603-pt – revision 4 – 04.20.08.usa

11

Welcome to the International Right of Way

Association’s Course 603

Understanding Environmental Contamination in Real Estate

603.PPT.R5.2015.08.14.0.0

22

Introductions

Who we are…What we do…

Where we do it…

How long we’ve been doing it…

Our goals for the course...

33

Objectives At the conclusion of the course,

you will be able to...

Recognize situations that have the potential for

site contamination

Identify common types of contamination

Discuss potential implications of contamination on the right of way and to the project

Present options to manage or remediate environmental contamination

44

Housekeeping

55

Schedule (1)

8:00 - 8:30 Introductions, Etc.

8:30 -10:00 Contamination and Contaminants

10:15 -11:15 Geology, Hydrogeology and Hydrology

11:15 - 12:00 Contaminant Movement

1:00 - 2:00 Contamination Discovery

66

Schedule (2)

2:15 - 3:15 Contaminations Affects on theRight of Way and to the Project

3:15 - 3:45 Options to manage or Remediate

Environmental Contamination

3:45 - 4:00 Summary and Review

4:00 - 5:00 Exam

77

Contamination and Contaminants

88

Definitions (1)

Contaminants are any physical,chemical, biological or radiological

substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water or soil.

99

Definitions (2)

Hazardous substances are anymaterials that pose a threat to

human health and/or the environment.

1010

Definitions (3)

A contaminated or hazardous waste site

is a site at which hazardous substances

occur at concentrations above background

levels and where assessment indicates

the site poses, or is likely to pose

an immediate or long-term hazard

to human health or the environment.

1111

Exercise No. 1 (1)

Please look at the sketch assigned to your group and with your group

identify property uses (e.g., gas station), the processes (i.e., activities or

conditions that might result in the presence and/or release of

contaminants or hazardous substances and the specific types of

contaminants or hazardous substances. Next, write the group’s project on the top of a sheet of

flip chart paper and list the property issues, processes and contaminants

or hazardous substances related to your project.

1212

Exercise No. 1 (2)

Auto wrecking yard: oils, grease, lubricants, paint chips, automotive fluids

Agricultural land: fertilizer and pesticide application, manure spreading, nitrates, pesticide residues

Dairy: cleaning chemicals, solvents, greases; possible routine or emergency fuel supply (oil?), milk, cream, asbestos containing materials (e.g., pipe elbows, boilers); mercury containing equipment, PCB containing equipment (e.g., light ballasts, capacitors)

Residential area 1930s: lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials (e.g., floor tiles); oil USTs or ASTs (depending on heating source in region), pesticides for insect infestation

Residential area 1970s: oil USTs, ASTs; possible but less likely ACM, LBP, hydraulic elevators, pesticides for insect infestation

1313

Exercise No. 1 (3)

Treated wood pole storage yard: residues from poles (depends on treatment), chromated copper arsenate, pentachlorophenol, creosote (i.e., PAH)

Residential area 1920s: lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials (e.g., floor tiles), oil USTs or ASTs (depending on heating source in region), imported fills

Highway and maintenance yard, vehicle garage: possible fuel storage (e.g., UST or ASTs, diesel, gasoline, MTBE, possible on-site heating oil storage), solvents, greases, lubricants storage/spills, road salt or other material storage, ACM in building materials, PCB containing equipment depending on building age

Sawmill and planning shop: wood waste, oils, greases, lubricants, possible tanks

1414

Exercise No. 1 (4)

Dump: leachate generation, seepage, (e.g., chloride, metals, organics, etc.)

