61832 fm.sm i-xxvii€¦ · fyi family violence and animal cruelty 197 8.4 explaining and...
TRANSCRIPT
Leonard Glick
Allyn & Bacon75 Arlington St., Suite 300
Boston, MA 02116www.ablongman.com
ISBN 0-205-40278-X(Please use above number to order your exam copy.)
© 2005
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S The pages of this Table of Contents may have
slight variations in final published form.
Visit www.ablongman.com/replocator to contact your local Allyn & Bacon/Longman representative.
CRIMINOLOGY
CONTENTS vv
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY? 3
1.2 CRIMINOLOGY AND THE CRIMINOLOGIST’S ROLES 5The Criminologist Explains the Causes of Crime 5
The Criminologist as Theoretician and Researcher 6
The Criminologist as Critic and Evaluator 7
1.3 CRIMINOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH 8Objectivity 8
Factual Data and Precision 8
Verification and Appraisal 9
1.4 CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 10The Functionalist or Consensus Perspective 10
The Conflict Perspective 11
The Interactionist Perspective 12
1.5 THE NATURE OF DEVIANT AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 13Conformity and Mechanisms of Control: Norms and Laws 13
How Do Social Norms Become Laws? 14
1.6 DEFINING CRIME 16The Legal Definition of Crime 16
Crime Is Relative 17
Mala Prohibita and Mala in Se 18
Civil Law and Criminal Law 18
Juvenile Delinquency 19
1.7 DURKHEIM ON THE NORMALITY OF CRIME 19
1.8 SUMMARY 20
Study Guide 22
Reading 1.1: Crime as Normal Behavior by Émile Durkheim 25
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CHAPTER 2
vi CONTENTS
2.1 INTRODUCTION: RESEARCHING CRIME 29
2.2 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DATA COLLECTION 30Survey Research: Questionnaires 30
Survey Research: Interviews 31
Experimentation 32
FYI The Controlled Experiment: Drug Therapy Research
for Children 32
Observation: Detached and Participant 33
The Case Study 33
Aggregate Data Research 34
2.3 THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS 35Part I and Part II Crimes 35
Limitations and Criticisms of the Uniform Crime Report 38
2.4 OTHER WAYS TO MEASURE CRIME 40The National Crime Victimization Survey 40
FYI The National Crime Victimization
Survey (NCVS) 41
Limitations of the National Crime Victimization Survey 41
FYI The Nation’s Two Crime Measures 42
The National Incident-Based Reporting System 44
FYI The National Incident-Based Reporting System 44
Self-Report Surveys and Their Limitations 45
2.5 CRIME PATTERNS: CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINALS AND CRIME VICTIMS 46Ecological and Time Factors 47
Profiles Crime Patterns: The Time of Day and Place 47
Crime and Age 48
Crime and Gender 49
Crime and Race and Class 50
2.6 SUMMARY 52
Study Guide 53
Reading 2.1: The Professional Thief by Edwin Sutherland 56
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CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION: THEORIES OF CRIME 59
3.2 TRADITIONAL EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME 60Spiritual and Natural Explanations 60
FYI Spiritual Explanations for Crime 61
FYI Natural Explanations for Crime 62
The Classical School of Criminology 62
3.3 CESARE BECCARIA 64Eighteenth-Century Criminal Law 64
FYI Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms 65
Social Contract Theory 65
Pleasure, Pain, and Punishment 65
3.4 JEREMY BENTHAM 66Utilitarianism 66
The Greatest Happiness and Social Control 67
Influences of the Classical School 68
3.5 THE POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY 69Auguste Comte 69
Cesare Lombroso 70
FYI Lombroso’s Study of a Criminal’s Brain 71
Enrico Ferri 71
FYI Ferri Believed in Social Reform 72
Raffaele Garofalo 73
3.6 CONTEMPORARY CLASSICISM AND POSITIVISM 75Rational Choice Theory 76
Deterrence Theory 77
An Economic Model of Crime 78
Routine Activities Theory 78
3.7 SUMMARY 80
Study Guide 81
Reading 3.1: Contemporary Classicism: Deterrence and
Econometrics, and Implications and Conclusions
by George B. Vold and Thomas J. Bernard 84
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viii CONTENTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 87
4.2 CRIMINALITY AND GENETICS 88Studies of Body Measurements 89
Twin Studies and Adoption Studies 90
FYI Additional Studies Show Statistical Significance 91
