators
Socio-economic indicators
Health policy indicators
Indicators of quality of life
Other indicators
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
20/33
Mortality Indicators
Mortality Rates- The traditional measures of health status.
- Widely used because of their ready availability.( death certificate is a legal
requirement in many countries)
Crude death rates
Specific death rates: age/disease
Expectation of life
Infant mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Proportionate mortality ratio
Case Fatality rate
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
21/33
Morbidity Indicators
Morbidity rates- Data on morbidity are preferable,
although often difficult to obtain.
Incidence and prevalence
Notification rates
Attendance rates: out-patientclinics or health centers.
Admission and discharge rates
Hospital stay duration rates
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
22/33
Disability Indicators
Disability rates No. of days of restricted activity
Bed disability days
Work/School loss days within a specifiedperiod.
Expectation of life free of disability
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
23/33
Nutritional Indicators
Nutritional Status
Indicators- It is an indicator of positive health
Anthropometrics measurements
Height of children at school entry
Prevalence of low birth weight Clinical surveys: Anaemia,
Hypothyroidism, Nightblindness
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
24/33
Health Care Delivery Indicators
Health Care Delivery
Indicators- Reflect the Equity / Provision of
health care
Doctor / Population ratio
Doctor / Nurse ratio
Population / Bed ratio
Population / per health center
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
25/33
Utilization Indicators
Health care utilization
Rates
- Extent of use of health services
- Proportion of people in need of service
who actually receive it in a given
period
Proportion of infants who are
fully immunized in the 1styear
of life.
i.e..immunization coverage. Proportion of pregnant women
who receive ANC.
Hospital-Beds occupancy rate.
Hospital-Beds turn-over ratio
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
26/33
Social/Mental Health Indicators Indicators of Social and
Mental Health- Valid positive indicators does not often
exist
- Indirect measures are commonly used
Suicide & Homicide rates
Road traffic accidents
Alcohol and drug
abuse.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
27/33
Environmental Indicators
Environmental health
Indicators- Reflect the quality of environment
Measures of Pollution
The proportion of people
having access to safe water
and sanitation facilities
Vectors density
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
28/33
Socio-economic Indicators
Socio-economic
Indicators- Is not a direct measure of health
status.- For interpretation of health care
indicators.
Rate of population increase
Per capita GNP
Level of unemployment
Literacy rates - females
Family size
Housing condition e.g. No. of
persons per room
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
29/33
Health Policy Indicators
Health Policy Indicators
-Allocation of adequate resources.
Proportion of GNP spent on
health services.
Proportion of GNP spent on
health related activities.
Proportion of total health
resources devoted to primary
health care
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
30/33
Other Indicators
Other health
indicators
Indicators of quality of life.
Basic needs indicators.
Health for all indicators.
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
31/33
METHODS OF COMMUNITYHEALTH DIAGNOSIS
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
32/33
Methods of community health diagnosis
Community health situation
Problem identification
Priority setting Health problem analysis
Priority setting for problem solving
projects
-
8/13/2019 6)Community Diagnosis 2011
33/33
Thank You