6 x 10.5 three line title -...

Index

qAbb�as, Farh.�at 427, 428–9, 430, 433, 435qAbb�as, Mah.mud 365qAbb�as H. ilmı I (r. 1849–54) 88, 89, 149and state and religion 83

qAbb�as H. ilmı II (r. 1892–1914) 100, 103qAbb�as Mırz�a 157, 158–61, 168qAbbud, Ibr�ahım 406

qAbd All�ah, shaykh of Kuwait (r. 1950–65)464–5

qAbd All�ah b. qAbd al-qAzız (r. 2005–) 459qAbd All�ah b. Q�asim Al Th�anı, Shaykh (Qatar;

r. 1913–49) 468qAbd All�ah ibn H. usayn, Amır (r. 1921–51)and Syria 344and Transjordan 343, 349

qAbd All�ah, Sharıf 149qAbd All�ah, Shaykh (1874–1965) 226qAbd All�ah II of Jordan 362

qAbd All�ah qAzzam 24

qAbd All�ah H. asan, Muh.ammad 132–3qAbd All�ahi, Khalıfa 130, 430qAbd al-qAzız al-qAlajı 146qAbd al-qAzız, Mawl�ay (r. 1894–1908)

119–20qAbd al-B�arı, Mawl�an�a 237, 564qAbd al-Fatt�ah Ism�aqıl 475, 476qAbd al-Gh�anı b. Ism�aqıl al-N�abulusı 16qAbd al-H. afız. , Mawl�ay (r. 1908–12) 120–1qAbd al-H. akım, Khalıfa 573qAbd al-H. amıd (r. 1876–1909) 150qAbd al-H. aqq 16

qAbd al-H. ayy 216qAbd al-H. ayy Farang�ı Mah.all�ı 228qAbd al-Jabb�ar, qAlı 146qAbd al-Latıf, Nawab 225

qAbd al-Lat.ıf qAbd al-Rah.m�an 144

qAbd al-Lat.ıf Abu Qura 342

qAbd al-Lat.ıf, qAlı 403, 404qAbd al-Mut.t.alib Gh�alib, amır of Mecca 140qAbd al-Q�adir 342qAbd al-Q�adir (Algeria; 1807–83) 113–15, 124,

150, 151army 118and Morocco 114–15

qAbd al-Rah. ım, Shaqb�an 401

qAbd al-Rah.m�an, Mawl�ay 119and reform 109

and Tlemcen 112

qAbd al-Rah.m�an, Sayyid 403

qAbd al-Rah.m�an, qUmar 394, 398qAbd al-Rah.m�an H. asan 144

qAbd al-Rah.m�aan al-qIry�anı 473qAbd al-Rah.m�an Kh�an (Iron Amır; r.

1880–1901) 207–10, 546, 555qAbd al-Rapuf 17qAbd al-S. amad al-Palimb�anı 263qAbd al-Shukur, Zayn al-qAbidın 149

qAbduh, Muh.ammad 119, 600, 675and caliphate of man 15

and modernism 22, 94, 98, 124, 265, 561,594–5

Abdul Rahman, Tunkey 620Abdulhamid I (r. 1774–89) 266Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909) 44,

52–65and caliphate 266and constitution 45, 59, 66crown estates 61deposition 59, 66and economy 60–2First Constitutional Period 52–65and modernism 57

and modernity 62–4reform and political opposition 55–60

775

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Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909) (cont.)and religious movements 64and society 62–4

Abdurixit, Abdulahat 683abortion 63

Abu But.ayn, qAbd All�ah 146, 149Abu Dhabidynastic rivalries 469and Oman 461

state revenues 469, 470and United Arab Emirates 470

Abu Sayyaf Group (Philippines) 611Abu Zayd, Nas.r 398–9Abu Zayd�an, S�amih. 362Abubakar Effendi 294, 296Abuja peace talks 413–14Aceh 242, 266, 591Aceh War (1873–1912) 2, 18, 256,

263–4, 594Acheson, Dean 491

Adalet Partisi see Justice Party (Turkey)Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi see Justice and

Development Partyadat (custom) 264, 593, 595in Java 255, 257in Malaya 595in Philippines 241, 263in West Sumatra 261, 599

Addis Ababa Accords 407, 409Aden 149

anti-colonialist moves 451, 474–5British control 131, 133, 136, 451, 471, 688and North Yemen 476

unification of Yemen 477

Aden Association 474

Aden Trades Union Congress 474–5Aden-Abyan Islamic Army 478al-qAdl w’al-Ih. san (Justice and charity;

Morocco) 443administration, Iranian 161

Ottoman 36, 46–7, 56, 66Tunisia 123Russian 182

Advisory Council for Northern Sudan 405

al-Afgh�anı, Jam�al al-Dın 16, 96, 151and modernism 22, 98, 172–3, 594and pan-Islamism 267, 561and reform 93, 119, 124, 150, 210–11

Afghanistan 203–11, 542–57B�arakzay kingdom 205–6, 209and Britain 210, 211, 213, 545, 547and British India 2, 203, 205–6, 542as buffer nation-state 203, 206–11, 549, 555

buffer state to failed nation-state 549–52and centralisation 207–9, 543,

546, 556civil war and interregnum (1929) 544–5Communist government 552constitutions1923 543

1931 546

1964 548, 551post-Taliban 551

Durr�anı empire 204failed nation-state to militia state 555–7and First World War 211foreign relations 543, 545–6internal colonialism 554–5, 556as Islamic state 208, 552–4Islamist movements 551, 552–3jihad 458, 459, 478, 552, 553–4, 617loss of territories 205loya jirga 543, 546and modernisation 542–4, 546, 547–8and muj�ahidın 362, 397, 552, 553–4Mus.�ah. ib�an rule 545–9and Pakistan 549, 550, 553–4, 575place and people 203–4and reform 210–11, 542–3, 549and safety of India 158and Second World War 548in Shıqism 205, 208, 543, 553–4and Soviet Union 545–6, 549–50, 551invasion (1979) 5, 24, 362, 552–4

state revenues 209, 545and Taliban 553, 554–5, 706rise 554–5US war against 6, 554, 555, 576

training of fighters 611, 614and treatment of women 26

see also economy; education; PashtunsAfricaand Naqshbandı reformism 20–1see alsoNorth Africa; north-east Africa; sub-

Saharan Africa; West AfricaAfrican Americans, conversions to Islam 686,

694–5, 704Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP: Zanzibar) 650Afshartu, Gen. Muh.ammad 490Aga Khan III 640Agaev (Agaoglu), Ahmed 200

Agreement of Sıb (1920) 460, 461Agricultural Bank (Ottoman) 60, 61agricultureAfghan 547

Arabian 134

Index

776






capitalist investment 355, 439–40Central Asian 526, 528–9, 536–7Egyptian 84, 87, 91, 97, 104, 379, 386, 398in First World War 70, 75Iranian 488, 502Lebanese 355Malay 597Moroccan 421, 442North African states 439Ottoman 38, 39, 45, 49, 61Pakistani 580South-East Asian 606

Sudanese 128, 408Tunisian 123, 439–40Turkish 308, 309, 313–14, 320women in 75, 98Yemeni 471

Ahl-i H. adıth movement 191, 228, 558, 559,563, 579

Ahl-i Qurp�an movement 227, 571Ah.mad, Im�am (Yemen; r. 1948–62) 472–3Ah.mad b. qAlı, shaykh of Qatar

(r. 1960–72) 468Ah.mad b. Furt.u, chronicle 272Ah.mad b. qIs�a 145Ah.mad b. Idrıs (1759–1837) 20, 125–6, 638Ah.mad b. J�abir, shaykh of Kuwait

(r. 1921–50) 464Ah.mad b. Sumayt. 291Ah.mad Abu Widh�an 128

Ah.mad Bey 121Ah.mad H. usayn 375–6, 379Ah.mad al-Kabır 280, 282Ah.mad Lobbo 273, 281, 282Ah.mad Naz. ır 225

Ah.mad Rad.a Kh�an 228

Ah.mad Saqıd, sultan and Ib�adı im�am138, 139

Ah.mad Sh�ah (Iran) 177, 178, 482–3Ah.madıyya movement 113, 133, 229, 574, 636,

638, 643anti-Ah.maddıyya riots 573in USA 694

Ah.madu b. Ah.madu (im�am of Masina) 280,281–2

Ah.madu Seku (r. 1845–53) 281al-Ah.mar, qAbd All�ah 477

Ahmed Cevdet Pasa 45Ahmed Midhat 64, 77Ahmed Rıza, and CUP 58

al-Ahr�am 92, 100al-Ah.s�ap 150, 455and Ottoman Empire 150, 451

al-Ah.s�apı, Shaykh Ah.mad 164–5and Saqudı state 139, 152

Akaev, Askar (pres. Kyrgyzstan) 538Akbar Il�ah�ab�adı 238Akhb�arı-Usulı dispute 163–4Akhundzadeh, Mirza Fath. -qAlı 194Akol, L�am 413

Al-i Ah.mad, Jal�al 500Al Bu Saqıdı dynasty 139, 144, 451, 460, 464Al Khalıfa shaykhs

Bahrain 466, 467–8Qatar 468

Al Nahay�an dynasty 469Al Rashıd of H. �apil 141Al S. ab�ah. family 464–6Al Saqud 141, 148, 453–60Al al-Shaykh 139, 148Al al-Shaykh, qAbd al-Lat.ıf 146Al Sulaym 147

