6.2 spin offs-workshop-solar biomass dryermuree.psut.edu.jo/documents/dev6.2 spin...
TRANSCRIPT
Prepared by Joseacute Paacuterraga
Supervised by Dr Rafael Jimeacutenez Castantildeeda
Evaluation and design of a solar-biomass hybrid dryerA case study for Murcia Spain
MUTAH University 24 november 2014Spin-off Workshop
Content
Introduction Purposes amp Objectivesbull Location product amp clientsbull Solar driersbull Biomassbull Drying processbull Drier components
Case study Methodology bull Drying curvesbull Energy amp water requirementsbull Selection of drier componentsbull Simulation bull Economic analysis
Results and conclusions
2
DDDD Purposes amp Objectives
Optimize solar-biomass drying
system Faster drying process
Reducing wastage Adding value to farms
POST ndash HARVEST LOSSES (30-50)
Poor handling facilities Processing technologies
Lack of infrastructure
POLLUTION Greenhouse emission
reductionReplacement of fossil
fuel by RE sources
3
Market potential for dehydrated products
Fruit snacks are among the best performing products in sweet and savory snacks in Europe EU - largest importer of dehydrated fruitsWorldwide - projected value gains gt 5 Asia - projected value gains gt 13 Latin America ndash Up to 20
Source EuromonitorThe final consumer
The food processing
industry
2 main markets
4
Design of Solar-Biomass Dryer for Broccoli in Murcia Region (Spain)
Location Province of Murcia Southeast of Spain
High average annual solar radiation - 1850 KWhm2
High number of agricultural cooperatives
Potential clients Agricultural cooperatives FECOAM Agromediterranea Hortofrutiacutecola
Fruit and vegetable leader companies20000 ha of productionExperience in production amp processing goods
Type of vegetable BroccoliPopular vegetable - High glucosinolates content
- Stop cancer- Protect DNA from oxidative damage by toxins
High market demand (375000 tns) ndash 75 in MurciaHigh market price between 15 and 2 euro per 50grams of dried product
5httpwwwfoodsfromspaincom
Solar drying
bull Removal of water content Provide Latent heat evaporation Extraction of water vapour from the products
bull Effective alternative to traditional sun drying methodsbullThe most common method for dehydration of food
Major drawbackit can only be used during the daytime6
httpnepalsolarcomproductsphp
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Content
Introduction Purposes amp Objectivesbull Location product amp clientsbull Solar driersbull Biomassbull Drying processbull Drier components
Case study Methodology bull Drying curvesbull Energy amp water requirementsbull Selection of drier componentsbull Simulation bull Economic analysis
Results and conclusions
2
DDDD Purposes amp Objectives
Optimize solar-biomass drying
system Faster drying process
Reducing wastage Adding value to farms
POST ndash HARVEST LOSSES (30-50)
Poor handling facilities Processing technologies
Lack of infrastructure
POLLUTION Greenhouse emission
reductionReplacement of fossil
fuel by RE sources
3
Market potential for dehydrated products
Fruit snacks are among the best performing products in sweet and savory snacks in Europe EU - largest importer of dehydrated fruitsWorldwide - projected value gains gt 5 Asia - projected value gains gt 13 Latin America ndash Up to 20
Source EuromonitorThe final consumer
The food processing
industry
2 main markets
4
Design of Solar-Biomass Dryer for Broccoli in Murcia Region (Spain)
Location Province of Murcia Southeast of Spain
High average annual solar radiation - 1850 KWhm2
High number of agricultural cooperatives
Potential clients Agricultural cooperatives FECOAM Agromediterranea Hortofrutiacutecola
Fruit and vegetable leader companies20000 ha of productionExperience in production amp processing goods
Type of vegetable BroccoliPopular vegetable - High glucosinolates content
- Stop cancer- Protect DNA from oxidative damage by toxins
High market demand (375000 tns) ndash 75 in MurciaHigh market price between 15 and 2 euro per 50grams of dried product
5httpwwwfoodsfromspaincom
Solar drying
