677 l12-human-factors-hci-affect

Diane Nahl University of Hawaii

1

Affect in Human Factors, HCI & Information Behavior Research

Diane NahlLibrary and Information Science Program, Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii

November 15, 2010

LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10


2LIS 677 Human Dimension in Information Systems 11.15.10

GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Fit the technology to the person

instead of fitting the person to the

technology.



DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

When those who benefit are not those who do the design, then technology is likely to fail.

Jonathan Grudin



GOALS OF HUMAN FACTORS

1. Convenience2. Error prevention & reduction3. Increased productivity &

effectiveness4. Injury reduction5. User satisfaction



HUMAN FACTORS in SYSTEM DESIGN

1. Time to Learn

2. Retention Over Time

3. Speed of Performance

4. Rate of User Errors

5. Satisfaction



9 LAWS OF HUMAN INFORMATION BEHAVIOR

1. Uncertainty Principle

2. Law of Perceived Least Effort

3. Recognition Over Recall




4. Law of Mental Models

5. Zeigarnik Effect

6. Magic Number Seven




7. Yerkes-Dodson Arousal Law

8. Age of Anxiety, Fear, Rage

9. Positive Bias Effect



Affective HCI Symbiotic biocybernetic monitoring of

attention, stress and emotions during computer use (Licklider, 1960; Hudlicka, 2003; Beale & Peter, 2008) Affect detection, emotion recognition Context-based domain ontologies Intelligent interruption Task negotiation and scheduling Error assistance, reduction and

prevention



Affective HCI Donald Norman’s three levels of emotional

response (Norman & Ortony, 2003) Visceral, behavioral, reflective

Highly motivated users respond more interactively and are more willing to cope with usability problems (Walker & Prytherch, 2008)

Emotionally engaged users are more likely to be affected than those less engaged (Creed & Beale, 2008)



User Coping SkillsHigh Low (Max)

(n=39) (n=32) (p<.0001)

Optimism 27 22.7 (30)Self-Efficacy 27.3 22.7 (30) Evaluation 20.5 18.3 (30)Relevance 8.7 7.4 (10)Satisfaction 9.3 7.7 (20)

Nahl, 2005



Affective HCI

Adding emotional states to game characters made the game more engaging (Jones & Sutherland, 2008)

With emotion detection of automobile drivers, navigation systems some day might be able to respond appropriately to the driver to de-stress and calm the person (Jones & Jonsson, 2008)



The Information Environment is Affect-Driven

All information need, information seeking, information reception, and information use is processed through the emotional system.



Threefold Biological Information System

Sensorimotor System Identifying, noticing, ignoring, performing,

verbalizing, executing

Cognitive System Interpreting, appraising, planning, problem-

solving

Affective System Coping, evaluating, value-attaching,

prioritizing, regulating, intending, engaging



Community Practices of Information Reception & Use Noticing and Appraising Relevance

Evaluating, Emotional Involvement and

Value-attaching

Goal-setting Intentions and Engaging

(Wanting to do something with or about

information)



Information Behavior

Is directed by Social Communication Practices

Operates through Individual Biological Procedures

Interacts with Technological Information Devices



Information Reception & Use Model



Examples of SL Satisficing Affordances

• Name Tag floating above avatar’s head

• Profile information of an avatar (1st & 2nd life)

• Note Cards from owner of an object or place

• YAH map showing the location of avatars

• Posted Help, tutorials, Support Wiki & Sl Blog

• Reading/hearing IMessages, local chat, group chat, & voice chat

• Visual 3-D environment• Ambient sound• Ambient movement • Avatar movements,

interactions, groupings, & joint activities

• Events, conferences, memorials, etc.



Examples of SL Optimizing Affordances

• Download free SL application

• Become Resident: Log in & obtain avatar

• Move avatar by controlling, direction, speed, style

• Modify avatar appearance, height, shape, style

• Operate Camera Controls to view location, zoom, pan, mouselook, etc.

• Teleport to location via mouse clicks

• Right click on avatars to view profile, affiliations, add friend, etc.