Al Th�anı 146, 468–9qAlam, Asad All�ah 493–4Alash Orda 521, 526qAlawı sultans (Morocco) 108–10, 437–8qAlawiyya

in China 264in East Africa 286, 288, 291, 639in Syria 360and Wahh�abism 145

in the West 703Albania

Muslim population 697, 699revolt (1910) 68

Aleppo, population 38

Alevis, in Turkish Republic 54, 306, 323,329

Alexander I, Tsar 156–7, 158, 159Alexandria, population 91

Algeriaarmy 114in First World War 417and France 2, 112, 113–15, 116–18, 124, 690Algerian War 433–5centenary celebrations 424, 425Evian Accords 435growth of nationalism 426–30and political participation 417–18

and Islamism 443, 445–7, 450post-independence power struggles 435–6reforms 422in Second World War 428–30support for Polisario 441

see also economyAlgerian Communist Party 426

Index

777






Algiersas European town 117

guerrilla war 434Algiers, regency 110–11and Tunis 111

qAlı b. qAbd All�ah, shaykh of Qatar(r. 1949–60) 468

qAlı ibn al-H. ajj 446qAlı Abu Nuww�ar 350qAlı Dın�ar, sultan of Darfur 131, 403qAlı Khurshıd 128qAlı N�as.ir Muh.ammad 476qAli Pasa, Mehmed Emin 42

qAlı Yusuf, Shaykh 100–1Aliev, Haidar (pres. Azerbaijan 1993–2003) 539Aliev, Ilham 539

Aligarh Institute 223–4Aligarh movement 223–6, 231and women’s education 226, 237

q�alim see qulam�apAlim Khan (emir of Bukhara) 521Aliye, Fatma 63All-India Muslim Educational Conference 225,

226, 234All-India Muslim Ladies’ Conference

237–8All-India Muslim League see Muslim LeagueAll-Russian Muslim conferences 198, 199,

202, 520Allenby, Sir Edmund 374

ALN see Armee de Liberation NationalealphabetArabic 527Cyrillic 527Latin 527

Alptekin, Erkin 683

Amadou B�a, Cheikhou 270

Amal Isl�amı 358Amal militia 357, 358Am�an All�ah, Amır 211, 542–5, 546, 547al-Amawı, Shaykh qAbd al-qAzız

289–90Amazigh see BerbersAmerican Muslim Political Co-ordination

Council (AMPCC) 708–9Amın, Mus.t.af�a 386Amın, Q�asim 105

al-Amın, qUbaid H. ajj 404Amını, qAlı 493amır 41Amır qAlı, Sayyid 225, 234Amır Kabır (Mırz�a T�aqı Kh�an) 166–9Amır Kh�an (Nawab of Tonk) 216

amır al-mupminın 113, 275Amis du Manifeste de la Liberte (AML;

Algeria) 428–9, 433AML see Amis du Manifeste de la LiberteqAmr, qAbd al-H. akım 383, 384, 387Amuzg�ar, Jamshid 497

Anatoliaand Armenian crisis (1894–6) 54–5Armenian state 72famine 43Greeks in 68, 304importance of Islam 68

Kurds in 72, 306and Mehmet Ali 33Ottoman rule 3population 37

and reformism 19

tax revolts 59and Turkish Republic 304

Anavatan Partisi see Motherland PartyAnderson, Sir John 249

Anglo-Afghan warsfirst (1839–42) 205–6, 213second (1878–80) 206

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936) 379Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 486–7, 489–90, 491Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Convention

(1838) 37and Egypt 86, 88, 91

Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919) 481–2, 483Anglo-Persian Oil Company 178animismand Javanism 259

in South-East Asia 240–1, 242, 251, 252, 256,259, 261

in Sudan 402

Anjuman-i Khudd�am-i Kaqba 236, 238Anjuman-i Ruh.�an-i Mub�ariz (Association of

Combatant Clergy; Iran) 512Ankara Agreement (1963) 321ans.�ar 130Ans.�ar, in Sudan 404, 406, 408Ans.�ar al-Sunna (Followers of the Sunna)

369, 653Ans.�arı, Shaykh Murtad.�a 164Anti-Imperialist Front (Sudan) 406Anwar Ibrahim 621

Anya-Nya guerillas (Sudan) 406Aq�a Muh.ammad Sh�ah (r. 1796–7) 154, 155, 161,

163, 166and Russia 156, 160

Aq�ası, H. ajjı Mırz�a 162–3, 166aqıda (creed) 144

Index

778






Arab Leagueand Egypt 380, 394and Oman 460, 463and Tunisia 431

Arab Legion 343

Arab revolt (1916) 71, 72, 451Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)and Nasser 382, 385–6, 389and Sadat 390, 391

Arab statesand Nasser’s Egypt 383–4, 389and Six Day War 384, 387, 443and Soviet Union 5

Arab–Israeli war (1948) 342–3, 347, 378,380, 456

Arabia 134autonomy, rank and status in

140–3, 145and Britain 136, 141, 142–3, 149–50,

152, 451centraland autonomy and status 141–2independence 3and Wahh�abism 139, 261

dynasties 140and East Africa 285and Egypt 17, 81, 141, 149and First World War 152, 451and Great Powers 71and hydrocarbon economy 452–3Islam and temporal power 148–9and Ottoman Empire 141, 142, 151, 451and reformism 17

scholarship 145–8schools of law 138

and taxation 142

see also Hadramawt; H. ij�az; Najd; Oman;Saudi Arabia; Yemen

Arabicin Algeria 442in China 671in India 229in Russian Empire 190, 192, 527and scripturalism 652

in South-East Asia 241, 258, 267, 592,595, 607

in sub-Saharan Africa 288, 295, 631, 636, 638,641–2, 643, 658

in Sudan 402, 407, 623in Tunisia 418

Arabsin Algeria 117British and French rule 3

and CUP 68

in expatriate labour force 479Palestinian 341–2in South-East Asia 248, 250, 252, 253, 257,

258, 267Arafat, Yasser (pres. Palestine 1993–2004) 349,

364, 365, 389architecture, Egyptian 80, 90Armee de Liberation Nationale (ALN;

Algeria) 435, 436Armee Islamique du Salut (AIS;

Algeria) 447Armee Nationale Populaire (ANP;

Algeria) 436Armenia

Christian state 3, 304and Karabagh 539

and nationalism 47

and Russian revolution 522

in Soviet Russia 523–4Armenian crisis (1894–96) 54–5Armenians, in Baku 518

Armenians, Anatoliandeportation and massacre 70, 74independent state 72post-First World War 305,

306

armies, niz.�amı 46, 81, 114, 118, 121army, Afghan 209, 546, 549, 550army, Egyptian 87, 128, 380

British control 374under Nasser 387reforms 81–2and qUr�abı Revolution 90, 95–6see also Free Officers

army, Indian 581

army, Iranian 168, 488, 496, 506army, Moroccan 118

army, Ottoman 33, 34, 35and Ataturk 304and conscription 35, 38and elite education 46

in the First World War 67,69–70

and Germany 57, 66, 69, 70and politics 60reforms 57, 66size 38and Young Turks 59

army, Russian, and Central Asian population517–18

army, Sudanese 405army, Tunisian 121

Index

779






army, Turkish Republiccoup of 1960 303, 316–17, 319coup of 1980 324–5, 326and Kurdish insurgency 328–9and Second World War 309and politics 316, 317–18, 321–2, 329, 332,

333, 334size 311

qArif, qAbd al-Sal�am (pres. Iraq 1963–6) 353Arsanj�anı, H. asan 493

as.abiyya (clannishness) 136al-Asad, Bash�ar 361al-Asad, Hafiz (pres. Syria 1971–2000) 360–1Ashqarism 109, 189Ashiqqa party (Sudan) 404ashr�af see sharıfqAsır, Idrısı state 152and Ottoman Empire 150and Saudi kingdom 455

and Yemen 471

Aslanduz, battle (1812) 158al-Asnaj, qAbd All�ah 474

assimilationism 243, 247, 418, 422, 530, 607, 687,693, 697, 705

Association of Islamic Religious Teachers(Persatuan Guru Agama Islam; PGAI)599, 600

associationism, and colonialism 243, 244Aswan High Dam 97, 382, 385, 386, 390asylum-seekers 701–2Ataturk, Mustafa Kemaland abolition of caliphate 3, 306authoritarianism 309–10in the First World War 70, 303and modernism 315, 334and nationalism 303–4, 306and reformism 19

and secularism 22, 301and the veil 26

Athr�ası Pır 583al-qAt.t.�ar, Is�am 350, 351, 360al-qAt.t.�ar, Shaykh H. asan 83, 84, 93Australasia, Muslims in 27

Australia, Muslims in 686, 695–7, 704, 709,710–11

Austria, Muslims in 710, 711Austria-Hungary, annexation of Bosnia

Herzegovina 68AwadhBritish control 213, 219–20, 221and Shıqism 214

Awami League 581al-qAwda, qAbd al-qAzız 364

Awl�ad Sulaym�an tribe 111, 112qAwn, Sharıf (r. 1882–1905) 147Awori, Moody 414ayan (provincial warlords; notables)

32, 34Ayodhya mosque affair 590

Ayub Khan, Muhammad (pres. Pakistan1958–69) 572, 573–4, 575

Az�ad, Abupl Kal�am 561–2, 563as Islamist intellectual 561, 564and Muslim community 561–2, 584and organisation 562

Azerbaijaneconomy 536, 537, 539and intercommunal violence 538, 539and modernism 194

and Muslims as national community198, 199

Russian conquest 2, 181and Russian revolution 520, 522Soviet rule 523–4state control of Islam 534–5

Azerbaijan, Iranian 184, 482autonomy movement 485political representation 176

reforms 168and Soviet Union 491

al-Azhar (Cairo) 94, 100, 105, 106,258, 552

and Afghan jihad 552, 553and Khalwatı order 16shaykh al-Azhar 82, 84, 388South-East Asian students 610,

668, 675al-Azharı, Ism�aqıl 404, 405, 406qAzz�an Qays (Muscat; r. 1868–71) 139, 148

B�a Ah.mad 119

B�a Lobbo 282

B�ab, qAlı Muh.ammad Shir�azı, Sayyid165–6, 167

B�aba, Sıdi 640B�abırevolt 163, 165–6, 167–8, 172

Badawi, Abdullah 621

al-Badr, Muh.ammad 472, 473Baghdad, population 38

Baghdad Pact 316, 382Baghdad Railway 60Baghd�adı, Mawl�an�a Kh�alid 19, 40–2Bagyidaw of Burma (r. 1819–38) 248Bah�ap All�ah 167–8Bah�apı faith 168