bull Removal of water content Provide Latent heat evaporation Extraction of water vapour from the products
bull Effective alternative to traditional sun drying methodsbullThe most common method for dehydration of food
Major drawbackit can only be used during the daytime6
httpnepalsolarcomproductsphp
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
DDDD Purposes amp Objectives
Optimize solar-biomass drying
system Faster drying process
Reducing wastage Adding value to farms
POST ndash HARVEST LOSSES (30-50)
Poor handling facilities Processing technologies
Lack of infrastructure
POLLUTION Greenhouse emission
reductionReplacement of fossil
fuel by RE sources
3
Market potential for dehydrated products
Fruit snacks are among the best performing products in sweet and savory snacks in Europe EU - largest importer of dehydrated fruitsWorldwide - projected value gains gt 5 Asia - projected value gains gt 13 Latin America ndash Up to 20
Source EuromonitorThe final consumer
The food processing
industry
2 main markets
4
Design of Solar-Biomass Dryer for Broccoli in Murcia Region (Spain)
Location Province of Murcia Southeast of Spain
High average annual solar radiation - 1850 KWhm2
High number of agricultural cooperatives
Potential clients Agricultural cooperatives FECOAM Agromediterranea Hortofrutiacutecola
Fruit and vegetable leader companies20000 ha of productionExperience in production amp processing goods
Type of vegetable BroccoliPopular vegetable - High glucosinolates content
- Stop cancer- Protect DNA from oxidative damage by toxins
High market demand (375000 tns) ndash 75 in MurciaHigh market price between 15 and 2 euro per 50grams of dried product
5httpwwwfoodsfromspaincom
Solar drying
bull Removal of water content Provide Latent heat evaporation Extraction of water vapour from the products
bull Effective alternative to traditional sun drying methodsbullThe most common method for dehydration of food
Major drawbackit can only be used during the daytime6
httpnepalsolarcomproductsphp
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Market potential for dehydrated products
Fruit snacks are among the best performing products in sweet and savory snacks in Europe EU - largest importer of dehydrated fruitsWorldwide - projected value gains gt 5 Asia - projected value gains gt 13 Latin America ndash Up to 20
Source EuromonitorThe final consumer
The food processing
industry
2 main markets
4
Design of Solar-Biomass Dryer for Broccoli in Murcia Region (Spain)
Location Province of Murcia Southeast of Spain
High average annual solar radiation - 1850 KWhm2
High number of agricultural cooperatives
Potential clients Agricultural cooperatives FECOAM Agromediterranea Hortofrutiacutecola
Fruit and vegetable leader companies20000 ha of productionExperience in production amp processing goods
Type of vegetable BroccoliPopular vegetable - High glucosinolates content
- Stop cancer- Protect DNA from oxidative damage by toxins
High market demand (375000 tns) ndash 75 in MurciaHigh market price between 15 and 2 euro per 50grams of dried product
5httpwwwfoodsfromspaincom
Solar drying
bull Removal of water content Provide Latent heat evaporation Extraction of water vapour from the products
bull Effective alternative to traditional sun drying methodsbullThe most common method for dehydration of food
Major drawbackit can only be used during the daytime6
httpnepalsolarcomproductsphp
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Design of Solar-Biomass Dryer for Broccoli in Murcia Region (Spain)
Location Province of Murcia Southeast of Spain
High average annual solar radiation - 1850 KWhm2
High number of agricultural cooperatives
Potential clients Agricultural cooperatives FECOAM Agromediterranea Hortofrutiacutecola
Fruit and vegetable leader companies20000 ha of productionExperience in production amp processing goods
Type of vegetable BroccoliPopular vegetable - High glucosinolates content
- Stop cancer- Protect DNA from oxidative damage by toxins
High market demand (375000 tns) ndash 75 in MurciaHigh market price between 15 and 2 euro per 50grams of dried product