FYI Adoption Studies Support Role of Genetic Factors 93
Chromosomal Research 94
FYI The Origins of Violence: Nurturing Nature 95
4.3 BIOCHEMICAL INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR 96Dietary Factors 96
FYI Research on Diet and Behavior 97
Environmental Exposure to Chemicals 98
Hormonal Levels 99
FYI Hormone Studies Have Contradictory Results 100
Alcohol and Drugs 101
4.4 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS 102Brain-Wave Abnormalities 103
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 104
4.5 SUMMARY 105
Study Guide 106
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CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER 5
5.1 INTRODUCTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 109
5.2 PSYCHIATRIC EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIMINALBEHAVIOR 110Freudian Explanations for Crime 110
FYI Freud’s Id, Ego, and Super Ego 111
Mental Disorders and Crime 111
5.3 BEHAVIORAL EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME 113Bandura and Social Learning Theory 114
Violence and Crime in the Media 115
FYI Television in America 115
5.4 COGNITIVE THEORIES AND CRIME 116Intelligence and Criminal Behavior 117
Kohlberg and Moral Development 117
FYI Kohlberg’s Moral Dilemma 118
5.5 PERSONALITY THEORIES AND CRIME 119Personality Traits 120
FYI What is a Personality Disorder? 120
Antisocial Personality Disorder 120
5.6 SUMMARY 122
Study Guide 123
Reading 5.1: Media Violence and Youth by John P. Murray 125
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x CONTENTS
6.1 INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURE-BASED EXPLANATIONS 129
6.2 SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY 130
FYI On Social Change 131
Social Disorganization and Social Change 131
The Chicago School of Criminology 132
6.3 STRAIN THEORY 134Merton’s Means/Ends Theory 135
FYI Retreatism, Rebellion, Innovation, and
Ritualism 136
Agnew’s General Strain Theory 136
FYI Agnew’s Three Types of Strain 138
6.4 SUBCULTURAL DELINQUENCY THEORIES 140Studies of Delinquent Gangs 140
FYI Cloward and Ohlin’s Three Types of
Delinquent Subcultures 142
Lower-Class Cultural Theory 142
The Subculture of Violence 144
6.5 SUMMARY 146
Study Guide 147
Reading 6.1: Illegitimate Means and Delinquent
Subcultures by Richard A. Cloward
and Lloyd E. Ohlin 151
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CONTENTS xi
7.1 INTRODUCTION: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES II 155
7.2 DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY 156Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 156
FYI Criminal Behavior as Normal Learned Behavior 157
FYI Differential Association 158
Reinforcement Theory: Burgess and Akers 160
Differential Identification and Anticipation Theories: Glaser 161
7.3 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY 162Travis Hirschi on Control Theory: Elements of the
Social Bond 162
FYI Hirschi’s Four Elements of the Social Bond 163
A General Theory of Crime: Gottfredson and Hirschi 164
7.4 CONFLICT THEORY 165Karl Marx and the Conflict Perspective 166
Richard Quinney and the Social Reality of Crime 167
7.5 FEMINIST THEORY 169Socialist Feminism 169
Radical Feminism 171
Moderate or Liberal Feminism 171
7.6 LABELING THEORY 172Howard S. Becker on Labeling Theory 173
FYI Labeling Theorists’ Assumptions 174
An Assessment of Labeling Theory 174
7.7 SUMMARY 176
Study Guide 177
Reading 7.1: Feminism for the Mainstream Criminologist:
An Invitation by Jeanne Flavin 180
CHAPTER 7FR
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xii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 8
8.1 INTRODUCTION 185
8.2 ASSAULT 186Profiles Assault 187
Assault Rates and Trends 187
Assaultive Behavior in the Workplace 187
Profiles UCR Data on Aggravated Assault 188
Profiles Violence at Work 190
8.3 ASSAULT AND ABUSE IN THE AMERICAN FAMILY 190
Profiles Nationwide Poll on Domestic Violence 192
Spouse Assault 192
FYI Women and Men as Victims 192
Intimate Partner Violence 193
The Assault and Abuse of Children 194
FYI Some Facts on Child Abuse 196
Sibling, Elder, and Parent Assault 196
FYI Family Violence and Animal Cruelty 197
8.4 EXPLAINING AND RESPONDING TO ASSAULTIVE AND ABUSIVEBEHAVIOR 198Psychopathological Explanations for Violence 198