Agricultural land: fertilizer and pesticide application, manure spreading, nitrates, pesticide residues

Farm house: septic system/tile bed, oil storage tank, farm dumps

Barn/barnyard: oils, lubricants, manure

Gas station: fuel storage; diesel, gasoline(i.e., BTEX, TPH, MTBE)

Small engine repair: storage use, disposal of chemicals, oils, greases, lubricants, solvents

1515

Exercise No. 1 (5)Dry cleaning: Perchlorethylene or other solvent usedfor cleaning (spill or disposal)

Delicatessen, corner store: ACM, LBP or PCB depending on building materials/equipment/age of building

Hardware store: miscellaneous spill or disposal of cleaning chemicals, solvents, greases; paints; building materials may contain ACM, PCB containing equipment

Residential area 1950s: lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials (e.g., floor tiles), oil USTs or ASTs (depending on heating source in region), imported fills

Residential area 1990s: possible oil USTs, ASTs,imported fills

Gas station: fuel storage/USTs, diesel, gasoline, MTBE, hydraulic lift

1616

Contamination Sources

Point Source

Non-Point Source

17

Point Source Contamination (1)

Point Source

• leaking storage tanks

• leaking buried pipes/transfer lines

• leaking lagoons

• landfill leachate see page, leaking buried drums

• spills

… a release from a small, specificand usually identifiable area

1818


Typical storage tanksat commercial facilities include USTs or ASTs for:

• fuel oil for heating systems

• diesel for emergency generators

• waste oil

• spill containment

UST = Underground Storage Tank

AST = Aboveground Storage Tank

1919


20


2121


2222

Non-Point Source Contamination

Non-Point Source

• fertilizer applications

• infiltration of ditch water

• sewage sludge applications

• particulate fallout

… a release over a wide area

2323

Hazardous or Designated Substances

• Asbestos containing material (ACM)

• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

• Lead based paints

• Mercury containing equipment

• Urea formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI)

• Radioactive sources/radon gas

2424

Asbestos Containing Material (1)

Popular from the 1900s to 1970s

• Floor tiles and linoleum

• Ceiling tiles

• Thermal mud insulation on pipe elbows

• Check boilers and boiler rooms

• Transit boards

• Asbestos cement drain piping

• Spray on (fire retardant) insulation

2525

Asbestos Containing Material (ACM) (2)

The condition of the ACM is important

• Poor or good repair?

• Friable or not friable?

2626

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (1)

Manufactured up to 1977

• Coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment (e.g., fluorescent light ballasts, fluid cooled transformers, capacitors)

2727

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (2)

2828

Lead-Based Paint

• Banned use in commercial housingby U.S. government in 1978

• Use of lead in paint fully phasedout in early 1980s

“good” condition, or “peeling”?

2929

Mercury Containing Equipment

Mercury used in switches, fluorescent light tubes and metal halide lights

Handling and disposal issue

3030

Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation

Used as insulation, sound insulation and air sealant

Used from the 1960s to about 1980

Health problem for some(formaldehyde off-gases)

Injected through1/2" - 2" holes

Look for plugs

3131

Radioactive Sources and Radon

• Radioactive sources include “older” smoke detectors and industrial sensors

• Radon gas - naturally occurring radioactive off-gas

from granite - sites with basements in locations with Exposed granite

3232

Why should we care?

• Drinking water impacts (e.g., health, aesthetic)

• Health hazards• Environmental impacts and resource

damage• Land use restrictions• Non-compliance• Legal liability• Material-handling requirements• Costs• Project impacts

3333

What makes a site “contaminated”?

• A relative term• Depends on a combination of:

- type of substance- concentration (e.g., ppm, ppb)- location (e.g., soil, groundwater, surface water)- current, planned or adjacent land/water use- jurisdiction and regulatory standards

3434

Concentration: Parts per million (ppm)

• Milligram per liter (mg/l) in water

• Milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) in soil- example: 4 drops in a 55 gallon barrel

3535

Concentration: Parts per billion (ppb)

• Microgram per liter (water)- ½ teaspoon in an Olympic sized

swimming pool (600,000 U.S. gallons)

• Microgram per kilogram (soils)

3636

Background Concentrations

• Many substances are present in “background” concentrations

• Naturally occurring or man - made- varies depending on location, geology

- Examples: Northeastern U.S. soils- arsenic <1 to 73 ppm- copper <0.6 to 495 ppm- lead <1.0 to 135 ppm

3737

Clean-up orRemediation Standards

• Established for certain contaminants

• Partly based on:- toxicity (i.e., potential to cause harm at concentration level)

- receptors of concern (e.g., people, organisms)

- potential intake or exposure pathway (e.g., skin contact, ingestion [e.g., eating, drinking), inhalation)

- background

• Generic standards are conservative (low!)