Index

780






Bahrain 466–8and Britain 149

independence 467and Iran 464, 466and M�alikı school 137oil industry 466, 467, 478, 480and participatory government 460reforms 466–7and Shıqites 452, 466, 467–8and slavery 142state revenues 466and United Arab Emirates 470

Bai Shouyi, Djamal al-Din 669

al-B�ajurı, Ibr�ahım 94

Bakhtiy�ar, Shahpour (prime ministerIran) 507

al-Bakrı, Muh.ammad 82al-Bakrı, Mus.t.af�a b. Kam�al al-Dın 17, 106and Khalwatiyya 16, 20

Bakriyya order 82Baku soviet 518–20, 522BAKWATA (Tanzania) 650Bal�afraj, Ah.mad 426

Balakot, battle (1831) 217Balfour Declaration (1917) 72, 340, 343Bali, and Hinduism 241, 249, 264Balkan wars (1912–13) 67, 68–9, 74, 266BalkansEuropean control 3, 38, 686Muslims in 697–700nationalism 43–4, 55population 37

refugees from 305

separatism 33, 50territorial losses 56, 62, 68

Bamba Mbakke, Ah.mad 640–1Bangladesh 581–4and democracy 583–4and Islamism 581–4and migrant workers 584military rule 582–3

Banı-S. adr, Abupl H. asan 500, 511al-Banj�arı, Muh.ammad Arshad 263

B�ank-i Millı group 549

bankruptcyEgyptian (1876) 90, 93, 94–5Ottoman (1875–81) 43, 49, 52, 94

banks and bankingEgypt 396, 397Iran 501

Ottoman 49, 53, 55, 74, 93; see alsoAgricultural Bank; Ottoman Bank

South-East Asia 606, 616

Sudan 408

Turkish Republic 326al-Bann�a, H. asan 26, 364

assassination 378, 381and caliphate of man 15

and Muslim Brotherhood 23, 376Banten, Dutch rule 256, 259Banten rebellion (1888) 264,

266, 594b�any�an 135Baqq�ara tribe 130B�arakzay dynasty (Afghanistan) 206, 208,

209, 545al-Bar�awı, Uways b. Muh.ammad, Shaykh 132,

133, 289–90, 639Bar�elwı, Sayyid Ah.mad 18, 205,

216–17, 226Bar�elwıs 228, 558, 563, 571, 579Barghasha b. Saqıd b. Ah.mad 286

al-B�arrawı, R�ashid 377

Barre, Muh.ammad Siyaad 645

Barrı, Nabıh 358

Barudi, Galimjan (qAlımj�anal-B�arudı) 190

al-B�arudı, Mahmud S�amı 95al-Bashır, qUmar H. asan 410–14basmachi resistance 521, 543, 545Bates Agreement (1899) 253Baqthism 22, 350

Iraqi 6, 352, 353, 459–60Syrian 22, 351, 360–1, 383

Batuah, H. �ajjı Datuk 600bayqa (allegiance) 113, 114al-Bay�anunı, qAlı S. adr al-Dın 361

Bayar, Celal 313Bayero, qAbd All�ah, emir of

Kano 642

bazaars 7, 40, 75bazaaris, Iranian 495, 504–5, 507B�azarg�an, Mahdı 26, 500, 514Begin, Menachem 394

Beirut 50, 358Sunnı elites 345, 346, 354

Bektasi order 35, 41, 306Belgium 710–11Bello, Ah.mad 647–8, 655Bello, Muh.ammad 277

Ben Ali (Zain al-qAbidın ibn qAlı) (pres.Tunisia 1987–) 444, 450

Ben Barka (Mahdı ibn Barka)436–7

Ben Bella (Ah.mad ibn Billah)(pres. Algeria1962–5) 22, 435–6, 446

Index

781






Ben Jedid, Chedli (Sh�adhilı b. Jadıd) (pres.Tunisia 1979–92) 440, 446

Ben Yusuf (S. al�ah ibn Yusuf) 431, 436Ben�adir ports 132, 133BengalBritish control 215Farapid. ı movement 18, 261Muslim population 213

partition proposals 235revival and reform 217–18, 225and separatism 234–5

Berbersin Algeria 117, 433, 435, 442, 447in Morocco 425, 431, 448revolt (1811) 109

Berlin Congress (1878) 93Berlin Treaty (1878) 52, 54Bevin, Ernest 486bey 54, 108, 110, 111Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 587, 589, 590Bhutto, Benazir (prime minister Pakistan

1988–90, 1993–6) 26Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali (prime minister Pakistan

1971–7) 572, 574Bı Amm�an 238

Biafra crisis 648al-Bıd. , qAlı Salım 476–7bidqa (innovation) 275, 290, 651bidonville 422, 424Bigiyev, Musa Jarullah (Mus�a J�ar All�ah Bıgı)

22, 190, 195Bihbah�anı, Ayat All�ah 488

Bihbih�anı, Aq�a Muh.ammad B�aqir 163, 175Bin J�asir, Ibr�ahım 147

Bin Jirjıs 144Bin Laden, Osama 5, 24and jihad 13

and Saudi Arabia 459and South-East Asia 608and Sudan 411

and Taliban 6, 576Bin Sumayt., Ah.mad 140

Bina qAlı (ruler of Segu) 280Bint al-Hud�a 366

birth control 63Black Sea, neutralisation 43

Bodawhpaya of Burma (r. 1782–1819) 248Bol, Kerubıno Kwanyin 409, 413Bol, William Nyon 409

Bolsheviksin Caucasus 519–20, 522in Central Asia 520–5

bori (intercessionist ritual) 656

Borneo 251, 263Bornu, caliphate 270jihad 271, 273and Sokoto 274, 276–7

Bosniaannexation by Austria-Hungary 68and ethnic cleansing 5, 698Muslim population 697, 698

Boudiaf (Abu Diy�af), Muh.ammad 433, 446Boumedienne, Houari (H. aw�arı Abu Madyan)

(pres. Algeria 1965–78) 436, 438, 446Bourguiba (Abu Ruqayba), H. abıb (pres.

Tunisia 1957–87)and independence movement 425–6, 427,

431, 432–3and Islamism 444, 450in power 436, 438, 439–40, 443, 444

Bouteflika (Abu Taflıqa), qAbd al-qAzız 447Bowen, John R. 604

Britainand Abu Dhabi 469and Afghanistan 210, 211, 545, 547and Arabia 136, 141, 142–3, 149–50,

152, 451and Arabs 3and Bahrain 149, 466and Borneo 251

church–state relations 712and Crimean War 43and East Africa 286, 639, 649–50and Egypt 37, 79, 91–2, 95, 96–104, 373–4,

377–9, 381; see also Suez Canalin First World War 69, 70–1and Gulf states 451, 464and India 2, 203, 212–20and Iran 3, 157–9, 160, 168, 169–70,

171–2, 176–9, 203, 481, 485, 486–7,489–90, 491–2

and Iraq 70, 72, 337–8, 454and Jordan 5

and Libya 437, 449and Malay states 250–1, 596, 622Muslims in 687–90, 706–7, 708, 709,

710–11, 714and North African states 112, 120and Oman 460–2and Ottoman Empire 37, 85, 236, 336and Palestinian mandate 72, 336, 340–2and Qatar 468and Russia 521and segregation 704–5and Somalia 133and South Africa 293

Index

782






and sub-Saharan Africa 625, 647and Sudan 129, 402–5support for Israel 6and Thailand 249

and Turkish Republic 304and West Africa 283, 298, 627–9,

642–3and Yemen 152, 451, 471, 473, 474–5

British East India Company 213,219–20, 687

and South-East Asia 242, 248British India Association 224

brotherhood, of Muslim community 28Browne, Edward 172, 173Brunei 264, 606sultan 251

Bu, Saqad 640

Buddhism, in South-East Asia 240, 242, 245,250, 601

Budiah movement 262Buhali, Jialei 675Bukhara, khanateand Afghanistan 543

and Iran 201

and Jadidism 194–5, 197and Ottoman Empire 201and reform 188–90and Russian Revolution 521, 522Russian rule 2, 182, 183, 519Soviet rule 532and Turkism 200–1

Bulgariaand Balkan wars 68collapse (1918) 71independence 68Muslim population 697, 699–700and Ottoman rule 43–4rebellion 93

textile industry 49Bulghars, as Tatars 200Bundu, imamate 279Buraymı oasis dispute 461–2bureaucracyEgyptian 90

growth 7

Iranian 166

Ottoman 42

Russian 185–6Turkish 308, 326, 329–30

BurmaBritish conquest 250and Buddhism 242, 245, 250and Muslims 248, 606

Burney Treaty (1826) 248Bush, George W. 709Bushire rising (1888-9) 292

Cairoinfluence 594–5, 603population 38

see also al-Azharcalendar, Western 307

caliphate 4, 28abolition 3, 306, 560as grand imamate 153of man 15, 238–9and sultanate 33, 56, 266–7

Cambodiaand Buddhism 242, 247and Confucianism 247

and France 612and Muslim minorities 606,

611–13, 622and syncretism 241

Canada, Muslims in 703, 704, 705, 709Canning, Charles John, 1st Earl 222Cape Town, Muslim community 292–7, 298capitalism

and agriculture 355, 439–40‘capitalist revival’ 9critique 8, 350, 351, 352Egyptian 385, 391–2and modernisation 302

pressures 9, 10print 48, 51and Turkish army 318

capitulations (imtiyazat)in Egypt 91in Iran 160

in Ottoman Empire 39, 54, 73,91, 307

carpets, export 49, 50, 62, 503Carter, Jimmy 504Casablanca, population 422

Catherine II (the Great) 32, 156, 181and Muslims in Russia 185–7, 192

Caucasusadministration and ethnicity 523–4and civil war 520–2in First World War 517–20and Islam 530–2, 533–6and national identity 532–3post-Soviet era 534–6, 538–41and reformism 19, 190–1, 196Russian rule 181, 183–4and Turkish Republic 328