• Create Landmarks• Search for people, groups,

objects, places• Use SL teaching tools• Send IM to groups or

individuals



Avatar Reference Interaction AnalysisThe Three Biological Satisficing Practices in

Information Reception Through Avatars

1. User notices avatar and desk area “There’s a person … [performing sensorimotor practices]

2. User appraises avatar as SL librarian … who works here.”[performing cognitive practices]

3. User attaches value to the information: “Good, I can ask here.” [performing affective practices]



Avatar Reference Interaction AnalysisThe Three Biological Optimizing Practices in

Information Use Through Avatars1. User intends to ask avatar librarian for help “I will ask him … [performing affective practices]

2. User plans how to ask SL librarian avatar … when and where the next Sci-Fi Fantasy book talk is happening.”[performing cognitive practices]

3. User executes by typing in local chat window and sending “Hi Joel, do you have a schedule and LM for the Sci-Fi Fantasy discussions?” [performing sensorimotor practices]



Affect in Information Behavior Research

Julien et al.: affect continues to be a marginalized variable … that focuses on information retrieval from computerized systems



Research on the Role of Affect in Information Behavior

Wilson: Self-efficacy is integral to information behavior

Nahl: Self-efficacy significantly improves success in search tasks

Spink: Uncertainty has an affective component



Affective Load Theory Successful information behavior depends on

continuous coping procedures to regulate negative and positive affective forces operating on individuals in information intense environments. (Nahl, 2005)

Negative forces: uncertainty, irritation, frustration, stress, time pressure

Positive forces: optimism, self-efficacy, acceptance, pleasure, interest



Affect Theory in Information Behavior Research Isen et al.: Positive affect facilitates cognitive

processes

Kuhlthau: Feelings are integral to the Information Search Process, and uncertainty leads people to be less willing to continue searching or interacting with a system

Wilson et al.: Affective goal states impart directionality to problem-solving steps



Significance of Social Context and Affect in Information Behavior

Katopol: culture determines what we find important, how we show it is important and what ways are considered correct in information behavior

Chatman: Affective states such as “alienation,” “information avoidance,” and “disinterest” exert a strong influence on information behavior in everyday contexts




Dervin & Rienhard: found six dimensions of emotionality that operated both independently and interactively within situations

Berryman: stronger affective responses were stimulated by the task and its context rather than the search

Fidel: personal, contextual and task-based

constraints, and the values people (actors)

hold influence their information behavior




Agosto: when viewing Web sites, teen searchers apply [de]selection practices, termination practices, and personal preferences

McKnight: nurses frequently expressed frustration with a variety of human, paper and automated information systems



Value-Attachment in Affective IB Research

Massie et al.: children enjoy having multiple emotional experiences when reading … When children felt mixed emotions about a story with a happy ending, and were more likely to recommend that book to a friend.

McKechnie et al.: people read as an act of love, for emotional connection to textual worlds, to find coping information, and for mastery and control of emotions



Affective LiteratureAgosto, D. E. 2001. Bounded rationality and satisficing in young people's Web-based

decision making. JASIST 53(1): 16 - 27. Bandura, A. 1994. Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human

behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.Bandura, A.1997.Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.Bilal, D. 2007. Grounding children’s information behavior and system design in child

development theories. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 39-50.

Chatman, E. A. 1990. Alienation theory: Application of a conceptual framework to a study of information among janitors. RQ 29(3) (Spring): 355–67.

Compton, W. C. 2005. An introduction to positive psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth.

Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C. & Kalin, N. H. 2000. Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin 126(6): 890-909.

Dervin, B. & Reinhard, C. D. 2007. How emotional dimensions of situated information seeking relate to user evaluations of help from sources. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 51-84.

Fidel, R. 2006. An ecological approach to the design of information systems. Bull. of ASIST, (Oct/Nov): 6-8.

Goleman, D. 1995. Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.Heise, D. R. & Smith-Lovin, L. Eds., 1988. Analyzing social interaction: Advances in affect

control theory. New York: Gordon and Breach.



Affective LiteratureHudlicka, E. 2003. To feel or not to feel: The role of affect in human-computer interaction.

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 59: 71-5.Isen, A. 2004. Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.),

Handbook of emotions (pp. 417-35). New York: Guilford.Julien, H., McKechnie, L.E.F., & Hart, S. 2005. A content analysis of affective issues in

library and information science systems work. Library & Information Science Research, 27(4): 453-466.