3838

Is the site clean?

• Misunderstood term

• Impossible to prove

• Can only compare concentrations in soil/water samples against standards/criteria

3939

Exercise No. 2Working with your partner, review the list of selected chemicals (Column A) and their concentrations (Column B) at a theoretical site. The future land use is residential. Compare each chemical’s concentration to the background concentration (Column C) and the remediation criteria of locations shown in Columns D through F.

Where the concentration exceeds applicable remediation criteria, draw a circle around that standard. Based on the comparison, indicate whether or not the site might be considered “contaminated.” Also, why are there such differences in some of the remediation criteria?

4040

Exercise No. 2

4141

Geology, Hydrogeologyand Hydrology

4242

Exercise No. 3

Working with your small group,solve the three puzzles.

4343

Geology

Geology is the science that dealswith the Earth, especially

as recorded in rocks.

4444

Hydrogeology

Hydrogeology is a branch of geology concerned with the occurrence, use

and functions of surface water and ground water.

4545

Hydrology (1)

Hydrology is the science that dealswith the properties, distribution andcirculation of water on and below

the Earth’s surface and inthe atmosphere.

4646

1. Condensation

2. Transpiration

3. Groundwater Flow

4. Evaporation

5. Water table

6. Evapotranspiration

7. Infiltration

8. Precipitation

4747

Subsurface

Overburden

Bedrock

Sand and Gravel

Gravel

Sand

Clay

Bedrock

Till

4848

PorosityPore space

Fractures

4949

Groundwater

5050

Groundwater Flow

Recharge Area Recharge Area

Discharge Area

5151

Groundwater Conditions

• Determined- by drilling boreholes

- installing monitoring wells

- measuring water levels

- conducting various tests

• Typically part of Phase II,

Environmental Site Assessment

5353

Permeability

Permeability is a material’s capacity

to transmit water. . .

• An aquifer is a geological unit having a high permeability.

• As aquitard is a geological unit havinga low permeability.

5454

silt

clay

coarse sand

coarse sand

gravel

aquitard

aquifer

Geologic Units Hydrostratigraphic Units

Aquifer v. Aquitard

55

Types of Aquifers

Modified from Fetter, 1994

Confined aquifer – beneath an aquitardUnconfined aquifer - no aquitard above

Unconfined

Confined

Water table well

Artesian well

Flowing well

AquiferAquitard

5757

Exercise No. 4 (1)

Working in your Exercise No. 3 small groups, look at the three scenarios and answer the questions relating

to each scenario.

5858

Exercise No. 4 (2)

5959

Exercise No. 4 (3)

6060

Exercise No. 4 (4)

Upward

6161

Contaminant Movement

6262

Exercise No. 5 (1)

Each of the following three cross-sections or “slices” depicts a contaminant source, a release point, a simple geologic setting

and groundwater conditions.

With your partner, review each of the scenarios and determine where

you believe each of thecontaminants will flow.

63

Road salt storage pile

Water table

Groundwater flow direction

Sandy gravel

Release area

Clay

Ground surface


Water table


Sandy gravel

Release area

Clay

Ground surface

Water table


Sandy gravel

Release area

Clay

Ground surface

A

BWater table


Sandy gravel

Underground storage tank (gasoline)

Clay

Release pointGround surface

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay


Water table


Sandy gravel

Solvent barrel (TCE)

Clay

Release point

Ground surface

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Ground surface

C

Septic systemor leach field


Cross-sectionSeptic systemor leach field




Cross-section

D


Water table


Sandy gravel

Release area

Clay

Ground surface


Water table


Sandy gravel

Release area

Clay

Ground surface

Water table


Sandy gravel

Release area

Clay

Ground surface

A

BWater table


Sandy gravel


Clay


Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay


Residual in soil

Possible floating gasoline if enough released

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Ground surface

Water table


Sandy gravel


Clay

Release point

Ground surface

C

Possible DNAPL moving down along clay

Dissolved plume

Septic systemor leach field






Cross-section

D

As far as possible upgradient of septic field

Where to put water well?