Index

783






cavalryHamidian 54

sipahi 35Cawnpore Mosque affair (1913) 236Cemal Pasa 67, 68, 70censorshipEgypt 380, 381, 388–9, 396Iran 512, 514Kuwait 465Malay states 243Ottoman 51, 58Qatar 469

censuses 56, 62Central Asiaadministration and ethnicity 522–5basmachi resistance 521, 543and civil war 520–2culture and socialism 526–8and famine 518and First World War 517–20indigenisation policy 525–6and Islam 530–2, 533–6and Islamism 535–6and national identities 532–3,

534–6, 541post-Soviet economies 536–7post-Soviet statehood 538–41, 682and practice of Islam 184

and reformism 19, 191, 196, 199resistance movements 543Russian rule 182–3transformation of society 528–32and Turkish Republic 328

chador, ban on 484

Cham language 612Cham (Vietnamese Muslims) 241, 247–8,

249, 611Chamoun, Camille (pres. Lebanon

1952–8) 354Charkı, Ghul�am Nabı 547Chechensdeportation 525, 539–40nationalist struggle 539–41and radical Islam 540

and Soviet Union 5, 19, 522, 523and terrorism 536

Chen Guangyan 666

child labour, in Central Asia 537child soldiers, in Sudan 412

China 659–85centres of learning 242Chinese Republic 243, 245, 268Cultural Revolution 672, 678, 684

and dissent 685holy wars 262–3and Iraq 665

and Islamism 684–5and the Middle East 668, 678, 679Muslim divisions 244, 245, 246, 659, 660Muslim population 240, 660and nationhood 659–60and neo-Sufism 264

and reformism 17, 19–20, 267, 268and rival cultures 242and terrorism 659–60and text-based Islam 668–71, 674–5, 677and Wahh�abism 262

and Yihewani 262, 670–4see also Hui; Uyghurs

China Islamic Affairs Association 664, 665China Islamic Association 666, 672, 673Chir�agh qAlı 225Chishtı Sufi order 216, 703Christianityand church-state relations 711–12in India 219, 221in Indonesia 604and Islam 689

in Java 253, 256, 257, 591–2in Malay states 250, 591–2in Ottoman Empire 38, 47in Philippines 252, 253, 609–10in sub-Saharan Africa 628in Sudan 402, 406, 412

Chulalongkorn, King (Thailand; r. 1868–1910)248–9, 607

CIA, in Iran 490–1Cilegon rising (1888) 256cinema, in Egypt 379, 380, 386, 388–9, 401citizenship, in the West 702, 705civil serviceEgypt 90, 95Malaysia 618Ottoman 36, 46West Africa 630, 647Zanzibar 631, 639–40

civil societyin Afghanistan 556

in Iran 483, 512, 513in South-East Asia 606, 618, 622in Sudan 416

Turkish 319, 323, 324in West Africa 629

civilisation, and Jadidism 191

cizye see jizyaclash of civilisations thesis 28

Index

784






class formation, Ottoman 50–1, 63see also elites; middle class; proto-

bourgeoisie; working classClemenceau, Georges 417coinage 49, 73Cold Warand Afghanistan 549–50, 554and Saudi Arabia 451, 456and superpower rivalries 4–5, 347and Turkish Republic 327

colonialismand assimilationism 243, 247, 418, 422, 530and associationism 243, 244colonial state 220–32and decolonisation 347

internal 554–5, 556of Muh.ammad qAlı 128and sub-Saharan Africa 625–32and violence 102

colonisation, European, in Algeria 116–18Comite Revolutionnaire d’Unite et d’Action

(CRUA; Algeria) 433Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)and army officers 67in Balkans 59and constitutional revolution 66

and deportation of Armenians 70and First World War 67January 1913 coup 67

leadership 58, 67, 73and parliament 60

communications technology, and Islamicknowledge 15

communismAfghan 551–2, 579Algerian 426

in Central Asia 523, 525Egyptian 376–7, 381, 385, 386, 408Indonesian 593, 614, 615Iranian 491, 492, 495Iraqi 351in South-East Asia 600–1, 605Sudanese 406, 407Tunisian 419, 421

concubinage 80, 89, 104, 250Confederation Generale des Travailleurs

Tunisiens (CGTT) 419–20Confucianism 242, 244, 245, 247, 268Congress Party 560, 564and creation of Pakistan 569

decline 586, 589and Jinnah 236, 564–5and Kashmir 588

and Mawdud ı 566and post-partition Muslims 584, 586, 588see also Indian National Congress

Connor, Walker 670conscription 35, 38, 46

and non-Muslims 45Conseil National de la Revolution Algerienne

(CNRA) 434–5constitution

Iranian 175–6, 177Ottoman, 1876 44, 45, 48, 58, 59, 93Tunisian 122

Constitutional Reform Party (Egypt) 101constitutional revolution (Ottoman) 66–8constitutionalism, Afghan 211

Consultative Assembly (Egyptian) 90, 96consumerism 9, 10conversions to Christianity

in India 219in Philippines 252in Russia 185in USA 692

conversions to Islamin Afghanistan 208

of African Americans 686, 694in Britain 689

in Burma 250in China 245, 661in East Africa 287, 290, 292in India 214in Malaysia 620in South Africa 295in sub-Saharan Africa 632, 635–6, 657–8in the West 703in West Africa 284, 642–3

Copts 394, 396, 398and Egyptian nationalism 103

corruptionin Afghanistan 544, 545, 546, 549in Egypt 378, 388in Indonesia 618in Iran 481, 502in Kuwait 465in Malaysia 619, 621in Pakistan 575

in Palestine 364in Saudi Arabia 457, 458in Sudan 408

in Turkish Republic 328, 332cosmopolitanism

in Egypt 379–80in Malaya 595

Cote d’Ivoire, Muslims in 658

Index

785






Cottam, Richard 490

cottonCentral Asia 529, 536Egypt 84, 94, 104Iran 503

Sudan 403, 405, 408Turkistan 187

Crete 33, 42, 68Crimeaand reform 196, 198Russian rule 181–2, 183, 193

Crimean War (1853-6) 42, 43, 266and government revenue 49

Cromer, Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl 97, 100, 103Crusades 13cultureCentral Asian 526–8Egyptian 380, 390, 401Indian Muslim 214

Iranian 500

Ottomanfinal stages of empire 76–7under Selim III and Mahmud II 39–42in Tanzimat period 47–8, 51–2

in South-East Asia 241Sudanese 404Turkish Republic 331

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi see RepublicanPeople’s Party

CUP see Committee of Union and ProgressCurzon, George N. 166, 171, 179, 207, 481Cyprus, and Turkish Republic 321, 322, 334Cyrenaica 111and Italy 423–4, 428and Libya 430and Ottoman Empire 112, 417

Ciller, Tansu 26

daaira (circle) 641, 654Dachlan, Kyai H. �ajjı Ah.mad 603, 604Daendels, Herman 253

Daghistanand reformism 19

Russian conquest 2in Soviet Union 523, 534

al-Dah.ab, Suw�ar 410Dah. l�an, Ah.mad Zaynı 137, 143, 145,

149, 151d�aqı (missionary) 290Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsey, 1st

Marquess 216, 221al-D. amadı 146Damascus 38, 43, 71

Danube, internationalisation 43

d�ar al-h.arb 212d�ar al-Isl�am 213, 559Dardanelles 72, 312Darfur (Sudan) 402, 403,

415, 416Darq�awı order 109, 110, 125Dars-i Niz.�amı curriculum 228, 230Darul Islam (DI; West Java) 613–14Dashnaktsutiun (Armenian party) 519datu (sultan), in Philippines 609–10D�apud, Muh.ammad Mus.�ah. ib�an (prime

minister Afghanistan 1953–63) 547, 548,549–50, 551–2

al-Daqwa 352, 353, 392Daw�apir tribe 114DDII see Indonesian Council for Islamic

Proselytisationde Gaulle, Charles 434de Hautecloque, Jean 431

de Lesseps, Ferdinand 91, 94Delhiand Indian Mutiny 220, 221renaissance 219, 222

Demirel, Suleyman 318, 321democracyin Afghanistan 550–1, 555in Bangladesh 583–4in Egypt 382, 386, 390, 391in India 585–6in Indonesia 614–15, 617, 618, 622and Iran 496, 513, 515in Kuwait 465in Pakistan 572, 574, 575in South-East Asia 606in sub-Saharan Africa 643in Sudan 407, 409, 410, 416in Turkey 302–3, 324–5, 333

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP; Sudan)405, 411

Demokrat Parti (DP; Turkey) 302,313–16

economic policies 313–14, 316foreign policies 315–16founding 313and military coup of 1960 316–18and modernisation 315

and national homogenisation 315

and opposition 316

popular support for 317religious policies 314

Deng Xiaoping 676, 678Denmark, church–state relations 712

Index

786






Deoband movementinfluence 12, 563, 576and JUH 585

and JUI 577–80madrasas 211, 579, 580and reformism 12, 18, 226, 228, 230–1,

558–9Russian students 190and Taliban 19, 576–7

dey 110Dh�awı qAwn 140

Dh�awı Zayd 140

dhikr 41in East Africa 288–90, 292in South-East Asia 263, 264in sub-Saharan Africa 633, 634, 642in the West 703

Dhuf�ar, rebellion 462–3Dhuf�ar Liberation Front 462Dia, Mamadou 644

Diagne, Blaise 297Diina emirate (Laamu Diina) 281–3al-Dimast�anı, H. asan 146

Dink, Hrant 335Diouf, Abdou 645

Dipanagara, Prince 254and millenarianism 259

and reformism 18, 594diplomacyIranian 170

Ottoman 34, 36, 37final stages of empire 71–3Tanzimat period 42

Turkish 309

discriminationin Afghanistan 546

in Albania 699in Australia 696in Bahrain 466, 467in Dutch East Indies 266in Saudi Arabia 457in Soviet Russia 540in the West 418, 689, 691, 707,

