1

60% of the World without Internet Access

8%

80%

About 60% of the World population do not have access to the Internet, wired or wireless

Over 4 Billion people Worldwide without Internet Access

?

http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/

2

World Map Scaled According To Population Size

Source: http://www.iflscience.com/environment/world-map-scaled-population-size http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Africa: 27.5%

Asia: 34.8%

52.4%

87%

70%

72%

48.1%

3

Rural and Small town America

Source: https://www.fcc.gov/reports/2015-broadband-progress-report http://mobilefuture.org/resources/the-truth-about-spectrum-deployment-in-rural-america/

FCC 2015 Broadband Progress Report

17% of all Americans (55 million) & 53% of rural Americans (22 million) lack access to Broadband.

Only 8 percent of urban Americans lack access to broadband.

Wireless Revenue Potential/ mile2

Major urban center: $248,000

Least densely populated: $262

Broadband: 25 Mbps/3 Mbps

4

Connectivity Omnification

Omnify: Order of magnitude increase every five years

1,000X in 15 years

Exabyte Zetabyte (1,000X)

2013 2028

1 Zetabyte = 200 GB/month for 5 Billion

5G and Wi-Fi to carry similar traffic

1Tb/s peak data rate Wi-Fi: 2027

Cellular: 2030

5

REEFS Approach to Zetabyte Network Design

R Reliable EE Energy Efficient F Faster S Smaller

6

Trillion times improvement in the Last 60 years

1956, 5MB hard drive 1946, ENIAC, 30Tons, 167,000,000mm2, 150,000W, 5K ops/s

Samsung Exynos 7420 processor

Octacore (2.1GHz & 1.5 GHz cores) 78 mm2, ~1W

Samsung 16TB SSD (2.5in)

7

REEFS Limits

𝑓𝑃 =𝐶5

ℎ𝐺= 1.855 ×1034GHz

=18,550000000,000000000000,000000000000 GHz =18.55 Billion Trillion Trillion GHz

𝑙𝑃 =ℎ𝐺

𝐶3= 1.616 ×10−35m =

1.616

100,000000000000,000000000000nm

𝐸1−𝑏𝑖𝑡 = 𝑘𝑇 ln 2=2.87× 10−21 Joule

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 =2.87

1,000000,000000nJ/bit

R Reliable EE Energy Efficient F Faster S Smaller

8

Millimeter waves – path to REEFS Wireless Systems

XS Antennas

XL

Ban

dw

idth

Millimeter waves (3-300 GHz)

Fast

er

Smaller < 3

>3GHz 300GHz f

Bandw

idth

D

ata

Rate

s

Capaci

ty

9

Millimeter Waves for 5G

Samsung

presents

Millimeter

wave mobile

system

concept at

IEEE WCNC

Samsung

demos Gb/s

system at

28GHz with

2Km range

Samsung

demos

7.5Gb/s peak

data rate &

1.2 Gb/s at

100 Km/h

FCC NOI to

examine use

of bands

above 24GHz

for mobile

broadband

3GPP 5G

Workshop

Over 20

companies

support

Millimeter

waves

FCC NPRM

on Millimeter

wave

spectrum for

5G

Oct 17 Sep 17 Oct 23 Mar 28

2011 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015

Oct 14 May 13

http://wcnc2011.ieee-wcnc.org/tut/t1.pdf

10

(Myth)2 #1: Higher path loss (even in Free space)

Ω𝐴 =𝜆2

𝐴𝑒

𝑃𝑟𝑃𝑡

=𝐴𝑡𝐴𝑟𝑟 2

X times higher frequency propagates X times longer in free space For the same transmit and receive antenna aperture sizes

11

(Myth)2 #2: Low Probability of Line-of-Sight (LoS)

𝑟𝑛 =𝑛𝑑1𝑑2𝑑1 +𝑑2

Millimeter waves provide higher likelihood of LOS due to smaller Fresnel zones Not bothered by objects around the Line-of-Sight

12

(Myth)2 #3: Suitable for Small Cells only

The “Free-space” (on Earth) path loss exponent smaller at Millimeter waves Ground reflection not an issue

=2

=2ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑑

13

Myths about Millimeter Waves

Myth Reality

Higher path loss (even in Free space)

𝑃𝑟𝑃𝑡

=𝐴𝑡𝐴𝑟𝑟22

Millimeter waves propagate longer for the same antenna area

Low probability of LoS

𝑟𝑛 =𝑛𝑑1𝑑2𝑑1 +𝑑2

Millimeter waves provide higher likelihood of LOS due to smaller Fresnel zones

Suitable for small cells only

=2

=2ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑑

The “Free-space” (on Earth) path loss exponent smaller at Millimeter waves

Have higher Noise 𝑓 =

ℎ𝑓𝑘𝑇

𝑒ℎ𝑓

𝑘𝑇

−1

Noise reduces with frequency, effect is small though at frequencies of interest

Loss (do not bend) around corners 𝐼 = 𝐼0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐

2𝑑

𝑠𝑖𝑛

Millimeter waves comes out of an opening with more focused energy

Absorption (by Foliage, Rain) and Diffused Reflections…

14

Going smaller for Bigger Gains

Big Gains in coverage, capacity and energy efficiency via mmWave Beamforming Coalescence of access and back-haul

Antenna Aperture

𝐴𝑒 =𝐷𝜆2

4𝜋→ 𝐷 =

4𝜋𝐴𝑒𝜆2

Galaxy S6: 101 cm2

Ae

A4 paper: 623.7 cm2

Conventional sector antenna,

17dB gain

1m2

Ω𝐴 =𝜆2

𝐴𝑒

15

Achieving Zetabyte with Terabit/s shared links

Parameter Value Comments

Transmit Power 20 dBm Possibly multiple PAs

Transmit Antenna Gain 32 dBi Element + array gain

Carrier Frequency 100 GHz Ref. for calculations

Distance 200 meters Propagation Loss 118.42 dB Other path losses 10 dB Some NLOS

Tx front end loss 3 dB Non-ideal RF

Receive Antenna Gain 23 dB Element + array gain

Received Power -56.42 dBm Bandwidth (BW) 1 GHz BW / comm-core

Thermal Noise PSD -174 dBm/Hz Receiver Noise Figure 5.00 dB

Thermal Noise -79 dBm SNR 22.58 dB

Implementation loss 5 dB Non-ideal baseband

Spectram Efficiency (SE) 5.86 b/s/Hz Data rate / comm-core 5.86 Gb/s SE × BW

Number of comm-cores 256 BW and MIMO cores

Aggregate data rate 1.5 Terabit/s 256×5.86 Gb/s

WAP

Tb/s shared

Example: 256 cores

16 BW cores [16GHz],

Each BW core having 16 Spatial Cores

16

'Green' buildings form a Faraday Cage effectively shielding all electrical fields from passing through

In order to provide larger overall capacity in urban areas, Indoor and outdoor use parallel radio access sharing the same spectrum

Indoor & Outdoor share the same spectrum

17

Expanding Mobile broadband to Rural and Small towns

Millimeter waves provide tremendous bandwidth to cover least densely populated areas with ultra-fast data rates

Installing external antennas combined with radio repeaters inside the building can expand coverage to indoors

18

Millimeter

waves enable

Faster, Smaller

and Energy-

Efficient

wireless

systems

Low-cost Tb/s

shared links

provide

Zetabyte access

each for cellular

& Wi-Fi.

Dream of

ubiquitous

access to &

universal

capture of

information

comes true

Every Being & Everything Connected!

Connect the Rest