6a flow measurement

8/14/2019 6a Flow Measurement

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Hflp Ibdsrbibkw

Gr+ Djbudwn S+ _bgg~

Gbuw+ Onlwbcaklf+ Bkxnrlk+ Scn+

Wadudr Rknxbrsnw~

Udwndfd !URKMDO. 470 557


2/35

Lombcwnxbs lh hflp ibdsrbibkws

Wl gbwbrinkb

cabincdf glsd`b wl wab wrbdwibkw knws

dnr suuf~ wl dbrdwnlk odsnks

sfg`b rbc~cfnk` dkg sfg`b pdswd`b rdwbs wl wabonlfl`ncdf rbdcwlrs

Wl tdkwnh~ hflps lh

pdwbr nk swrbdis nk swrbdis dkg rnxbrs

pdswbpdwbr nk sbpbrs dkg pdswbpdwbr grdnks

Wl hdcnfnwdwb hflp urlulrwnlkdwbg sdiufnk` lh pdwbr

Wl urlxngb gdnf~ hflp rbclrgs rbtnrbg o~ rb`fdwlr~d`bkcnbs


3/35

Hflp

Wnib

Hflp ululwnlkdwbg sdiufnk`

Odsb Hflp


4/35

Odsnc w~ubs lh hflp Ibdsrbibkw

Gnhhbrbkwndf Urbssrb Hflpibwbrs

Xbflcnw~ Hflpibwbrs

Ulsnwnxb Gnsufdcbibkw Hflpibwbrs

Idss Hflpibwbrs

Lubk Cadkkbf Hflpibwbrs


5/35

Gnhhbbkwndf ubssrb hflpibwbs Lrnhncb ufdwbs& xbkwrn wobs dkg hflp kl}}fbs

Odsbg lk obrklffns btdwnlk

urbssrb grlu lxbr dk loswrcwnlk nksbrwbg nk wab hflp ns

sbg ds odsns hlr hflp ibdsrbibkw

Lnhncb ufdwbs

sadru bg`b ufdwb !wl wab uswrbdi sngb.

sniufb ( cabdu ow ullr dccrdc~ dw flp hflps

Xbkwrn wrobs

Urbhbrrbg hlr an`a wrk)glpk dwbs !45=4. lr flpurbssrb grlus

Hflp crlss sbcwnlk drbd ns rbgcbg nk wab hflp udwa& hlr

`bkbrdwnk` urbssrb gnhhbrbkcb& dkg wabk nkcrbdsbg& hlr

urbssrb rbclxbr~ !15" urbssrb rbclxbrbg.


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Hflp kl}}fbs dkg slknc kl}}fbs

sbg sdff~ hlr dnr dkg `ds hflp sniufb dkg cabdu

wrk glpk rdwb dkg dccrdc~ drb cliudrdofb wl lrnhncbufdwbs

Urbssrb grlu dcrlss clkswrncwbg drbd ns idqniihlr lrnhncb ufdwbs ( inknii hlr xbkwrn wobs

Gnhhbbkwndf ubssrb hflpibwbs


7/35

@bkbdfn}bg hflp loswrcwnlk nk d unub

U4 U?

X4

4 ?

Obrklffn btdwnlk obwpbbk 4 dkg ?=

Clkwnknw~ btdwnlk obwpbbk 4 dkg ?= ??44 XDXDT 99

Y.D,!D)Z4

.UU!?X

?

4?

?4ngbdf&?

9

5?

.XX!.UU! ?4?

?4?

9

*


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Lnhncb Ibwb

Wans w~ub lh ibwbr clksnsws lh d wank hfdw ufdwb pnwa d cnrcfdr alfb grnffbg

nk nws cbkwbr+ Nw ns xbr~ sniufb& nkbqubksnxb dkg bds~ wl nkswdff& ow nw cdk

cdsb sn`knhncdkw urbssrb grlus+

U4 U?

X4

4 ?

Hrlkw xnbp lh

lrnhncb ufdwb

Y.D,!D)Z4

.UU!?CX

?

4?

?4?

9

Pabrb C ns wab gnscadr`b

clbhhncnbkw


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Lrnhncb Ibwbr Ibdsrbs gnhhbrbkwndf urbssrb

Bds~ wl nkswdff dkg hdorncdwb

Dgxdkwd`bs= fbdsw bqubksnxb lh dff gnhhbrbkwndf urbssrb gbxncbsdkg `llg dccrdc~ !4".

Gnsdgxdkwd`bs= fbdsw bhhncnbkw& an`a abdg flss& bds~ cfl` nk`& dkg

kdrrlp rdk`b lh hflps !7=4.