708, 709disease, control measures 38divorce 250Diyanet (Netherlands) 713Dodecanese islands, Italian capture 68Dost Muh.ammad, Amır 206DP see Demokrat Partidressin Afghanistan 544

in Bulgaria 700

in Egypt 400–1Ottoman reforms 35, 80, 150in Pakistan 575

in sub-Saharan Africa 632, 652, 653in Sudan 412, 415in Tunisia 426in the West 715

Drew Ali, Noble 692, 694Druze, in Lebanon 337

Du Wenxiu (Sultan Sulayman) 19, 245Dubai 469, 471Dudaev, Johar 540Dudu Miy�an 218

Duma 59and Muslim faction 198–9

Dunama, Mai (Bornu) 276Dunsterville, Lionel 518Durand Line 548Durr�anı, Ah.mad Sh�ah 204

Durr�anı, Mahmud Sh�ah (1747–73) 205Durr�anı, Tımur Sh�ah (r. 1773–93) 204Durr�anı, Zam�an Sh�ah (r. 1793–1801) 204Durr�anı empire 204, 552Dustem, qAbd al-Rashıd 554Dustur (Constitution) Party (Tunisia) 418–21,

425–6Dutch East India Company 2, 242, 253, 255,

293, 687Dutch East Indies 591

and reformism 593, 594, 598–606see also Indonesia; Java

earthquakesEgypt (1992) 399Turkish (1999) 332, 333

East Africaand Britain 286, 649–50coastal 285, 286–91crisis and reform 285–92and Germany 286, 292, 639inland 285–6, 292and Islamism 644

plantation economy 286, 287and reform 286–7Shır�azı elites 287see also Tanganyika; Tanzania; Zanzibar

East India Company see British East IndiaCompany; Dutch East India Company

East Pakistan see BangladeshEast Timor, independence from Indonesia 5East Turkistan

and China 240, 246–7, 681, 682and Ottoman Empire 266

Index

787






Eastern Europe, Muslims in697–700

Eastern Turkistan InformationCentre 659

Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement(ETIM) 659

Eastern Turkistan LiberationOrganisation 659

Ecevit, Bulent 322economyAfghan 209, 547, 548, 550Algerian 424, 434, 439, 440, 442Bahraini 467Central Asia and Caucasus 536–7Chechen 540

command 8, 39, 84, 439in East Africa 291Egyptian 84–6, 91, 98, 128, 378, 386, 387,

390, 396Gulf states 452–3, 464Indonesian 604, 616, 617Iranian 173, 174, 485, 487, 488, 492–3, 496,

502–3, 512Islamisation 23

Jordanian 361

Lebanese 354Libyan 424, 430, 449Malaysian 619–20Moroccan 424, 439, 440, 447, 448Ottoman 38–9, 78and Abdulhamid II 60–2final stages of empire 73–4reforms 37Tanzimat period 49–50

Pakistani 579–80Palestinian 365

Saudi 456–7South Yemen 475, 476sub-Saharan Africa 626–7, 643,

645, 651Sudanese 403, 405, 408Syrian 345

Trucial states 469Tunisian 122–3, 424, 438–9, 443Turkish 307–9, 311, 313–14, 316, 320,

323–4crisis of 2001 332–3, 334liberalisation 326–7, 328, 334protectionism 308, 318, 320

and Western knowledge 7world crisis 308, 323, 346, 424, 426Yemeni 474see also oil

Eden, Emily 214Eden, Sir Anthony 383, 486Edib, Halide 76–8Edirne, population 38

education 15

Afghanistan 209, 210, 442, 546, 548, 550Algeria 117Arabia 146, 453Arabic-medium 192, 267, 418, 442, 631, 636,

638, 641–2, 652Central Asia and Caucasus 528, 531, 532China 664–5, 675and decline of Sufism 25

Egypt 98, 103, 104, 386elite 46, 58, 89–90, 256European 8, 82, 89–90femaleAfghanistan 546

Egypt 83, 104, 386India 225–6, 237–8Iran 484, 546Ottoman Empire 26, 50Russian Empire 192Saudi Arabia 456South-East Asia 600Yemen 476

India 215, 558, 563Indonesia 615–16, 622Iran 168, 176, 484and Jadidism 191, 192, 194Lebanon 355

Malaysia 622military 46, 81–2and modernism 22

Morocco 422, 425, 448and Muslims in the West 709–11reforms 57, 606Russia 184, 192, 196South-East Asia 251, 257, 591–2, 596,

600, 601sub-Saharan Africa 626Sudan 403

Tunisia 123, 418Turkish Republic 307, 330vernacular 448, 528and women 26, 50, 83, 104Zanzibar 631–2

effendiyya 101egalitarianism, Ottoman 50

Egypt 79–106and Arab states 383–4, 394Arab-Israeli war 378and Arabia 17, 81, 141, 149

Index

788






bankruptcy (1876) 90, 93, 94–5and Britain 2, 37, 54, 70, 79, 91–2, 95, 96, 103,

373–4independence 374and Second World War 377–9as veiled protectorate 96–104withdrawal from Egypt 381

constitutional monarchy 376, 381Consultative Assembly 90, 96control of H. ij�az 137cosmopolitanism 379–80and First World War 103and France 91–2, 95, 96occupation 1, 33, 52, 79, 690

international relations 382–4and Islamism 24, 387–8, 389, 392–5, 396,

398–401and Israel 24, 382–3, 384, 390,

392, 401Gaza Strip 348, 382

and language 103and liberalism 375, 377, 378–9and modernism 93, 98–100, 267and Muh.ammad qAlı Pasa 79–86state and religion 82–4

overthrow of monarchy 349and Palestine 378, 379, 380, 398, 401political violence 378public sphere 92–4, 99and reformism 16, 119, 377, 379, 384–7,

391–2reorientations 375–7and Saqudı kingdom 81

and Second World War 374,377–8, 379

and Six Day War 384, 387, 473and Somalia 131and Soviet Russia 5, 382, 385, 388, 389, 390state revenues 85, 86, 90, 94–6and Sudan 2, 81, 127–9, 130–1, 374,

402–5, 412and United Arab Republic 350,

354, 383war and remembrance 377–9and Yemen 81, 383–4, 387, 472–3see also economy; education; elites; Free

Officers; Mubarak; Muh.ammad q AlıPasa; Nasser; nationalism; al-Sadat;Suez Canal

Egyptian Communist Party 386Egyptian Socialist Party 376Eickelman, Dale 674Eisenhower, Dwight D., and Iran 489, 490, 491

El Alamein, Battle (1942) 378, 428elites

Afghanistan 546, 547, 555Central Asia 538China 678East Africa 287–9, 649education 46, 58, 81–2Egypt 88, 89–90, 95, 373rural 90, 385, 387and Umma Party 102

Hui Chinese 244India 215and the British 216, 218–19, 231divisions 214and education 224

provincial 214, 568, 569and separatism 232, 235–6, 570, 584

Iran 155, 161, 162, 167, 168, 170, 171, 174, 496Iraq 338, 339and Islamism 24

Lebanon 345, 346Morocco 422

Ottoman 22, 38, 42, 46Pakistan 572, 580Russia 182–3, 192, 196, 197Saudi Arabia 454South-East Asia 242, 593Indonesia 256, 602Java 242, 254, 257, 259, 260, 601Malaya 595, 598, 619Philippines 608–9

Sudan 129, 402, 404, 406, 412and Sufism 25

Syria 344, 345Tunisia 123Turkish Republicand politics 310, 316–18, 324, 334, 335provincial 310–11

West Africa 270, 278, 629and Western knowledge and

culture 7–8Elphinstone, Mountstuart 203emirates, Arabian 135

ENA see Etoile Nord-AfricaineEnlightenment, European 8, 10, 25, 32, 34,

186, 191Entente liberale 67Entente powers, and partition of Ottoman

Empire 71–3Enver Pasa

in Central Asia 521and CUP triumvirate 67and First World War 67, 69, 71

Index

789






equality, of Muslims and non-Muslims 44, 47Erbakan, Necmettin 24, 319Erdogan, Tayyip 301, 330, 333–4Eritrea, and Sudan 413

Ershad, Gen. Husain (pres. Bangladesh1982–90) 582–3, 584

etatism, Turkish 308

Ethiopiaindependence 625and Somalia 132, 133, 645, 646and Sudan 130

ethnic cleansingin Bosnia 698in First World War 70

ethnicityin Bosnia 5, 698and Chinese Muslims 661, 663–4in Malaysia 618–20under Soviet rule 522–5and sub-Saharan Africa 636–7

Etoile Nord-Africaine (ENA) 420–1, 422,427, 691

Europeexpansionism 79

independence from 4

and informal imperialism 90–2and Iran 156–61, 174and Islamic modernism 22

and Islamic resistance 124–6and Islamic revival and reform 1, 25Muslims in 27, 686, 704; see also migrationand North African states 107–8, 111, 112,

116–18, 124–6, 128–9protests against 12–13and South Africa 292speed of domination 1–3and Turkey 321