Exercise No. 5 (2)

6464

Organic v. Inorganic

Organic compounds are biological. Contain carbon. (Methane, butane,acetone, toluene, acetylene, ethyl alcohol)

Inorganic compounds are mineral.(Ammonium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury)

6565

Important Propertiesof Contaminants

6666

LNAPL Light non-aqueous phase liquids

Lighter than water

If enough is released, it may ‘pancake’ on the

water table (e.g., gasoline)

6767

DNAPL Dense non-aqueous phase liquids

• Denser than water

• Sinks to lower permeability layers

• Moves along slope

• (e.g., Trichloroethylene [TCE] - crude oil coal tar components)

6868

Dissolved Contaminants

• Moves- by the transport of moving groundwater

- by “spreading” as it moves around soil grains, fractured rock

- slowly from high concentration to low concentration

• Net effect = dilution

69

Spill from Drum to Shallow Groundwater (Plan view)

x

x

x

x


At time of spill

Later

Even later

7070

Reactive Processes• Can change chemical or reduce its

concentrations in the environment- biodegradation

- biotransformation

- chemical transformation

- radioactive decay

- sorption

- ion exchange

- volatilization

- precipitation/dissolution

7171

The Break (1)

Marsh / Wetland

Creek5

0 60 7

0

80

A

RiverA

Crude Oil pipeline 3’ below grade

Pipeline

Break

7272

The Break (2)

Sand

Clay and Silt

Silt and fine

sand

Pipeline break

River Water table

A A’

7373

Exercise No. 6 (1)

Working in your Exercise No. 1small group, please revisit the sketch assigned to your group.

Please follow the additional explanations in your manual.

7474

Exercise No. 6 (2)

Possible groundwater contamination from the auto wrecking yard (due to oil spills, greases, automotive fluids, battery acids) and from the agricultural properties (fertilizers, animal wastes). The project, depending on the depth of excavation may impact the groundwater and may require the handling and disposal of contaminated soils.

7575

Exercise No. 6 (3)

Issues with the pole storage yard (potential handling of

contaminated soils during pipeline excavation).

If there are any prior releases or spills from the highway

maintenance yard, there may be an issue of handling contaminated groundwater during excavation.

Also, the 1920s residential buildings along the alignment may contain ACMs, LBPs, oil

tanks.

7676

Exercise No. 6 (4)

Leachates from the old municipal dump is a main concern. Issues may depend on the depth and number of excavations for tower footings.

7777

Exercise No. 6 (5)

Depending on the depth of excavation for the transit footings and the water table elevation, there may be several concerns. If there are any substantial release of PCE from the dry cleaners, DNAPL moving towards the alignment may be a concern. If any release of gasoline/diesel from the gas station, groundwater may move toward the alignment.

Also, the 1950s residential buildings along the alignment may contain ACMs, LBPs, oil tanks.

7878

Contamination Discovery

7979

Exercise No. 7

Please match the activity with the activity’s purpose.

8080

3.

6.

1.

2.

5.

4.

7.

Exercise No. 7

8181

Environmental Site Assessments

… an analysis of a specific parcel of real

property to identify environmental risk.

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

8282

Phase I, Environmental Site Assessment (Phase I, ESA) (1)

• Preliminary environmental assessment stage

• Scope– historic data review – site reconnaissance– interviews with knowledgeable persons– report

8383


• Identifies -potential environmental concern issues

- “Recognized Environmental Conditions”- the presence or likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleum products on a property under conditions that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any hazardous substances or petroleum products into structures on the property or into the ground, groundwater, or surface water of the property

8484


• Paper study

• Usually does not include samplingand testing

• May add on:- limited non-intrusive testing

- compliance components

8585


• Timeline and Cost - usually requires 2 to 3 weeks (maybe longer)

to complete thoroughly

- costs variable; but usually $2500 to $4500- if the site has a complex, long history of use, apparent problems or issues, may require several months to prepare and cost several thousand dollars

• Not all Phase I ESAs are equal!