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U4 U?

Y.D,!D)Z4

.UU!?CX

?

4?

?4?

9

Xbkwrn Ibwb

Clksnsws lh d clkncdf clkwrdcwnlk& d salrw c~fnkgrncdf warldw dkg d

clkncdf bqudksnlk Hfng ns dccbfbrdwbg o~ obnk` udssbg warl`a wab clkxbr`nk`

clkb

D rbfndofb hflp ibdsrnk` gbxncb wadw cdsbs fnwwfb urbssrb grlu

Rsbg pngbf~ udrwncfdrf~ hlr fdr`b fntng dkg `ds hflps


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Ibdsrbs gnhhbrbkwndf urbssrb

Dccrdc~= 4": rdk`b= 7=4

Xbkwrn Ibwb
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Kl}}fb Ibwb

U4

U

?

Y.D,!D)Z4

.UU!?CX

?4?

?4?

9

Ibdsrb gnhhbrbkwndf urbssrb

D Xbkwrn ibwbr pnwalw wab gnxbr`nk` rbclxbr~ sbcwnlk Fbss bqubksnxb wadk Xbkwrn ibwbr ow an`abr abdg flss

Dccrdc~= 6 4": rdk`b= 7=4


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Xbrwncdff~ lrnbkwbg `fdss,ufdswnc wob pnwa fdr`br bkgupdrg dkg pnwa d ibwbrnk` hfldw hrbbf~ ilxnk` pnwank

Hflp cdsbs hfldw wl rnsb kwnf dkkfdr sudcb obwpbbkwab hfldw dkg wab wob ns shhncnbkw wl dfflp d swdwb lhg~kdinc btnfnorni obwpbbk updrg gnhhbrbkwndfurbssrb dkg ol~dkc~ hdcwlrs& dkg glpkpdrg`rdxnw~ hdcwlrs

Abn`aw lh wab hfldw nkgncdwbs hflp rdwb wob ns

cdfnordwbg dkg `rdgdwbg wl hdcnfnwdwb hflpibdsrbibkw

Wrkglpk rdwnl ns uwl 4?=4 dkg dccrdc~ ns ds `llgds 4" lh wab hff scdfb rdwnk`

Xdndofb dbd hflpibwbs


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_lwdibwb


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Hflp ns cdfcfdwbg o~ ibdsrnk` subbg nk wab hflp dwlkb lr ilrb ulnkws

Unwlw wrobs Rsb ns rbswrncwbg wl ulnkw ibdsrbibkw

Wronkb hflpibwb

Hfng hflpnk` warl`a d unub dcws lk xdkbs lh d wronkb

dkg rlwdwb nw dkg wab rlwdwnlkdf subbg ns sbg ds odsnshlr hflp ibdsrbibkw

Wrkglpk rdwnl ns ;455=4 dkg dccrdc~ ns 5+4"

Xbflcnw~ hflpibwbs


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Bfbcwlid`kbwnc hflpibwb

Hfng hflp warl`a d id`kbwnc hnbfg nkgcbs xlfwd`b

Id`kbwnc hnbfg ns crbdwbg o~ bkbr`n}bg clnfs lwsngb wabhflp wob

xlfwd`b urlgcbg !urlulrwnlkdf wl hflp rdwb. nsibdsrbg hflp ibdsrbibkw

Rsbg hlr gnhhncfw dkg clrrlsnxb fntngs dkg sfrrnbs

ibdsrbs hflp nk olwa gnrbcwnlks pnwa btdf dccrdc~ An`a ulpbr clksink` dkg hflpnk` fntng salfg ob

clkgcwlr

Xbflcnw~ hflpibwbs


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Rfwdslknc Gluufb hflpibwb

Hrbtbkc~ lh rbhfbcwbg sn`kdf ns ilgnhnbg o~ wabxbflcnw~ dkg gnrbcwnlk lh wab hfng hflp

nh wab hfng ns ilxnk` wlpdrgs d wrdksgcbr hrbtbkc~ lhwab rbwrknk` ns nkcrbdsbg dkg lwabrpnsb nw ns gbcrbdsbg

Wab hrbtbkc~ gnhhbrbkcb !rbhfbcwbg hrbtbkc~ inkswab lrn`nkdwnk` hrbtbkc~. ns sbg wl cdfcfdwb hfng hflpsubbg

Xbflcnw~ hflpibwbs


18/35

Wab Unwlw)Swdwnc Wrob

U4&X4 Swd`kdwnlk

Ulnkw X?95

4 ?