European UnionCopenhagen criteria 334and Turkish membership 301, 302, 303, 321,

328, 330, 331, 333, 334–5Evian Accords 435evkaf (religious endowments) 36, 74; see also

waqfEvren, Kenan 324

F�ad. ilı order 120, 640fadd�an (measure of land) 88, 98, 385,

386

Fad. l All�ah, Sayyid Muh.ammadH. usayn 359

Fad. l al-Rah.m�an 573

Fad. l, Sayyid 150

Fahd b. qAbd al-qAzız (r. 1982–2005)457–9

Fakhretdin, Rizaetdin (Riz�a al-Dın Fakhral-Dın) 190

Falangist party (Lebanon) 346Fall, Ibr�ahım 640–1fall�aqa bands 432, 436famineAlgeria 417Central Asia 518, 521

fanaticism 15

in India 220and Russian policies 186, 199

Far�ahı, H. amıd al-Dın 563

Far�apid. ı movement 18, 218, 261Faraj, Muh.ammad qAbd al-Sal�am 395

Fard, Wali 695Farh�ad, Ah.mad 493

Farıd, Muh.ammad 100, 101, 103al-Farsı, qAbd All�ah S�alih 653

F�aruq, king of Egypt (r. 1936–52) 79, 374, 377,378, 379, 385

al-F�ası, qAllal 426, 436Fatah. organisation 349, 365Fath. qAlı Sh�ah (r. 1797–1834)

155–62achievements 161–2and Europe 156–61household 155–6and Russia 156–60as sh�ahansh�ah 155and qulam�a p 159

F�at.ima bint Ah.mad ‘al-Fud.ayliyya’ 146fatw�asin India 212–13, 230–1in Iraq 339

in Lebanon 360

in Palestine 341in Saudi Arabia 458in South-East Asia 265, 607in Soviet Union 531

in Turkey 304Fays.al ibn H. usayn, Amıras king of Damascus (r. 1919–20)

71, 337as king of Iraq (r. 1921–32) 339, 343

Fays.al, Im�am (r. 1834–37, 1843–65) 139Fays.al, king of Saudi Arabia (r. 1964–75) 455–6,

458, 473Fayz Kh�an b. Khizr Kh�an al-K�abulı 188Fazilet Partisi see Virtue PartyFazıl Pasa, Mustafa 48Faz. l All�ah Nurı, Shaykh 176, 177

Index

790






Federation des Elus Indigenes (Algeria) 418,420–1, 422, 426, 427, 428

feminism, Egypt 104ferman (Ottoman edict) 45fez 307Fezzan 111

Fid�apiy�an (Iran) 501, 504al-Fıl, Shaykh Ah.mad al-Sayyid 404

Finkenstein, Treaty of (1807) 157fiqh (jurisprudence) 138, 189,

291

First World Warand Afghanistan 211

and Arabia 152armistice 71and Central Asia 517–20and CUP 67

economic effects 73–5, 305and Egypt 103and France 70, 72, 117and India 236and Iran 178–9and Netherlands 267and Ottoman Empire 67, 69–70, 178,

560, 688and Sudan 403

FIS see Front Islamique du Salutfiscalism 38

Fit.rat, qAbd al-Rapuf 194, 201Fletcher, Joseph 668

FLOSY see Front for the Liberation ofOccupied South Yemen

Forbes, Andrew 681

FranceAnatolian sphere of influence 72, 304and Arabs 3and Crimean War 43and First World War 70, 72, 117and Indochina 245, 248, 249–50, 612and Iran 157

and Lebanon 346

and Mauritania 121Muslims in 690–2, 704, 705, 706, 710, 712and North Africa 2–3, 110–11, 119occupation of Egypt 1, 33, 52, 79and Ottoman Empire 53, 336Revolutionary Wars 156and Russia 158and sub-Saharan Africa 625, 629–30and Suez Canal 91–2, 95, 96, 382–3and West Africa 279, 282–3, 284, 296–7,

640, 643see also Algeria; Morocco; Syria; Tunisia

franchiseAfghan 551

Algerian 417, 428, 434Bahraini 467Iranian 176, 484, 486, 494Kuwaiti 466Omani 463Qatari 469

Free Officers (Egypt) 96, 376, 378in Arab states 383coup of 1952 379, 380–1,

391, 405and Muslim Brotherhood 349, 381and reform 384–5see also Nasser; al-Sadat

Free Princes (Saudi Arabia) 456Free Yemeni Movement 472French West Africa 629–30Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN; Algeria)

22, 433–4, 435–6and Islamism 443, 446–7

Front Islamique du Salut (FIS; Algeria)447, 450

Front for the Liberation of Occupied SouthYemen (FLOSY) 475, 476

Fup�ad I, king of Egypt (r. 1917–36)79, 103

Fuad Pasa, Kececizade 42Fuda, Faraj 397Fulani, and reformism 21

Furuhar, D�aryush 514

Fuuta Jalon, imamate 270, 278, 283French conquest 284, 629jihad 271, 279and slave raiding 283–4

Fuuta Tooro 279, 283, 629

Gabr, Shaykh 397

al-Gaddafi (Qadhdh�afı), Muqammarand Lebanon 358

and Nasser 389opposition to 448

overthrow of King Idrıs 438and political system 438

support for Polisario 441

Gallipoli campaign 70

gamelan music 260Gandhi, Mahatma 560Gandhi, Rajiv 588Gangohı, Rashıd Ah.mad 226

Garang, John 409–10, 414, 415Garang, Joseph 408

Garvey, Marcus 695

Index

791






gas, natural, in Central Asia 537Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey 22, 191–3, 198,

199, 201Gaza Stripand Egypt 348, 382and Israel 349, 363

gecekondu settlements 314, 320–1Gedimu Islam, in China 668, 670, 671, 672Geertz, Clifford 259

gender normsin literature 52and modernity 63and Sufism 634

in women’s writing 76–7Georgiaand Iran 156, 157and Russian Revolution 522

in Soviet Russia 523–4German-Ottoman alliance 69, 70Germanyand East Africa 286, 292, 639in First World War 67, 69Muslims in 711–12and Ottoman army 57, 66, 69, 97Turkish guest workers 321, 702

Gesink, Indira 84Gh�afirı tribes 136Gh�alı, Boutros 103Gh�alı, Mirrıt 377Gh�alib 215, 218al-Gh�amidı, J�awid Ah.mad 563al-Ghannushı, Rashıd 26al-Ghashmı, Ah.mad 473al-Ghaz�alı, Abu H. �amid Muh.ammad al-Tusı

14, 264Ghul�am Ah.mad of Q�adiy�an, Mirz�a 229, 636Ghul�am qAlı, Sh�ah (Shaykh qAbdullah

al-Dihlawı) 40, 223Gilan (Iran) 482, 483Glassman, J. 290al-Gl�awı, Th�amı 431, 432globalisation, effects 11, 331, 715Golden Horde 180, 181, 200Golp�ayg�anı, Muh.ammad Riz.�a 494Gorbachev, Mikhail 540Gordon, Gen. Charles 129, 130Gorst, Sir John Eldon 103

Gouvernement Provisoire de la RepubliqueAlgerienne (GPRA) 434–5

Gokalp, Ziya 73Graduates Congress (Sudan) 404Great Gameand Afghanistan 207

and Xinjiang 681Greater Lebanon 337, 346Greeceand Balkan wars 68, 74church-state relations 712and Crete 68and First World War 71, 72Muslims in 305

relations with Turkish Republic 332see also Cyprus

Greek Orthodoxy, in Ottoman Empire 38,47, 305

Greek revolution (1821–30) 33Greeks, in Anatolia 68, 74, 304, 306, 315Groupe Islamique Armee (GIA;

Algeria) 446Guarmani, C. 135, 147Gujarat massacre (2002) 587, 590Gulf states 464–70and Britain 451, 464expatriate workers 478–80and oil economy 355, 363, 452–3,

464, 478and USA 451

see also Bahrain; Kuwait; Qatar; Trucialstates; Yemen

Gulf War, First 6, 665Gulist�an, Treaty of (1774) 158–9, 160Gulhane Decree (1839) 37, 44–5, 46Gumi, Abu Bakr 655

H. abıb All�ah, Amır (Afghanistan; r. 1901–19)210–11, 542

H. abıb All�ah II, Amır (Afghanistan)544–5

h.add/h.udud (punishment) 409,411–12

H. add�ad, T. �ahar 420al-H�adı Gh�alib 148

H. adıd, Marw�an 351, 360H. adıthin China 676and literalism 261

and modernism 571, 651–7study 16, 191, 227translation 15, 230

Hadramawtimportance to Muslims 134migrants to East Africa 287–8and modern education 146

and Ottoman Empire 150and reformism 145, 148and scholarship 140–1, 242

Index

792






tribes 135and Yemen 266

H�afiz. , qAbd al-H. alım 386

h.ajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) 454, 457–8,668, 669

al-H. �ajj qUmar b. Saqıd Taal 270, 278–9, 282,297, 635, 641

h.�ajjısin China 675, 679, 684in South Africa 295in South-East Asia 592Dutch East Indies 255–6, 257,

261, 594Malay states 264Philippines 252status 242, 252, 257–8

al-H. akım, Grand Ayat All�ahMuh.sin 352

h.al�al 616, 707H. �alı, Alt.�af H. usayn 11, 222, 225H. amad, shaykh of Bahrain (r. 1923–42) 466H. amad, shaykh of Bahrain (r. 1999–)

467–8H. amad ibn Khalıfa, shaykh of Qatar (r. 1995–)

468–9H. amall�ah, Shaykh (Ah.mad H. amahu All�ah

Haidara) 630H. am�as 363–4, 365H. amawı order 630al-H. amdı, Ibr�ahım 473

H. �amid b. Thuwaynı b. Saqıd (sultan ofZanzibar; r. 1893–6) 289

H. ammuda Bey (Tunis; r. 1782–1814) 111H. amud qAzz�an 139

Han Chineseand Muslims 244, 245, 661and nationality 681and Uyghurs 681, 682

H. anafı schoolin Afghanistan 546

in Bukhara 189in Burma 246in China 662in India 228in South Africa 294, 296

H. anbalı schoolin Arabia 137, 138in Morocco 109

in Pakistan 580

in South-East Asia 242, 261and Wahh�abism 144

Haniyya, Ism�aqıl 365Happiness Party (Turkey) 333

al-H. aqq, Mawl�an�a Samıq 577H. arakat al-Mah.rumın (Lebanon) 357H. arakat al-Muj�ahidın 579

harems, Egyptian 80, 88H. asan, Mawl�ay (Morocco; r. 1873–94) 119H. asan, Muh.ammad qAbd All�ah 21