5httpwwwfoodsfromspaincom
Solar drying
bull Removal of water content Provide Latent heat evaporation Extraction of water vapour from the products
bull Effective alternative to traditional sun drying methodsbullThe most common method for dehydration of food
Major drawbackit can only be used during the daytime6
httpnepalsolarcomproductsphp
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Solar drying
bull Removal of water content Provide Latent heat evaporation Extraction of water vapour from the products
bull Effective alternative to traditional sun drying methodsbullThe most common method for dehydration of food
Major drawbackit can only be used during the daytime6
httpnepalsolarcomproductsphp
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Biomass as Energy Source for Heat
7
bull Spain 32 pellets plants - 150000 tn
bull Huge potential market for olive stonesbull 2013 8 million tons olives (15 pellets) bull De-stoning olives before oil extractionbull Special design combustion boilers
Source wwwdondeviajarnet
wwwsolucionesparaelfuturocom
www demarchde
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Solar ndash Biomass Hybrid Drying
Advantages compared to solar energy systemsbull Continuous year-round operationbull 60-80 reduction in drying timebull Improves the financial viability
Examples of Real Life Applications bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Thailand Commercial Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Thailand
bull Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Nepal Research Centre for Applied Science (RECAST) bull FD-50 Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer Philippines Research of Solar Laboratory at UPDUPLB
8
httpwwwpcretgovpkfilesSTbrochurepdf
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Drying process (I)
Heat Transfers Conduction conveccion amp radiation
3 main steps Pre drying processing Drying treatment Post-drying treatment
Main factors Temperature airflow velocity of drying air relative humidity material size
Phase I bull Heat up the material till the drying temperature is achievedbull The product surface is saturated with vaporbull Lasting till there is enough water in the product surface
Phase IIbull Decrease in the rate period as the surface is not vapor saturated bull Moisture diffusion controlled by the internal liquid movement
Phase IIIFalling rate drying Moisture flow from the interior to the surface decreases Lasting till an equilibrium is achieved (drying stop)
Key factor Drying rate increases with Temperature reducing dying time
Source (Bellesiottis et al 2011)
9
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Drying process (II)
Drying process Transfer of heat to ensure the products get the latent heat of vaporization Extraction of water vapor from the goods Air velocity of 01 ms - adequate for drying most food products10
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Solar-Biomass Drier Components
Solar flat collectors
bull Absorbs the incoming solar radiationbull Convert it into heatbull Transfers the heat to a fluidbull Oriented and sloped properly
bullAbsorbing plate (aluminum cooper steel)bull Fluidbull Top transparent coverbull Edge and back insulationbull Enclosure that forms a casing
Conversion factor amp Heat loss coefficient
11www gogreenheatsolutionscoza
httpsnewenergyportalwordpresscomcategorysolar-energy
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Biomass boilerSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Integrated with the solar drier systembull More reliable and economical systembull Solar collectors as the main heating systembull Biomass boiler as the heating backup
bull Use of different types of biomassbull Special design for olive stonesbull Reduce the costs for generating heat
12
httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Air treatment unit (ATU)Solar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Equipment designed to meet the demand forinstallations with special air requirement