U4

ns d Swdwnc urbssrb= Nw

ns ibdsrbg o~ d gbxncb!swdwnc wob. wadw cdsbs klxbflcnw~ cadk`b wl wab hflp+Wans ns sdff~ dccliufnsabgo~ grnffnk` d sidff alfb

klridf wl d pdff dflk` pancawab hfng ns hflpnk`+

U?

ns d Swd`kdwnlk

urbssrb=Nw ns wab urbssrbibdsrbg o~ dk lubk)bkgbg wob hdcnk` wab hflpgnrbcwnlk+ Sca d gbxncb nscdffbg d Unwlw wob+

U?


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Unwlw)Swdwnc wrob

Obrklffn btdwnlk obwpbbk 4 dkg ?=

5?

.XX!.UU! ?4?

?4?

9

*

!_bcdff wadw ulsnwnlk ? ns d swd`kdwnlk ulnkw= X?9 5.

?,4

4?4

.UU!?X

9

Pb cdk ibdsrb urbssrbs U4 dkg U? snk` a~grlswdwncs=

U49Udwi * à4& U?9Udwi * à?

lr snk` d Urbssrb @d`b

?

44?X

?

4UU *9

Swd`kdwnlk Urbssrb ns anàbr wadk

Swdwnc Urbssrb


20/35

Wronkb HflpibwbsWronkb Hflpibwbs

Rsbs d ifwnufb)ofdgbg rlwlr!wronkb. ilkwbg pnwank d

unub& ubrubkgncfdr wl hflp

Fninwbg wl unubs rkknk` hff&kgbr urbssrb& dkg fntngsflp nk ssubkgbg slfngs

Bqcbffbkw dccrdc~ !5+?2".dkg d `llg rdk`b lh hflps!45=4.

Wab rlwdwnlkdf subbg ns d

gnrbcw hkcwnlk lh xlfib hflprdwb+

Wab ibwbr hdcwlr J ns hlkgo~ gnrbcw cdfnordwnlk+


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Hflp _dwb Ibdsrbibkw

Swd`b

lrGbuw

a

Gnscad`b& T

_dwnk` Crxb


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Bfbcwrlid`kbwnc Ibwbr Hdrdgd~s fdp= d xlfwd`b

urlgcbg o~ udssnk` dclkgcwlr warl`a d id`kbwnchnbfg ns urlulrwnlkdf wl wabxbflcnw~ lh wab clkgcwlr!pdswbpdwbr.

Dgxdkwd`bs= `llg dccrdc~!4{?".& cdudofb lh ibdsrnk`fdr`b rdk`b lh hflps !45=4.& klabdg flss& dkg kdhhbcwbg o~wbiubrdwrb& clkgcwnxnw~&

xnsclsnw~& wrofbkcb& dkgssubkgbg slfngs

Gnsdgxdkwd`bs= an`a nknwndf clswdkg kbbg hlr wrdnkbg ubrslkkbfwl adkgfb rlwnkb L(I


23/35

Rfwdslknc Hflpibwbs

Rfwrdslknc hflpibwbrs cdk obgnxngbg nkwl Gluufbr ibwbrs dkgwnib)lh)wrdxbf ibwbrs+

Gluufbr ibwbrs ibdsrb hrbtbkc~

sanhw cdsbg o~ fntng hflp+ ?wrdksgcbrs drb ilkwbg nk dcdsb+ Wab hrbtbkc~ sanhw nsurlulrwnlkdf wl wab fntng xbflcnw~+

Wnib)lh)wrdxbf ibwbrs adxb ?

wrdksgcbrs ilkwbg lk bdcasngb lh wab unub+ D wnibgnhhbrbkcb urlulrwnlkdf wl wabhflp cdk ob gbwbcwbg+


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Rsb urbcnsnlk hnwwbg rlwlrs ds hflp ibdsrnk` bfbibkws

Snkcb jklpk dkg hnqbg xlfibs drb gnsufdcbg& rlwdwnlk lhrlwlr nk wabsb ibwbrs ns urlulrwnlkdf wl wab xlfib lh hfnggnsufdcbg

Kiobr lh rlwdwnlks drb clkwbg o~ dk nkwb`rdf bfbcwrlkncufsb wrdksinwwbr dkg clkxbrwbg wl xlfib dkg hflp rdwb

@llg hlr rbfdwnxbf~ klkdordsnxb hfngs fnjb& forncdwnk` lnfs&

ulf~ibr dggnwnxbs& hdws& urnkwnk` nkj& hrblk& bwc+. Dccrdc~ ns u wl 5+4" lh hff rdwb dkg wrk glpk rdwnl ns

05=4

Ulsnwnxb gnsufdcbibkw hflpibwbs


25/35

_bcnurlcdwnk` unswlk ibwbrs

_lwdr~ xdkb ibwbrs

adxb rlwdwnk` niubffbrs pnwawpl lr ilrb btdff~ gnxngbgcliudrwibkws

hnqbg xlfib lh fntng nsspbuw lw warl`a wabibwbr hrli bdcacliudrwibkw ds niubffbr

rlwdwbs

Ulsnwnxb gnsufdcbibkw

hflpibwbs


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Pbnrs!_bcwdk`fdr& Cnulffbwwn&Wrndk`fdr& lr X)Klwca.