H. asan II, King of Morocco (r. 1873-94) 437, 438,440–1, 447–8

H. asan qAlı, Mır 219–20Hash�ad, Farh.�at 429, 431Hashemite monarchies

in H. ij�az 451, 454in Iraq 351, 383in Jordan 343, 351, 383

H�ashim, Muh.ammad Mus.�ah. ib�an 547, 548Hatta, Muhammad 605

Hausaland, jihad 271, 273, 274; see also SokotoHay-at Ha-yi Mu atalefeh-yi Islami (Coalition

of Islamic Associations; Iran) 511–12al-H. aydarı, Ibr�ahım Fas. ıh. 147Haykal, Muh.ammad H. usayn 377

Haz�ara Shıqı 543, 545headscarf 393, 400, 616, 707

ban on 330, 664, 706, 708, 710Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 553, 554Henderson, Loy 492Herat, and Iran 162, 169–70, 205Herzegovina 44, 68Hiba (Ah.mad Haybat All�ah) 121Hidden Imam 165, 166h. ij�ab see headscarfH. ij�az

Arab revolt (1916) 68autonomy and finances 141–2cosmopolitanism 140

Hashemite monarchy 451, 454independence 72and Ithn�a qAsharı Shıqites 136J�awi community 258, 592, 594and modern education 146

Ottoman control 137religious culture 455and Saqudı kingdom 81, 454and Sufism 147

and tribes 136H. ij�az railway 56, 58, 60, 146, 266hijra 135, 141, 149, 212, 217, 273, 279,

392, 625Hijrat movement 543al-Hil�alı, Ah.mad 379Hin�awı tribes 136al-Hin�apı, Im�am Gh�alib ibn qAlı (Oman) 461al-Hin�apı, T. �alib ibn qAlı 461–2

Index

793






Hinduismin India 214, 224, 235, 562, 564–5, 567,

586–7in Indonesia 249, 601and Javanism 240, 259–60and revivalism 224, 235see also nationalism; Indian

H. izb All�ah/H. izbull�ah (Party of God)in India 562in Iraq 369

in Lebanon 24, 358–60H. izb al-Isl�amı (Iraq) 352–3H. izb al-Nahd.a (Renaissance party; Tunisia)

444–5H. izb al-Tah.rır 708H. izb al-Tah.rır al-Isl�amı (Islamic liberation

party) 348, 362, 536H. izbi Isl�amı (Islamic party; Afghanistan)

553

Holy Places, Christian 43, 72Holy Places, Muslim 236

Arabia 137, 140, 258, 273, 295, 457Jerusalem 341, 343

Hourani, Albert 93Hoxha, Enver (r. 1946-85) 699Hubbu movement 284al-Hud.aybı, H. asan 392

Hui (Chinese Muslims) 243–7, 250, 268,659

factionalism 244, 245, 246, 679massacre (1975) 678origins 661–2and pilgrimage 668, 669population 661

and Salafı 674–8and Sufi orders 667–78and Uyghurs 682, 684and Yihewani 670–4

Hungary, Muslim population 697

Hunter, W.W. 215H. usayn, king of Jordan (r. 1952–99) 349–50,

361–2, 383, 389H. usayn, Sharıf, of Mecca 71,

72, 451H. usayn, Rukh�aya Sakh�awat 226H. usayn, Z. �akir (pres. India) 564H. usayn qAlı (amır of Mecca; 1908–24) 152H. usayn K�amil (sultan of Egypt; r. 1914–17)

103, 373al-H. usayn al-Sharafı 146H. usayn-McMahon correspondence (1915–16)

71, 72al-H. usaynı, H. ajj Amın 340–1, 342, 343

H. usaynid dynasty (Tunisia) 110, 123Hummet Party (Azerbaijan)

520, 525Hunkar _Iskelesi, Treaty of (1833) 34Huseynzade Ali 200Hyderabad, British control 213

Ib�ad. ısin Arabia 136, 138, 139, 142, 144, 148,

152, 451in Oman 139, 451, 460–2, 463in South-East Asia 242in Zanzibar 631

Ibadou 653–4Ibn qAbd al-Krım, Muh.ammad 423Ibn qAbd al-Wahh�ab, Muh.ammad 139, 144,

261, 656and reformism 17, 143

Ibn al-Amır 143Ibn qArabı, Muh.yı ‘l-Dın 14, 16Ibn qArafa, Muh.ammad 432Ibn B�adıs, qAbd al-H. amıd 422, 676Ibn Ghann�am 139

Ibn H. umayd 149

Ibn al-Rashıd 152Ibn S.�alih. , Muh.ammad 21

Ibn Saqud, qAbd al-qAzız (r. 1926–53) 152, 451,452, 453–5

occupation of Mecca 592and Wahh�abism 453–4

Ibn Taymiyya, Tak. ı al-Dın Ah.mad 16, 265,600, 657

Ibr�ahım, qAbd All�ah 437

Ibr�ahım Pasa(r. 1848) 83, 88idadiye (middle schools) 46, 57identityAlevi 323Bangladeshi 581, 583in Central Asia and Caucasus 522–5, 530,

532–3, 534, 541Chinese Muslim 661, 663–4in East Africa 288in India 235, 559, 560, 565, 567–8,

570, 588and Islam 336, 342, 343, 347Kurdish 312

Ottoman 47, 62, 67Pakistani 579, 581in Russian empire 197–202Sudanese 402, 413, 416Tunisian 426

Turkish 305, 315, 323Western Muslims 714–16

Index

794






Idrıs al-Mahdı, Muh.ammadas king of Libya 437–8as shaykh of Cyrenaica 423, 430

Idrısısand qAsır 471

Idrısiyya order 20–1ij�aza (authorisation) 189ijtih�ad (interpretation) 84, 99,

107, 125in Iran 163

in Russia 190, 195in South-East Asia 265

Ikhw�an nomads 453–4qIllaysh, Shaykh Muh.ammad 94Il’minskii, Nikolai 196Ily�as, Mawl�an�a Muh.ammad 559Imam San (Cambodia) 612imamates, West Africa 269–70im�an (faith) 276imperialism, European 31, 686–7cultural 54economic 60free trade 86informal 90–2and South-East Asian states 592and West Asian states 337–47

imperialism, Ottoman 31

imtiyazat see capitulationsqIn�ayat qAlı 217qIn�ayat All�ah 210

Independent Wafdist Bloc 375, 378India 212–39and Afghan threat 2, 203, 205–6anti-colonialism 561–2, 564, 566British control 2, 212–20, 558and Christian missionaries 219, 221and East Africa 285independence movement 558,

566, 688influence in Muslim world 27and Islamism 227–8, 561languages 214, 224, 229migration from 693

and modernism 22, 93, 558Mughal empire 2Muslim populations 213–14, 567, 584Muslim religio-political consciousness

558–63Muslim separatism 232–9Muslims and colonial state 220–32partition 570, 586–7post-partition Muslim community

584–90

and reformism 26, 216–18, 571, 586and revivalism 191, 217–18and Second World War 569see also Islamism; Kashmir; Pakistan;

separatism; qulam�apIndia Act (1935) 568, 569Indian Mutiny (1857) 170, 220–3, 226, 558,

564, 596Indian National Congress see

Congress PartyIndies Social Democratic Association

(ISDV) 605Indochina see Cambodia; VietnamIndonesia

and communism 593, 605, 614, 615and Dutch rule 249, 253–7and ethnicity 622and Hinduism 249

influence in Islamic world 27

and Islamism 618

nation-making and democratisation613–18

and New Order 615–18war of independence (1945–9) 613–14see also economy; education; nationalism

Indonesian Council for IslamicProselytisation (DDII) 617

industrialisationCentral Asia 529, 537Egypt 98, 376, 379, 385and modernisation 302

North African states 438–9sub-Saharan Africa 628Turkish 308–9, 318, 320, 326, 328USA 693

inorodtsy (aliens) 183intelligentsia 62, 63

Afghan 211, 547Chinese 678Egyptian 376, 380, 395Indian 561–3, 564Indonesian 616

Iranian 498, 500–1, 512Ottoman 47–8, 58, 687Russian 197

Sudanese 406, 410Syrian 350

Tunisian 124

intercession, of saints 14, 16, 226, 228, 232, 638International Court of Justice 440, 487International Monetary Fund 9

and Algeria 442and Egypt 392

Index

795






International Monetary Fund (cont.)and Iran 492

and Morocco 442

and Sudan 408

and Tunisia 443and Turkish Republic 324, 327, 334

intif�ad.a (uprising)Iraq 1977 365

Iraq 1990 367–8Palestine 1987 and 2000 363–4Sudan 1985 408, 410

investment, foreign, in Ottoman Empire 53Iqb�al, Muh.ammad 7, 12, 16, 26, 27, 341and caliphate of man 15, 239and Islamic revival 562–3and Islamic state 22, 569

Iran 154–79, 481administration 161

and Afghanistan 553

and authority 161–2B�abı revolt 163and Bahrain 464, 466and Britain 3, 157–9, 160, 168, 169–70,

171–2, 176–9, 203, 481, 485, 486–7,491–2

and Bukhara 201and centralisation 166

constitutional revolution (1905)174–9, 481

dictatorship of the shah 494, 495,496–8

Endowments Organisation 497–8and First World War 178–9and France 157and Lebanon 358

nationalist movement 485–92overthrow of Mosaddegh 5, 487, 495and Pahlavi dynasty 481–5patriarchal monarchy 155–62and Qum rebellion 499

reforms 154, 160, 493revolution (1906) 59, 154and Russia 3, 156–60, 168, 170, 177–8and Saudi Arabia 457–8and Second World War 485and secularism 22, 173, 175, 484and Shıqism 24, 26, 27, 163–6,

452, 499social change and revolt 162–73and Soviet Union 4, 481, 483, 485, 491state revenues 156, 161, 162, 167, 168, 173, 175,