8686

Phase II, Environmental Site Assessment (Phase II, ESA) (1)

• Secondary stage of environmental assessment• Focused data collection on one or more issues • Usually involves:

- defining hydro geological conditions at site- collecting and analyzing soil, water, vapor- identifying concentrations of contaminants- in comparison to the criteria, is the site contaminated?

8787

Phase II, Environmental Site Assessment (Phase II, ESA) (2)

• Timeline and Cost (scope dependent)- 2 weeks to several months - costs varies from several thousand to several hundreds of thousands of dollars

• Testing

• May lead to:- no further action - further investigation- reporting to regulatory agency

8888

Testing Methods

Non-intrusive Intrusive

89

Non-Intrusive Sampling (1)

• Materials Sampling

- stockpile sampling of soil, fill or waste for characterization

- building materials sampling for asbestos, PCB, etc.

- sampling of drums or bins

- sampling of sludge in pits, sumps or drains

- can often be accomplished quickly and usually at relatively low cost

90

Non-Intrusive Sampling (2)

• Surface based geophysics- electromagnetic (EM), ground penetrating radar (GPR), micro-gravity

- most useful in “open area” settings

- can identify:

- USTs, pipes

- filled areas, conductive areas

- usually requires intrusive “ground truthing”

- may use to fine-tune drilling plan

91

Intrusive Sampling• Test Pits

- collect and analyze soil samples

- exterior of buildings

- more comprehensive examinations possible

- relatively inexpensive

• Sediment sampling• Soil Vapor Surveys

- for volatile organic contaminants (e.g., gasoline contamination)

- can be done in limited space environments

- suitable in some geologic settings

92

Testing Methods (1)

Geophysical survey

Auger drill rig

93

Testing Methods (2)

Hollow stem auger Excavator

9494

Testing Methods (3)

Drilling inside a building

Installing shallowmonitoring wells in

sandy conditions

95

Testing Methods (4)

Shallow test pit

Soil sample from sonic rig

9696

Testing Methods (5)

Soil samples in a split spoon sampler

Sampling amonitoring well

97

Exercise No. 8

Please match the objective andthe investigative method(s).

9898

3.

4.

1.

2.

5.

Exercise No. 8

99

Phase III, Environmental Site Assessment (Phase III, ESA) (1)

Remedial Investigation

• Purpose may include:

- defining the limits of contamination

- better understanding of site

- collecting additional detail for

- risk assessment

- evaluating remedial options

100


Risk Assessment

• If cleaning up to meet conservative generic remediation criteria is too expensive• May consider risk assessment

- focus on certain contaminants- identify potential receptors- identify contaminant pathways

• Calculate risk

• Derive site specific remediation criteria

101


Risk Assessment• Timeline and Cost

- several months

- costs tens of thousands of dollars or more depending on complexity

• May be worth investment to reduce eventual remediation costs

• May focus on part of site or whole site

• Acceptability/requirements vary by jurisdiction

102


Remediation

• Options evaluation

• Remedial design

• Construction/implementation

• Monitor and test, if applicable

- is system performing as required?

• Potential long-term monitoring

103

Environmental Site Assessments

… an analysis of a specific parcel of real

property to identify environmental risk.