Sociocultural Explanations for Violence 199
Childhood Assault and Adult Criminal Behavior 200
Economic Explanations for Violence 200
Responses to the Problem of Family Violence 202
8.5 RAPE 204
Profiles Rape 204
8.6 EXPLAINING AND RESPONDING TO RAPE 206FYI Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and
Medical Attention, 1992–2000 208
8.7 SUMMARY 209
Study Guide 211
Reading 8.1: The Criminalization of Domestic Violence
by Fran S. Davis 214
Reading 8.2: Violence against Women: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
by Toni Nelson 222
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CONTENTS xiii
CHAPTER 9
9.1 INTRODUCTION: DEFINING VIOLENT CRIMESAGAINST PERSONS 227
9.2 ROBBERY 228
Profiles Robbery Characteristics 229
FYI Clearance and Arrest Rates 230
A Typology of Robbers 230
Robbery Patterns, Choices, and Motives 231
9.3 MURDER 232FYI Weapons Used in Homicides 233
Characteristics of Murderers and Their Victims 234
FYI Intimate Homicide 235
Circumstances That Lead to Murder 236
Serial and Mass Murder 238
Explaining Criminal Homicide 239
Profiles School Violence 241
School Violence and School Shootings 241
9.4 HATE CRIME 243Hate Crime Victim, Offender, and Incident Characteristics 244
FYI Other Facts about Hate Crimes 244
Types of Hate Crime Offenders 245
Organized Hate/Bias Groups 246
Responses to Hate Crime 247
FYI National Hate Crime Training Initiative 248
9.5 TERRORISM 249Terrorist Goals and Means 250
Cyberterrorism 251
Responding to Terrorism 252
9.6 SUMMARY 253
Study Guide 255
Reading 9.1: Mass Murder by James A. Fox and Jack Levin 259
Reading 9.2: Talking to Children about Terrorism and
Armed Conflict by Judith A. Myers-Walls 263
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xiv CONTENTS
CHAPTER 10
10.1 INTRODUCTION: DEFINING PROPERTY CRIMES 267
10.2 AN OVERVIEW OF PROPERTY CRIMES 268
Profiles Property Crimes in the United States 268
10.3 LARCENY–THEFT 269FYI Larceny–Theft 269
Types of Thieves: Amateur and Professional 271
FYI Amateur Thieves 272
Motor Vehicle Theft 273
FYI Motor Vehicle Theft 274
Carjacking: From Nonviolent to Violent Crime 276
Shoplifting 276
Identity Theft 278
10.4 FRAUD 279
10.5 BURGLARY 280
Profiles Burglary 281
FYI Data on Burglary 282
Types of Burglars and Their Methods 282
Responses to Burglary 284
10.6 FENCING 285FYI Arson 287
10.7 ARSON 287
Profiles Arson in the United States 287
10.8 SUMMARY 289
Study Guide 291
Reading 10.1: Crimes of Fraud by James A. Inciardi 294
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CONTENTS xv
CHAPTER 11
11.1 INTRODUCTION: WHITE-COLLAR CRIME DEFINED 297
11.2 EMBEZZLEMENT AND CONSUMER FRAUD 300
Profiles Embezzlement 301
Embezzlement: Explanations and Responses 302
Employee Pilferage and Theft 303
Consumer and Business-Opportunity Fraud 304
Home-Improvement and Real Estate Fraud 304
Health-Care Fraud 304
Securities and Investment Fraud 305
FYI Investment Fraud 306
Tax and Insurance Fraud 307
11.3 COMPUTER CRIME 308FYI Computer Crime 309
11.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME 310FYI Water Contamination 311
11.5 EXPLANATIONS FOR AND RESPONSES TO WHITE-COLLAR CRIME 313Prosecution of White-Collar Offenders 314
Controlling White-Collar Crime 316
11.6 ORGANIZED CRIME 318
Profiles Characteristics of Organized Crime Groups 319
FYI Organized Crime Activities 321
11.7 SUMMARY 322
Study Guide 323
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xvi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 12
12.1 INTRODUCTION: CRIMINALIZATION OF DRUG USE 327
12.2 DRUGS DEFINED 329
12.3 DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT DRUG USE 330FYI National Survey on Drug Use Finding 331
Profiles Drug Use and Abuse 331
Illicit Drug Use and Crime 332
FYI Alcohol and Crime: Victim and Offender Self-Reports of Alcohol Involvement in Crime 333
Alcohol Abuse 335
FYI The Effects of Alcohol 335
Multiple-Drug Use 336
FYI Research on Substance Abuse 336
12.4 ILLEGAL DRUGS 337Cannabis (Marijuana) 337
FYI Effects of Marijuana 337
Profiles Marijuana Trafficking 338
Amphetamines and Other Stimulants 338
Profiles Methamphetamine Trafficking 339
Profiles MDMA Trafficking 340
FYI Barbiturates 341
Barbiturates and Other Depressants 341
Profiles GHB/GBL Trafficking 341
Heroin and Other Narcotics 342
FYI Heroin and Crime 342
Profiles Heroin Trafficking 343
