Starch +

waterMaltose

Protein+

waterPolypeptide

Caesinogen

+ waterCaesinPeptides

+ waterAmino

acids

Maltose

+ waterGlucose

Sucrose

+ water

Glucose +

Fructose

Lactose + water

Glucose +

Galactose

Lipid +water

Fatty acids

+ glycerol

Starch +

water

maltose

Polypeptide

+ water peptide

Lipid +

water

Fatty acids

+ glycerol

Secretes bile

Stores bile

Secretes pancreatic juices

Salivary

amylase

Pepsin

pH 2.0

RenninErepsin

pH 7.5

Maltase

Sucrase

Lactase

Lipase

Pancreatic

amylase

Trypsin

Lipase

Cud (chewed and

reswallowed)

• Largest part of the stomach

• Mutualistic microorganisms secrete

cellulase to digest cellulose Water is removed from cud

• True stomach

• Gastric juice

secreted

• Digestion of

proteins

Digestion of Cellulose by a Ruminant

Microorganisms secrete

cellulase to digest

cellulose

Glucose

Amino acids

Fatty acids

+ glycerol,

Vitamins A,

D, E and K

Structure of a villus

LOCATION

• Assimilation takes place in the cells (digestion takes place in the alimentary canal)

• Simpler form of nutrient is used to form complex compounds or structural components

• Liver acts as checkpoint and control centre for the release of appropriate amount of nutrients in the circulatory system.

ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE

• Most of glucose is converted into glycogen and

stored in the liver.

• Glycogen will be converted to sugar when the body

needs energy

• Glucose is distributed throughout the body by

circulatory system.

• Cells oxidise glucose to release energy during

cellular respiration.

ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE

• Excess of glucose is

converted into lipids by

the liver.

ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS

• Amino acids have to pass through the liver before

they reach blood circulatory system

• Amino acids are used to synthesized plasma

proteins.

• Function of plasma proteins: blood clotting and

osmoregulation

• When there are short supply of glucose, amino acids

are converted to glucose by the liver through

gluconeogenesis process.

ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS

• Amino acids that enter the cell are used for

synthesizing protoplasm and repair the damaged

tissue.

• Amino acids are also important blocks to synthesis

hormones and enzymes.

• Excess of amino acids will be broken by deamination

process. The waste product of this process is

commonly the urea.

• Urea is transported to the kidneys and secreted out

through urine.

LIPIDS• Lipids such as fats

represent the major energy

store of the body

• Excess lipids are stored in

the adipose tissue.

• Some lipids; ex:

phospholipids and

cholesterol are major

components of plasma

membranes

OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER

• Liver acts as the detoxicification site

• In this process, the liver removes harmful

substances from blood and convert them to less

toxidic compounds.

• The detoxicification products are eliminated from the

body through bile or urine.

Glucose – for cellular respiration

Amino – synthesis of hormones, plasma acidsmembranes, enzymes

Glucose - respiration

Excess glucose – glycogen

Amino acids – plasma protein

Excess amino acids - urea

Formation of Faeces and Defaecation

• Reabsorbs water and minerals

• Elimates undigested food

• Escherichia coli are found

• Secretes mucus to bind faeces and

lubricates movement of feaces

along the colon

• Temporary storage of faeces

Faeces is expelled from here when

the rectum is full, contraction of the

muscles of the rectum propels the

faeces out