bull Automatically regulate temperature amp moisture
bull Removal of excess moisture Moisture separatorunit (condensed water drained off)
bull Hot amp Cold sections to heat cold the input airwith the use of heat exchanger batteries
bull Fan to circulate the air to the drying chamber
bull Input data Masic flow water T Moisture amp T (air)
bull Output Batteries blower condenser compressor
13Source www scielobr
httpwwwarchiexpocom
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Drying chamberSolar-Biomass Drier Components
bull Commercial units to dry up products(fruits vegetables fish meat plants)
bull ATU - provide the hot air
bull Control Temp amp humidity by ATU
14httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Project MethodologyDrier Requirements For The Process Moisture Removal and Drying Curves
Broccoli
To design the proper drying processbull Initial drying conditionsbull Drying curvesbull Optimum moisture removal ratebull Drying time
Most dry vegetables Moist content lt 20
To optimize the drying process the rightamount of moisture removal is necessary
Special aim to retain initial GLs content
Maldonado (2003) T=60ordmC amp WC=15Low GLs degradation rate
Similar conclusion (Mrkic et al 2010)
Target Drying with 60ordmC till 15 WC
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
15
60ordmC
70ordmC
80ordmC
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Drier Requirements For The Process Drying TimeProject Methodology
(Maldonado et al 2003) research
Drying curves at several dry bulb temperature (6070 and 80ordmC) were constructed
The moisture in fresh broccoli was 9211
When the drying temperature is higher themoisture decrease in the solid is greater
Most suitable constant-rate zones at 60 ordmC
Conclussion The equilibrium humidity level wasreached after three hours of drying at 60ordmC
(Deanna 1992) research ndash similar results (25 hrs)
Case Study
Source Maldonado (2003)
16
Time (hrs)
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Energy Requirements For The Process Heat Transfer
= 782890 (3 3600 sc) = 725 KW
Project Methodology
Determination of the amount of heat required to dry up broccoli
Assumptions 907 as initial moisture content 15 as final moisture content
- 8905 gr of moisture removed per kg Cp of 401 kJkgordmC as specific heat capacity Initial temperature of the broccoli = 25degC Drying temperature = 60degC for 3 hours
Latent heat evaporation (water) = 2257 KJkg
Heat energy required for each kg of broccoli
Case Study
For 400 kg broccoli
Masic flow17
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Hot water requirementsProject Methodology
The initial and final conditions of the air and water in the ATUWater Input temperature 80ordmC output temperature 50ordmC
Approximate ATU losses 20 (supplier info)Input water (T= 80ordmC) = 21525 liters per day
Hot water requirements Unit Quantity
Air heat required KW 725
Air heat required KWd 580
Air heat required KJd 20880000
Losses in ATU ‐ 20 KJd 25056000
Water temperature input ordmC 80
Water temperature output ordmC 50
Fluid specific heat glicol 20 KJkg 388
Flow ld 215258
Pipe diameter () Inches 1 14 1 14
Fluid velocity ms 24
Case Study
18
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
EquipmentSolar Flat Plate collector
bullViessman Vitosol 200 F
bull Highly efficient sol-titanium coated cooperabsorber with effective insulation
bull Awarded with the rating Very Good byStiftung Warentest
Case Study
19httpwwwviessmannes
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
EquipmentBiomass boiler
bull Hergom Oliva 100bull Local biomass (olive stones) or particles grain size lt 40 mmbull Maximum boiler output 100 kW bull Power automatically regulated Potentiometers pump control system thermostatsbull Two types of smoke flow Direct amp tangential to the walls of the combustion chamberbull High performance (up to 90 energy efficiency)bull Automatic feeding system ndash able to work for long periods of timebull Ashes removed in an easy way