Cocaine and Crack 344
LSD, PCP, and Other Drugs 345
Profiles Trafficking in LSD, PCP, Flunitrazepam, and Steroids 345
12.5 EXPLANATIONS FOR ILLICIT DRUG USE AND ADDICTION 346Physiological Explanations 347
FYI The Limits of Physiological Explanations 348
Psychological Explanations 348
Sociological Explanations 350
FYI The Development of Drug Use and Addiction 351
12.6 RESPONDING TO THE DRUG PROBLEM 352
12.7 SEX-RELATED CRIMES 356Prostitution 356Pornography 358
12.8 SUMMARY 361
Study Guide 363Reading 12.1: Drugs and Predatory Crime by Jan M. Chaiken
and Marcia R. Chaiken 367Reading 12.2: Sex-Slave Trade Enters the U.S. by
Catherine Edwards and James Harder 372 FREECOPYNOT FOR RESALEFREECOPYNOT FOR RESALEFREECOPYNOT FOR RESALE
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CONTENTS xvii
CHAPTER 13
13.1 INTRODUCTION: THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 377
13.2 THE POLICE 379Historical Roots of U.S. Policing 380
Police Reform and Professionalism 381
13.3 POLICE ORGANIZATION 383Federal Law Enforcement 383
FYI The FBI 383
State Law Enforcement 385
County and Local Law Enforcement 385
13.4 POLICE ROLES AND THE FUTURE OF POLICING IN THE UNITED STATES 387FYI Discretion is Exercised Throughout the
Criminal Justice System 388
Police Discretion 388
Policing for Crime Prevention 389
13.5 THE COURTS 391The Funneling Effect 392
Participants in the Judicatory Process 393
Sentencing of Criminals 393
Profiles Attitudes About Sentencing 394
13.6 THE DEATH PENALTY 395
Profiles Arguments For and Against the Death Penalty 397
13.7 THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM 398FYI Processing of Juveniles 400
13.8 SUMMARY 401
Study Guide 402
Reading 13.1: Preventing Crime: The Promising Road Ahead
by Gene Stephens 405
Reading 13.2: Reasonable Doubts by Stephen Pomper 409
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xviii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 14
14.1 INTRODUCTION: CORRECTIONS 415
14.2 DETERRENCE AND IMPRISONMENT 416The Solitary System and the Silent System 417
Rehabilitation, Retributive Justice, and the Utilitarian Model 418
14.3 CORRECTIONS TODAY: JAILS AND PRISONS 419Types of Prisons 420
Profiles Prisoners 422
Prisoners and Prison Populations 422
Prison Conditions 422
Releases from State Prisons, Rearrests, and Reentry Trends 424
14.4 COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS: PROBATION 425FYI Major Objectives of Probation 426
The Model Penal Code and Probation Outcomes 427
FYI The Model Penal Code on Probation 427
Shock Probation and Intensive Probation Supervision 429
14.5 OTHER INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 430Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring 430
Restitution, Forfeiture, and Fines 431
14.6 PAROLE 432Methods of Parole Release and Parolee Characteristics 432
Profiles Parole 434
Parole Outcomes 434
FYI The Truth About Polly Klaas 436
14.7 RELEASE AND REENTRY PROGRAMS 437Furloughs and Halfway Houses 438
Restorative Justice 438
14.8 SUMMARY 440
Study Guide 442
Reading 14.1: The Goals of Punishment: The Return of
Retributivism and the Utilitarian Model
by Clemens Bartollas and John P. Conrad 445
Reading 14.2: Restorative Justice for Young Offenders and Their
Victims by Anne Seymour and Trudy Gregorie 448
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CHAPTER 15
15.1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS VICTIMOLOGY?
15.2 ESTIMATING VICTIMIZATION: THE NATIONAL CRIMEVICTIMIZATION SURVEYThe Advantages of the NCS and NCVS Data
Trends in Criminal Victimization in the U.S.
The Demographics of Criminal Victimization
Situational Characteristics of Victimization
Interpersonal Dynamics of Victimization
15.3 THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF VICTIMIZATIONVictim Precipitation
FYI: Research on Victimization in Intimate Partner
Homicides
Victim Lifestyle
Routine Activities
15.4 CONSEQUENCES OF VICTIMIZATIONFinancial Impacts
Physical and Psychological Impacts
Secondary Trauma
15.5 VICTIMS’ RIGHTSThe Victims’ Rights Movement
FYI: Proposed Changes to the Sixth Amendment
Monetary Reimbursement
Civil Remedies
Victim Participation Programs
15.6 SUMMARY
Study Guide
CONTENTS xix
Available only atwww.ablongman.com/glick1e
by Brad A. MyrstolSteven M. Chermak
61832_FM.sm_i-xxvii 10/8/04 4:17 PM Page xix