• Phase I

• Phase II

• Phase III

104

Contaminations Affects on the Right of Way and

to the Project

105

Elevated Rapid Transit Line

106

Potential Implications or Consequences on… (1)

Right of way and project costs

Project timeline

Project schedule

Regulatory requirements or obligations

Stakeholders

Legal actions

107

Legal Actions

• Comprehensive, Environmental Response, Comprehensive, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

• Superfund

• 1980

• Uncontrolled hazardous waste sites

• Potentially Responsible Party (PRP)

- clean up costs

- natural resource damage

108

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) Types (1)

• Established by statute

• Owner and operator

- at the time of contaminant release

- current

- past

• Party who arranged for disposal

• Transporter or disposer

109

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) Types (2)

• Established by courts- “innocent parties”

• Direct oversight, management or contractual relationship

- creditors - trustees in bankruptcy - successor corporations - corporate officers

110

Liability

• Strict

- knowingly or unknowingly

- with or without fault

• Joint and several

- all or part of costs

- former owners remain liable DEEP POCKETS

111

Purchaser Defenses

• Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA 1986)

• Innocent Land Owner- did not know- had no reason to know- made all appropriate inquiries

• Due diligence

112

Exemptions

• For agencies exercising eminent domain

• Before acquisition- release occurred prior to acquisition- no reason to know- made all appropriate inquiries

• After acquisition - must exercise due care- do not contribute to release

113

Potential Implications or Consequences on… (2)

Environment

Health and safety impacts

Right of way

Operations and maintenance

Insurance risks

114

Exercise No. 9 (1)

Please read the following scenarios and then with your partner

answer the questions.

115

Exercise No. 9 (2)

Scenario No. 1

Concerns may include:

Was any contaminated soil removed with the tanks?

Are there septic, hydraulic lifts in garage?

Are there any other tanks of concern?

What about piping or other structures?

What was the extent of groundwater contamination, if any?

What other chemicals may be stored on-site?

Is asbestos, mercury or PCB containing equipment on-site? If yes, how much?

116

Exercise No. 9 (3) Scenario No. 2

Concerns may include:

Has the contamination penetrated the water or sewer system?

Does it pose a hazard (e.g., confined space, flammability) to workers?

How far has the contamination migrated?

What action should the city take?

What legal action should the city take?

117

Options to Manage or Remediate Environmental

Contamination

118

Options

What are some clean up or remedial

options that you have heard of?

119

Typical Options

“Do nothing” Source removal

Source and/or plume control Combined methods

Institutional and engineering controls

120

Do Nothing

• In some cases, a valid environmentalmanagement option

• Often does not improve marketability,although this is changing

• Rarely accepted by lenders, insurers, regulators, unless site is monitored and risks are acceptable (e.g., Risk Management Approach)

121

Risk Management Approach

• Contamination managed on-site (in-situ)

• Site-specific risk assessment (SSRA) indicates acceptable risk under specified conditions and land use

122

Risk Management

• Likely will involve:

- institutional controls- deed or land use restrictions, covenants

- engineering controls

- long-term monitoring and maintenance

- contractual agreements

- provide financial security for on-going work

123

Site Specific Risk Assessment (SSRA) (1)

• Evaluation of environmental, human health and safety risk posed by contamination at a specific site

• May be used to develop site-specific investigation and remediation criteria

• Basis for generic criteria (but using VERY conservative assumptions)

124

Site Specific Risk Assessment (SSRA) (2)

• May indicate that site poses acceptable risk as is

• May indicate site poses acceptable risk with specified engineering controls (e.g., asphalt cap over shallow soil contamination, etc.)

125

In-situ• Treats source zone in place (in-situ)

• No soil removal

• Reduces mobility, toxicity or concentration of contaminants

• Often conducted where simple excavation is costly (e.g., demolition otherwise required to remove soil under buildings or other large structures)

126

• Highly dependent on geology

• Suitable beneath structures

• May require indoor air monitoring

• Usually requires a permit

Source Removal In-situ Treatment

127

In-situIn-situ remediation means to treat

the contamination on-site or in-place.