Katopol, P. 2006. Cognitive work analysis. Bull. of ASIST, (Oct/Nov): 9-11.Kuhlthau, C. C. 1993. A principle of uncertainty for information seeking. Journal of

Documentation 49 (4), 339-355.Fisher, K.E. & Landry, C.F. 2007. Understanding the information behavior of stay-at-home

mothers through affect. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 211-234.

Licklider, J.C.R. 1960. Man-computer symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics 1: 4-11.

Massie, S.A., Druin, A. & Weeks, A.C. 2007. Emotion, response, and recommendation: The role of affect in children’s book reviews in a digital library. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 135-160.

McCown, K. S., Jensen, A. L., Freedman, J. M. & Rideout, M. C. 1998. Self science: The emotional intelligence curriculum. San Mateo: Six Seconds.

McKechnie, L.E.F., Ross, C.S. & Rothbauer, P.M. 2007. Affective dimensions of information seeking in the context of reading. In Eds. Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 187-196.



Affective LiteratureMcKnight, M. 2007. Affective dimensions of critical care nurses information interactions. In Eds.

Diane Nahl and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 121-134.Nahl, D. 2007. A discourse analysis technique for charting the flow of micro-information

behavior. Journal of Documentation 63(3) May: 323-339..Nahl, D. 2006. A symbiotic human-machine model for tracking user micro-attributes. Skilled

Human-Intelligent Agent Performance: Measurement, Application, and Symbiosis Symposium, HICSS-39 (Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences), January 4, Kauai, (Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press).

Nahl, D. 2005b. Affective and cognitive information behavior: Interaction effects in Internet use. Proceedings of the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, October 28-November 2, Charlotte, NC, Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Nahl, D. 2010. Affective load and engagement in Second Life: Experiencing urgent, persistent, and long term information needs. International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 1(3), (July-September): 1-16.

Nahl, D. 2005a. Affective load theory. In Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L.E.F. (Eds.). Theories of information behavior (pp. 39-43). Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Nahl, D. 1990. Measuring information searching competence. College & Research Libraries 51(5): 448-462.

Nahl, D. 2004. Measuring the affective information environment of web searchers. Proceedings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (pp. 191-197). Providence, RI, Medford, NJ: Information Today.

Nahl, D. & Bilal, D., (Eds.), 2007. Information and emotion: The emergent affective paradigm in information behavior research and theory. Medford, NJ: ITI.

Norman, D. A. 2004. Emotional design: Why we love or hate everyday things.New York: Basic Books.



Affective LiteratureNorman, D. 1981. Twelve issues for cognitive science. In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Perspectives on

cognitive science (pp. 265-95). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum: Basic Books.Panksepp, J. 1998. Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions.

Oxford: Oxford University Press. Parker, N. & Berryman, J. 2007. The role of affect in judging what is enough? In Eds. Diane Nahl

and Dania Bilal, Information and emotion, Medford, NJ: ITI, 85-98.Peter, C. & Beale, R. (Eds.) 2008. Affect and emotion in human-computer interaction: From

theory to applications. Springer. Picard, R. 1997. Affective computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Picard, R. et al. 2004. Affective learning: A manifesto. BT Technology Journal 22(4): 253-69.Scheutz, M. & Sloman, A. 2001. Affect and agent control: Experiments with simple affective

states. World Scientific. Retrieved November 2010 http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/scheutz.sloman.affect.control.pdf

Seligman, M. 1990. Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York: Pocket Books.

Simon, H. A. 1967. Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review 74(1): 29-39.

Simon, H. 1956. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63: 129-138.

Wilson, T.D., Ford, N.J., Ellis, D., Foster, A.E., & Spink, A. 2000. Uncertainty and its correlates. Paper presented at Information Seeking in Context, August. Gothenburg, Sweden.

Wilson, T.D. 1999. Models in information behavior research. Journal of Documentation 55 (3): 249-270.

http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/scheutz.sloman.affect.control.pdf

http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/cogaff/scheutz.sloman.affect.control.pdf

677 l12-human-factors-hci-affect

Education

10diane nahl university

fitts law

information behavior

information systems 11

target size

nahl 2004

information

computer