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i

( jKt^^M MicrowaveTransmissionNetworksPlanning, Des ign, and Deployment

Harvey LehpamerHL Telecom Consulting, San Diego, California

OAI HOC QU OC GIA HA NQITRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VlfN

A- DO / 4 - ? / 9 r

t ? - l . ? ^ McGraw-Hi l lNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London MadridMexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan SeoulSingapore Sydney Toronto

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Contents

Introduction xi

C h a p t e r 1 T r a n s m i s s i o n N e t w o r k F u n d a m e n t a l s 11.1 Transmission Netw ork Med ia - l

1.1.1 Wireline Systems 21.1.2 Wireless System s 31.1.3 Altemath^es 4

1.2 Basic Terminology 61.2.1 El and T1 61.2.2 PDH, SD H, and SONET 81.2-3 AT M 121.3 Transmission Netw ork Topology 131.4 Transmission Netw ork Perform ance . 1 51.5 Ne twork Sync hronization 171.6 Ne twork Delays 191.7 Referenc es 20C h a p t e r 2 B a s i c s o f M i c r o w a v e C o m m u n i c a t i o n s 2 1

2.1 Radio Frequency Spec trum 212.2 structure and Cha racteristics of the Earth's Atm osp here 222.3 Radio Propagation 232.3.1 Microwave and Millimeter Wa ves 232.3.2 Une-of-Sight Considerations 242.3.3 Earth Radius and /c-Factor 262.3.4 Standard Propagation Mech anisms 292.3.5 Anomalous Propagation Mech anisms 302.3.6 About Propagation Conditions 322.4 Digital Microwave Point-to-Point Systems 332.4.1 Microw ave Radio Basics 332.4.2 Fresnel Zones and Clearance Rules 362.4.3 Nea r and Far Fields 382^-4 Link Bud get 392.4.5 Microw ave Systems for Rapid Deploy me nt 412.4.6 Over-the-Horizon Microwave Systems 462.5 Other Microw ave Systems 472.5.1 Point-to-MuKipoint Systems 47

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vi Contents2.5.2 Wireless Local Area Ne twork s (WLANs) ^2.5.3 Bluetooth 51

2.6 References 52Chapter 3 Microwave Link Design 53

3.1 Design Process Flowchart 533.2 The Loss/Attenuation Calculations 533.2.1 Propagation Losses 543.2.2 Ground Reflection 573.3 Fading and Fade Margins 59

3.3.1 Multipath Fading 593.3.2 Rain Fading 663.3.3 Refrac tion-D iffraction Fad ing 673.3.4 Interference Fade Ma rgins 673.3.5 Composite Fade Margin 693.4 Microwave Link Mult ipath Outage Models 693.4.1 Vigants North Am erican Mu lt ipath Ou tage Mo de l 703.4.2 ITU-R Mult ipath Ou tage Mo de l 713.5 Quality and Availability Calc ulatio ns, 733.5.1 G,821 and G.826 743.5.2 Quality and Unav ailability Ob jec tives 76

3.6 Rain Attenuation Calcu lations 773.6.1 Crane mo del 793.6.2 ITU-R Model 803.6.3 Comparison of ITU and Cra ne Mo dels 813-6.4 Reducing the Effects of Rain 83

3.7 Improving the Microw ave System 843.7.1 Hardw are Redundancy 843.7.2 Diversity Imp rove me nt 853.7.3 Antireflective Sys tem s , 913.7.4 Rep eaters 923.8 References 95

Chapter 4 Planning the Microw ave Ne two rk 74.1 The Microwave Network Planning Process 74.2 Microwave Systems in Wireless Networks ^

4.2.1 Backhaul in Wireless Ne twork s *4.2.2 Wireless Network Design for Coverage and Capacity ^^4.2.3 New Generation of Wireless Networks ^^4.2.4 Replacing Leased Lines with the Microwave System ^^

4.3 Microwave Systems in Util ity Tele com Ne two rks ^^4.3.1 SCADA 1084.3.2 Electric Transmission Towe rs in Te leco m Ne twork s ^^4.4 Topology and Ca pacity Planning ^^4.4.1 Transmission Ne twork Capac ity Reciuirements , , , . . , , . . . ^^4.4.2 Chain and Tandem Topology I *'4.4.3 Simple Star Network 11

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Contents vilC h a p t e r 5 M i c r o w a v e N e t w o r k D e s i g n 117