Ozone and oxygen spargingExcavation and on-site storage

Excavation/treatment and replaceBioremediation

Groundwater soil vapor recoveryPhytoremediation

EncapsulationThermal desorption

128

• Similar opportunities and constraints to simple excavation and disposal

• Soil may be treated on-site or off-site

• May be water management issues

• Disposal costs replaced by treatment costs (e.g., bioremediation piles, thermal desorption

In-situ: Excavation, Treatment and Replacement

129

In-situ: Soil Vapor Extraction• Withdrawal of soil vapors by vacuum pumps

• Use drilled wells or trenches

• Only useful for volatile compounds

- chlorinated solvents, petroleum products

• Highly dependent on geology

• Requires a permit

• May be time-consuming

130

In-situ: Physical/Chemical Treatment

• Injection of chemical oxidants, surfactants, or alcohols into source zone

- using drilled wells or trenches

- potassium permanganate for chlorinated solvents

- usually works quickly, but rarely removes 100% of problem

- requires full contact between injected chemicals and contaminants

131

In-situ: Biological Treatment

• Typically uses native bacteria to biodegrade

• Additives (e.g., nutrients, oxygen, bacteria) may be injected to enhance the process

• May be time-consuming

132

In-situ: Thermal Treatment

• Heating of soil using buried electrodes or steam injection

• Vapors are extracted and treated

133

In-situ: Encapsulation

134

In-situ: Permeable Treatment Walls

135

In-situ: Hydraulic Methods

• Groundwater pumping and treatment

- re-inject surface-treated groundwater- dispose of treated groundwater to sewer

• May be coupled with physical barriers

- barrier walls, surface liners, etc.

• Permit may be required

• Time-consuming and rarely cost- effective

136

In-situ: Combined Methods• Sites are often managed using a

combination of methods

• Reflects range of:

- contaminant concentrations, locations

- current or proposed land use

- geological/hydrogeological conditions

- other constraints

137

Ex-situ

Ex-situ remediation means to removethe contamination from the site.

Excavation and off-site (ex-situ) disposal at a legally authorized site.

138

• May be cost-effective for some contaminated sites if:

- relatively small volume

- non-hazardous material

- Accessible – without Impractical level of effort

Ex-situ: Excavation andSource Removal (1)

139

• Permanent removal of issue from site

• May have to import “clean” material

• May be water management issues

• Cost may be significant

• On-site material handling/storage

• Suitable disposal site required

- must demonstrate acceptable soil quality

- potential for ongoing liability at disposal site

Ex-situ: Excavationand Source Removal (2)

140

Ex-situ: Excavationand Source Removal (3)

141

Institutional andEngineering Controls

• Deed notices, deed restrictions• Cumulative Effects Analysis – CEA’s,

well restriction areas

• Caps, covers, pavement, building slabs• Fencing• Signage

• O&M, recertification

142

Brownfields• Defined

- real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of

which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.

- abandoned or under-utilized

- contaminated

- have not been redeveloped due to remediation and liability cost concerns

• Environmental and economic opportunities

• Wide range of state and federal programs

143

Brownfield Programs• Incentives can accelerate action:

- support letters - prospective purchaser agreements - deduct cleanup costs from taxes- limitation of liability - low interest loans- unified agency reviews (reduce redundancy

and confusion when multi-jurisdictional)- voluntary cleanup programs- grants for investigation and cleanup

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Voluntary Cleanup Programs

• Typically: - to restore low risk properties quickly

- responsible party pays

- proceeds at own pace

- in conformance with regulator processes and standards

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Exercise No. 10 (1)

Based on the contaminated site clean-up or remediation options discussed previously

plus any additional options that cometo mind, with your tablemates develop

a list of viable options to deal withthe following scenario.

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Exercise No. 10 (2)

Possible answers include: Capping of lead contamination; maintain and monitor cap Removing some of the lead contamination; off-site disposal at appropriate site, cap remainder, maintain and monitor cap Removing and disposing of all lead contamination at appropriate site Pumping to collect and treat groundwater

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Objectives Now, you are able to...

• Recognize situations that have the potential for site contamination

• Identify common types of contamination

• Discuss potential implications of contamination on the right of way and to the project

• Present options to manage or remediate environmental contamination

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Thank you

603-PT – Revision 4 – 04.20.08.USA

603-pt – revision 4 – 04.20.08.usa

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