1 Fuel feeding system2 Combustion chamber3 Secondary air flow4 Smoke passing area5 Secondary smoke passing area6 Third smoke passing area7 Smoke exit8 Smoke extractor9 Water flow10 Water flow return11 Cleaning system12 Thermal insulation13 Ceramic fiber insulation14 Dash recovery system15 Dash chamber16 Ventilator for combustion air
Case Study
20httpwwwhergomalternativecom
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Equipment
Air treatment unit (ATU)
bullModel System Air ndash Danvent DV20
bullAutomatically control T amp moisturebullAdjustable air inflow amp outflow sectionsbullFilter sectionsbullHeat amp cold batteriesbullFan
bullUnits built in modulesbullAssembled on sitebullSoftware to determine ATU components
Case Study
21
httpwwwarchiexpocom
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
EquipmentDrying chamber
bullModel Progress Inzenjering VTS 3000
bullMaximum capacity of 3000 kgday
bullDesigned rate of 400 kg every 3 hours
bullMetal with double walls and heat insulated
bullGoods placed on plates within a carriage
bullLoading manually or mechanically
Case Study
22
httpwwwprogres-cacakrsVoce_ehtml
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
EquipmentStorage tank
bull Supplier Viessmanbull Thermal reservoirbull Heat added by the biomass boiler solar systembull Steady supply of hot water to the UTAbull Equipped with temperature sensors to be connectedto a control system that regulate the boiler operation
Case Study
23httpwwwviessmanncaenDistrict_HeatingProductsdhwStorage_Tankshtml
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
EquipmentHeat dissipater
Model Ferroli AE F10 ndash Up to 10 PanelsAE F20 - Up to 20 PanelsAE F30 - Up to 30 Panels
Dissipates the excess of heat producedParticularly for the summer season
Required data- The external air temperature- The temperature of the fluid- Percentage of glycol- Capacity that needs to be dissipated
Case Study
24httpinditeresproductoscatalogoaerotermos-solaresaspx
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Simulation
T-Sol Simulator ResultsDetermine the optimum number of collectors required for the design of the projectTo assess the thermal performance of the solar systemInput data Geographical and climatological characteristics climate zone
global solar radiation (MJm2) horizontal radiation (KJm2d)latitude (ordmmin) altitude (m) average relative humidity()max amp Minwater temperature (ordmC) average ambient temperature (ordmC)collector characteristics collector surface (m2)
Consumption data for the energy needs and reference temperature (80ordmC)
Results of annual simulation(System with 10 flat solar collectors)
bull Installed collector power 177 kW bull Installed solar surface area (gross) 252 msup2bull Irradiation (collectors) 45 MWh 1805 kWhmsup2bull Energy delivered 15 MWh 590 kWhmsup2
Results also presented with efficiency data energy balance solar fraction fuel savings CO2 emissions wood pellet savings
Case Study
25
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Economic AnalysisSystem Costs
10 Collectors system Ref
Collector costs Model size
Unit price (euro) Units Cost (euro) (I)
SupplierViessmanVitosol 200F
776 10 7760
Storage tank costs (II)
Supplier Viessman (l) 1300 4500 1 4500
Supplier Viessman (l) 2550 6000
Supplier Viessman (l) 3800 7500
Biomass boiler (III)
Supplier HergomHergom
Oliva 10020931 1 20931
Air treatmet Unit (IV)
Supplier SystemairDanvent
DV204610 1 4610
Drier Chamber (V)
Supplier Progres Inzenjering
VTS-3000 (estimated
price) 7500 1 7500
Heat exchanger (VII)Supplier Ferroli AE-F 10 765 1 765Supplier Ferroli AE-F 20 1015
Pipework amp components (VI)
Pipes supports valves insulation
150 10 1500
Labour (VI)Installation works Coll 600 10 6000
Total costs 53566
The following table shows the costs for a solar dryer with 10 collectors system + boiler
(I) Viessman pricelist (wwwcomercialgoheresTarifa5CEnergiaSolar5CViessmannpdf)(II) (wwwcalemures2009productoscalefaccionviessmanacumuladores-viessmantodos14907html) prices estimated(III) Tarifas Hergom 2012 (wwwhergomcom)(IV) See ATU quote in appendix 4(V) Supplier PROGRES INŽENJERING price estimated according to similar drier chambers in the market(V) Supplier Technisolar (wwwtechnisolares) price estimated according to supplier information(VII) httpwwwferroliestarifas2012calefaccion