5.1 Introduction 1175.2 Spectrum Ma nage me nt 1175.2.1 Availability of Sp ec trum 1175.2.2 Intersystem and Intrasystem Frequency Coordination 1195.2.3 Spectrum Sw eep 1195.3 Interference Effects and Frequency Sharing 1205,3-1 Interferenc e Paths 1205.3.2 Collocation of Radio Stations 1225-3-3 Minimizing Nea r and Far Interfere nce 1235.3.4 Frequency Planning 1255.4 Micro wa ve Design Too ls 1315.5 Microwa ve Systems Engineering 1325.5.1 System Doc um entation 1325.5.2 Equipm ent Availability Ca lculations 1335.6 Tips, Hints, and Sug ges tions 1345.6.1 Basic Re com me ndations 1345.6-2 Difficult Are as for M icro wa ve Links 1365.7 Re ferenc es 137

Chapter 6 Microwave Deployment 1396.1 Introduction 1396.2 Digital M icrow ave Rad io 1406.2.1 Micro wav e Radio Configurations 1406-2.2 Basic Micr ow ave Radio Para me ters 1406u2.3 Radio Perform ance Impro vem ent 143

6.2.4 T/l Curves 1506.2.5 Service Telephone Ne two rk 1506.2.6 Dup lexers 1516.2.7 Environmental Req uireme nts 1536.2.8 Network Ma nag em ent System 1536.2.9 Micro wav e Com patibil ity and Safety 1556.2.10 Mic row ave Radio Installation 1566.3 Digital Mu ltiplexe rs 1576.4 Cabling and Signal Ter m ination 1596.4.1 Me tallic Ca bles and Grou nd Poten tial Rise 1606.4.2 Fiber-O ptic Ca bles 1606.4.3 Digital Signal Cros s-C onne cts 1616.5 Microwave Antenna s, Ra dom es, and Transm ission Lines 1626.5.1 Basic Antenna Para me ters 1636.5.2 Microw ave Antenna Selection 1666.5.3 Micr owa ve Antenn a Installation 1686.5.4 Transm ission Line Installation 1716.5.5 Installation Safety and Secu rity Issues 1726.5.6 Return Loss Me asure me nts 1736.6 QIS Data 1746.6.1 Datums and Geom etric Earth Mod els 1746.6.2 Coo rdinate System s 1766.6.3 The Global Positioning Syste ms 1776.6.4 DE M Data 1776.6.5 Ma gnetic and True No rth 178

6.7 Field Surveys 1816.7.1 Site Surveys 181

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vBi Contents6,7.2 Path Surveys 826.8 Housing the Equipment ^^6.8.1 Shelters 1636.8.2 Cabinets ' I846.8.3 Equipment Room 1356 9 Microwave Antenna Mounting Structures ^^6 91 Monopoles, Self-Support Towers, and Guyed Towers ^ ^6 9 2 Minimum Visual Impa ct and Other Antenn a Mo unting Structures ^^6.9.3 Maximum Allowed Antenna Deflection ^^6.9.4 Communication Tower Requirements ^^

6.10 Power Supply and Battery Backup ^^6.10.1 DC Power 1996.10.2 Batteries 2006.10.3 AC Pow er 2016.10.4 Solar Energy 201

6.11 Grounding, Lightning, and Surge Pro tectio n 2026.11.1 Grounding 2026.11.2 Surge Suppressors 2046.12 Microw ave Testing and Trou blesh ooting 2056.12.1 Factory Acceptance Testing 2056.12.2 Field Acceptance Testing 2066.12.3 Bit Error Rate Tes ting (BERT) 2086.12.4 Troubleshooting M icrow ave System s 2096.13 References 210

Chapter 7 Pro jec t M an ag em en t 2117-1 Tracking Microwave Rollout 2117.1.1 Project Mana gem ent Activities 2117.1.2 Project Kick-O ff Meetin g 2137.1.3 Network Planning 2147.1.4 Project Approval 2157.1.5 Site Acquisition 2167-1.6 Detailed Netw ork Design 2177.1.7 Equipment and Services Pro cure ment 2187.1.8 Site Ready for Insta llation 2217.1.9 Equipment Installa tion 2227.1.10 Acceptance Testing 2237.1.11 As-Built Doc um entation 2237.1.12 Commissioning 2247.1.13 Maintenance Prog ram 2257.2 Regulatory Issues 2257.2.1 FAA and FCC ^ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 " ^7.2.2 FCC Frequency Coordination Pro cess ^7.2.3 Hom ologation 2297.2.4 Other Regulatory Issues ! ! ! ! ! ! . , . . ! ^7.3 Logistical and Organizational Challenges ! ^17.3.1 Project Controls and Reporting ^7.3.2 Outsourcing Services ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " " ! " " ! ! ! ! ! ] ! !7.3.3 Time and Resource Management ..* 27.3.4 Project Management Tools zL

7.4 Ethical Issues 2387.4,1 Code of Ethics ......][[ ,! ^7.5 Rtfere' ^ ^ ^ Examples of Ethical Dilem ma s! !. ' . ' '%

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