Abdg lxbr wab pbnr nsibdsrbg o~ d hfldw& allj`d`b& lr fbxbf sbkslr

Ibdsrb wab hflp nk lubkcadkkbfs

Dccrdc~= 2": rdk`b=255=4

Dgxdkwd`bs= rbfdwnxbf~dccrdwb& sniufb wl nkswdff&

dkg nkbqubksnxb Gnsdgxdkwd`bs= fdr`b

dilkws lh abdg flss dkgsbwwfnk` lh slfngs uswrbdilh wab pbnr dkg ilrb

idnkwbkdkcb

U a ff Hf


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Udsadff Hfrib Clksnsws lh d clkxbr`nk`

sbcwnlk& d warldw& dkg dgnxbr`nk` sbcwnlk

Sbfh)cfbdknk` dkg sidffabdgflss

Clkxbrws gbuwa rbdgnk`s wlgnscadr`b snk` d cdfnordwnlk

crxb Fbss dccrdwb !2{45".

_dk`b= 45=4 { 02=4

Hfldw dcwdwbgfbxbf rbclrgbr
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Udfibr)Olpfs Hfib Crbdwbs cadk`b nk hflp udwwbrk o~ gbcrbdsnk` pngwa lh wab

cadkkbf pnwalw cadk`nk` nws sflub+

Nkswdffbg nk d sbpbr dw d idkalfb panca cdsbs wab odcj)u lhwab pdwbr nk wab cadkkbf+

O~ ibdsrnk` wab uswrbdi gbuwa& wab gnscadr`b ns rbdg hrli d

cdfnordwnlk crxb+ Flpbr abdg flss wadk wab Udrsadff hfib

Fbss dccrdwb !2{45".


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Hflp Ibwbnk` Gbxncbs nkPdswbpdwb Wbdwibkw Hdcnfnwnbs

_dp Urnidr~ Sbclkgdr~ Urnidr~ _bwrk Wancjbkbg Inqbg Urlcbss

Ibwbrnk` gbxncb PP bhhfbkw bhhfbkw sfg`b sfg`b sfg`b fntlr pdwbr

Hlr lubk cadkkbfsAbdg,drbdHfib q q q qPbnr q q q

LwabrId`kbwnc !nksbrw w~ub. q

Hlr cflsbg clkgnwsAbdg,urbssrbHflp wob qd qd q qd qd qd&o q qLrnhncb qUnwlw wob q_lwdibwbr qXbkwrn qd qd q qd qd qd q

Ilxnk` hfng bhhbcwsId`kbwnc !wob w~ub.\ q q q q q q qRfwrdslknc !gluufbr. q q q qc

Rfwrdslknc !wrdksinssnlk. q q qXlrwbq sabggnk` q q q

Ulsnwnxb gnsufdcbibkwUrlubffbr qWronkb q q

d Hfsank` lr gnduard`i sbdfbg clkkbcwnlks rbcliibkgbgo Rsb pnwa nk)fnkb rbcnurlcdwnk` uius klw rbcliibkgbgc Slfngs clkwbkw 6 7"


34/35

Sbfbcwnlk Crnwbrnd

Sbfbcwnlk Crnwbrnd

W~ub lh duufncdwnlk= lubk cadkkbf,cflsbg clkgnws

Urlubr sn}nk`= rdk`b lh hflp

Hfng cliulsnwnlk= cliudwnonfnw~& slfngs& udssd`b

Dccrdc~ !". dkg rbubdwdonfnw~

Abdgflss lr a~grdfnc abdg dxdnfdofb

Nkswdffdwnlk rbtnrbibkws= swrdn`aw fbk`wa& dccbssnonfnw~&gnsclkkbcwnlk ibwalg

Lubrdwnk` bkxnrlkibkw= bquflsnlk urllh& rbsnswdkcb wlilnswrb dkg clrrlsnxb `dsbs& wbiu+ rdk`b

Bdsb lh idnkwbkdkcb= urlxnsnlk hlr hfsank`,rlggnk`

Clsw

W~ub dkg dccbssnonfnw~ lh wab clkgnw


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6a flow measurement

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