Case Study
26
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Operation amp Maintenance CostsEconomic Analysis
Operation and maintenance costs for the drier system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
10 collectors (8 hrday)
Labor costsNordm of people 2Salary for drier operator amp preparatory labour (euromonth) 1500Total labor costs (euroyear) 36000
Operating costsMaintenance 15 equipment cost (euro) 8035
Total costs (euroyear) 51077
Capital costsEquipment cost (euro) 53566Interest rate () 10Period of years 15
Total capital cost (euroyear) 7043
27
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Energy CostsEconomic Analysis
Energy costs for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Critical review on the pelletizing technology combustion technology and industrial‐scale systems 2012 European Commission under the EIE programme(II) Supplier Calor-eco (httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Electricity consumption of the ATU is 38 kWhr See appendix 4 quote from Systemair(IV) The price of the KWh in Spain is currently 0185 eurokWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
Case Study
28
Energy Costs 10 Collectorssystem
Pellets consumed by the boiler
Annual power required (MWh) 576
Calorific value (KWhkg) 5Boiler working hours (h) 800Pellets required per year (kg) 33297Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012Daily cost (euro) 1682Montly cost (euro) 36997Yearly cost (euro) 443964
Total (euroyear) 443964
Electricity consumed by the ATU
KWhd required 48704Unit price (euroKWh) 0124Daily cost (euro) 6039Montly cost (euro) 130851
Total (euroyear) 1570217
Total costs (euroyear) 2014181
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Product Costs amp RevenuesEconomic Analysis
Product costs and revenues for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
(I) Based in the two mainSpanish suppliers(wwwbiolandiaesalimentos362-polvo-de-brocoli-deshidratadohtml )(wwwcartagenaecologicacombrocoli-ecologico-deshidratado-murcia-ecologica-venta-onlinesearch=brocoli )(II) See appendix 8(wwwdpzesdiputacionareaspresidenciaz4e_observatorioproductophppr=5)
Case Study
29
DRY BROCCOLI PRODUCTION REVENUE Unit Quantity RefDrying 1500
Fresh broccoli per load kg 40000
Broccoli production per load hr 6000
Drying duration period hr 300
Load amp reload duration hr 003
Preheating duration hr 025
Duration per load hr 328
Loads per day u 244
Average market price (dry broccoli) eurokg 1150 (I)Daily revenue euro 16812
Montly revenue euro 364264
Total revenue per year euro 43711675
FRESH BROCCOLI COST
Quantity kgd 9746Quantity kgy 2534010Price eurokg 077 (II)
Purchase costs per year euro 19511878
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Cash FlowEconomic Analysis
Cash Flow for dryer system with10 collectors + boiler
Case Study
30
CASH FLOW (10 collectors system)
Ref Year Year
Outcomes IncomesInital costs (No
boiler)
Biomas boiler
Operation costs Labour Capital
costs EnergyFresh
Product Cost
Pretreatment amp
cutting
Milling amp Packaging Total costs
Total income from dry products
Cash flow
0 2013 32635 20931 0 0 53566 -535661 2014 0 8035 36000 7043 20142 195119 35000 45000 346338 437117 907792 2015 0 8229 36868 7212 21745 199021 37786 48582 359443 445859 864163 2016 0 8427 37756 7386 23476 203002 40794 52449 373290 454776 814874 2017 0 8630 38666 7564 25345 207062 44041 56624 387931 463872 759405 2018 0 8838 39598 7746 27362 211203 47547 61131 403425 473149 697246 2019 0 9051 40552 7933 29540 215427 51331 65997 419832 482612 627807 2020 0 9269 41529 8124 31892 219735 55417 71251 437218 492264 550468 2021 0 9492 42530 8320 34430 224130 59829 76922 455654 502110 464569 2022 0 9721 43555 8521 37171 228613 64591 83045 475217 512152 36935
10 2023 0 9955 44605 8726 40130 233185 69732 89656 495989 522395 2640611 2024 0 10195 45680 8936 43324 237849 75283 96792 518060 532843 1478312 2025 0 10441 46781 9152 46772 242606 81276 104497 541524 543500 197513 2026 0 10693 47908 9372 50496 247458 87745 112815 566487 554370 -1211714 2027 0 10950 49063 9598 54515 252407 94730 121795 593058 565457 -2760115 2028 0 11214 50245 9829 58854 257455 102270 131490 621359 576766 -44592
Discount Rate 10 NPV 3523218
OampM (∆) 241 IRR 164
Labour Cost (∆) 241 NPV Benefits 4058878Dry productprice (∆) 2 NPV Invest 535660
Energy Cost (∆) 796 Annual Paym 533636Fresh Product(∆) 2 Payback per 10
Source Guideline VDI-Standard VDI 2067
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Comparison
Case StudyEconomic Analysis
31
RESULTS ON ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR 10 20 30 AND NONE FLAT SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH THE USE OF ONE BIOMASS BOILER (8 hrd)
Numberof
collector
Area(m2)
CollectorPower
installed(KW)
Irradiation on to
collector surface (MWh)
Irradiation on to
collector surface
(KWhm2)
Power delivere
d by collector
s (MWhy)
Power delivered
by collector
s (KWhm
2)
Energy from
auxiliary heating (KW)
Wood pellets savings
(Kg)
Solar fraction
()
System efficienc
y ()NPV (euro) IRR
()
NPV Benefits
(euro)
NPV investme
nt (euro)
Annual payment
(euro)
Payback
period(years)
10 23 1764 4551 18057 1487 59018 576 34569 113 312 352322 164 405888 53566 53364 10
20 504 3528 9101 18057 2807 557 444 66252 202 300 306018 117 376594 70576 49512 14
30 756 5292 13651 18057 384 50793 341 93336 275 281 255290 87 343391 88101 45147 20
- - - - - - - 725 - - - 376435 201 421476 45041 55413 08
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Environmental Impact
Case Study
32
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler annual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Summary Conclusions
bull Viable project according (demand dried products vs costs)bull Drier with just biomass boiler has lower payback periodbull Drying process is further optimizedbull Suitable for big farmer associations amp small farmer groupsbull Increase economic development of many rural areasbull Vital to preserve agricultural surplus products
33 httpwwwtermoplinrsgallery_dryers_fruits_vegetableshtml
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327
Considerations
Environmental ImpactbullReduction of GHEbullSustainable utilization of energyresources
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission (EIEprogramme)(II) Supplier Calor-eco(httpwwwcalor-ecoeslista-de-precioshtml)(III) Official price inSpain on 31-11-2013(httpwwwdieselogasolinacom)(IV)The price of the KWhin Spain is currently0185 EuroskWh(httpwwwmineturgobesenergiaelectricidadTarifasTarifas2008Paginaspreciosaspx)
(I)Review of pelletizingtechnology combustiontechnology systems2012-EuropeanCommission(EIEprogramme)(II)httpwwwsunearthtoolscomestoolsCO2-emissions-calculatorphptxtCO2_9
Economic Viability amp Environmental Impact
Case Study
Economic Viabilitybull Fast Paid-Backbull Increase valuebull Generation of rural employment
Benefitsbull Enabling continuous dryingbull Enhancing quality of dried fruitsbullReducing post-harvest lostbullOpportunity to process amp store
34
Pellets requiremets 10 Collectors system Ref
Solar power supplied (MWh) 149Boiler anual power supplied (MWh) 576Pellet calorific value (KWhkg) 47 (I)Pellets required per year (kg) 3164Unit price pellets olive stones (eurokg) 012 (II)
Pellets yearly cost (euro) 37966Petrol savingPetrol required per year (lt) 6928Unit price petrol(eurol) 1107 (III)Petrol daily cost (euro) 2905Petrol montly cost (euro) 63909Petrol yearly cost (euro) 766914
Petrol yearly savings (euro) 766914 Electricity savingUnit price (euroKWh) 0124 (IV)Daily cost (euro) 3405Montly cost (euro) 74917Yearly cost (euro) 899000
Electricity yearly savings (euro) 899000 Renewal energy generated per year (MWhy) 503 Ref
Fossil fuel savingsPetrol calorific value (KWhkg) 115 (I)Petrol required per year (lt) 48033CO2 generated per petrol (kgl) 263 (II)
Total CO2 savings (kg) 126327