177, 481, 484, 497, 502–3and USA 5, 177–8, 487, 489, 493

White Revolution 492–6see also economy; oil

Iran, Islamic RepublicGuardian Council 509, 512, 513, 515Islamism 24, 508–10post-Khomeini divisions 511–13and reformists 515and repression of opposition 511, 512and student protests 513–14and supreme leader 509–10, 512, 515

Iran-Iraq war (1980-8) 5, 457, 510Iranian Communist Party 491,

492, 495Iranian revolution (1978/9) 501–8, 706and consolidation of power 508–11and enforced veiling 26influence 27, 358, 359, 443, 467, 648leadership 7, 12and oil industry 507overthrow of the shah 452, 501,

504, 507and political freedom 481

and political mobilisation 505–7IraqBaqthist movement 6, 22, 352, 353,

459–60and British mandate 72, 337–8, 454British occupation 70

and China 665Coalition Provisional Authority 369constitution 339

invasion of Kuwait 6, 362, 452, 458,465–6, 706

Islamist politics 351–3, 365–70Kurds 338Mosul province 304nationalism, socialism and Islamism

351–3overthrow of monarchy 351, 452revolt (1920) 338–9and secularism 339

and Shıqism 26, 138, 338–40, 351–3, 460and Soviet Union 5

state formation 336, 337–40and Sunnı Islam 138

and Sykes–Picot Agreement 72see also Saddam Hussein

Iraq war 6, 401, 459–60, 515, 665, 706and Turkish Republic 334, 335

Iraqi Communist Party 351irrigationEgypt 84, 97, 104India 221

Index

796






irtid�ad (apostasy) 341qIs�a (shaykh of Bahrain; r. 1869–1923) 466qIs�a ibn Salm�an (shaykh of Bahrain;

r. 1961–99) 467al-Is.fah�anı, Ayat All�ah 339

Is.l�ah. (Yemeni Reform Grouping) 477Is.l�ah. ı, Amın Ah.san 563

Is.l�ah. ı tradition 558, 563, 676Islamand Afghan politics 546in Arabia 148–9and Christianity 689diversity 702–3, 714–16globalisation 24

institutionalisation in the West712–14

and nationhood 594–6in Pakistan 571–80protestant 16, 18, 227and rationalism 98

and resistance movements 124–6,129–31, 152

and ritual 288–9in Soviet Central Asia 530–2, 533–6stigmatisation 705–6and syncretism 240, 243, 254text-based see scripturalismand Turkish politics 306, 314, 315,

329–30unity of 56in the West 686–716see also modernism; reform

al-Isl�ambulı, Kh�alid 395al-Isl�ambulı, Muh.ammad 395Isl�amı Jumhurı It.t.ih.�ad (Islamic Democratic

Alliance, IJI) 575Islamic Action Front (Jordan) 362Islamic Charter Front (Sudan)

407, 409Islamic Conference 28Islamic Constitution Movement 583Islamic Front in Syria 360–1Islamic Jihad movement 363, 478Islamic Movement in Nigeria 648Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

(IMU) 536Islamic Muj�ahidın (Iran) 501, 504Islamic Party (al-Hizb al-Isl�amı; Iraq)

352–3Islamic Rebirth Party 535Islamic Shariah Council UK 707

Islamic Union (Somalia) 646Islamism 23–5

Afghan 551, 552–3Algerian 443, 445–7, 450Bangladeshi 581–4Central Asian 535–6Chinese 684–5Egyptian 24, 387–8, 389, 392–5, 396,

398–401Indian 227–8, 561Indonesian 618

Iranian 508–10Iraqi 351–3, 365–70and Islamic state 24and Kuwait 465, 466Moroccan 443–4, 448, 450Omani 463Pakistani 24, 570, 576–7and shar�ı qa 23in sub-Saharan Africa 633–58in Sudan 409, 410–14, 415Tunisian 450

Turkish 301, 315, 319, 321, 322, 326, 329,333–4

in the West 715in West Asia 337, 349, 357–70in Yemen 477

see also Jam�aqat-i Isl�amıIsly, battle (1844) 115, 118Ism�aq ı l Pasa (r. 1863–79) 83, 88

and Consultative Assembly 90deposition 95

and elites 90as khedive 89and modern state 92and press 92and public sphere 92and state bankruptcy 94–5

Ism�aqılıs, in South-East Asia 242isolationism

Afghan 209

Turkish 331

Israeland Crusades 13and Egypt 24, 382–3, 384, 390,

392, 401establishment 348and Gaza Strip 349and Lebanon 357, 358, 359peace process 362and Six Day War 384, 387,

443, 473and Transjordan 343

Western support for 6see also Arab-Israeli war; Palestine

Index

797






Istanbulanti-Greek riots 315earthquake (1999) 332, 333in First World War 71gecekondu settlements 314, 320–1household size 63internationalisation 72, 333modernisation 315, 325Muslim refugees in 44

population 38, 50, 315, 320, 325and rural-urban migration 320, 321,

322, 325Istanbul University 57Istiql�al Party (Independence; Morocco) 429,

436–7, 438, 448ItalyAnatolian sphere of influence 72, 304church-state relations 712and Somalia 133and Tripolitania/Libya 3, 68, 417, 423–4,

430–1Ithn�a qAsharı (Twelver) Shıqites 136, 146Ittifaq al-Muslimın (Union of Muslims)

198–200Ittih.�ad al-Thaq�afi al-Isl�amı see Union

Culturelle MusulmaneIzala (Group for the eradication of innovation

and the upholding of the sunna)655–6, 657

qizba 87Izetbegovic, Alija 698IzmirGreek occupation 72, 76population 38, 50

Inonu, Ismet (1884–1973) 312, 322

Jaqaliyın tribe 130Jabal Shammar, Rashıdı emirate 451Jadidism 191–5, 201civilisation and progress 191, 193,

195, 199opponents 196, 197and Soviet era 523, 526

j�ahilı (heathen) 274, 388j�ahiliyya (ignorance) 362, 364Jahrı (Zheherenye) order 262–3, 264Jal�al al-Dın Ah.mad, Shaykh 261

Jamal al-Layl, H. abıb S.�alih. 288, 291Jam�aqat-i Isl�amı 23, 564, 571, 572, 574, 585in Bangladesh 581, 583and Kashmir 588–9and Mawdudı 8, 562, 566, 578and Pashtuns 578

j�amaq�at Isl�amiyya (Egypt) 393, 394Jamqıyat al-qUlam�ap-i Isl�am (JUI; Society of

Religious Scholars) 571, 576and Deobandi politics 577–80

Jamqıyat al-qUlam�ap-i Pakist�an (JUP; Society ofReligious Scholars of Pakistan)571, 576

Jamiqa-yi Ruh.�aniyyat-i Mub�ariz (Society ofcombatant clergy; Iran) 511–12

Jamıqat-i Isl�ami (Islamic society;Afghanistan) 553

Jamıyqat al-qUlam�ap-i Hind (JUH) 237, 559,584, 585

Jamqıyyat al-Khayr 267Jamqiyyat al-Maq�as.id al-Khayriyat al-

Isl�amiyya 345Jamqiyyat al-Tawh. ıd (Monotheism society)

348–9Jangalı movement 179, 483Janissariesabolition 32, 33, 35, 41

Japanand Indonesia 613and modernity 59, 101, 267, 595Muslim population 660

Javaand Christian missions 253, 256, 257and DI rebellion 613–14and Dutch policies 253–4, 257, 591and Islam 241

and millenarianism 259–61Muslim population 240

pesantren 15, 242, 265and printing 258and reformism 18, 255, 594, 601–5and Wahh�abism 261

Java War (1825–30) 256, 262, 263,266, 601

Javanese language 241, 260Javanism 240–1, 257, 259–61, 268, 601J�awa community 258, 592, 594, 595, 596Jaysh al-Mahdı (the Mahdı’s army) 369

Jaysh Muh.ammad (Muhammad’s army)362, 579

al-Jazıra television network 469JDP see Justice and Development

PartyJemaqah Islamiyyah (JI; Indonesia) 611, 613,

614, 618JerusalemIsraeli control 384and Jordanian control 348and Muslim Holy Places 341, 343

Index

798






Jettou (Jittu), Drıss 448Jews, in Arabia 135JI see Jemaq ah IslamiyyahJibrıl b. qUmar, al-H. �ajj 273jihadin Afghanistan 208, 578–9and Bin Laden 13

in China 244–5, 246–7, 262–3and Deobandi politics 578Fulani 21in India 220, 226in Jordan 362

in Kashmir 576, 579and neo-Sufism 264

in Pakistan 579

in Palestine 342in Saudi Arabia 454in South-East Asia 267Cambodia 247–8Java 254, 263Malaya 248, 251Philippines 252Sumatra 256, 261

in sub-Saharan Africa 269in Syria 360–1as unifying force 205–6in West Africa 269–85, 297development 269–71and Islamic scholarship 273–4,

278, 283and opposition to slave-raids 272,

283–4and political legitimisation 274, 275–6,

280, 283, 285as social protest 272–3

Jih�ad (Holy Struggle; Egypt) 394, 395,397–8

al-Jih�ad al-Isl�amı 363, 364al-Jih�ad al-Muqaddas 342Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 236,

564–5, 567and struggle for Pakistan 568, 569

jizya (poll tax)JordanBritish troops in 5

and Israel 362and Muslim Brotherhood 349–50, 361–2and Ottoman Empire 56and Palestine 348–50, 389state formation 336

and Syria 361and USA 362

and West Bank 348, 349–50

JP see Justice PartyJuba, growth 408

JUH see Jamıyqat al-qUlam�ap-i HindJUI see Jamqıyat al-qUlam�ap-i Isl�amJuin, Alphonse 431, 432al-Junayd, Ah.mad qAlı 140Jund al-Im�am (Army of the Im�am; Iraq) 366

JUP see Jamqıat al-qUlam�ap-i Pakist�anjustice, and Tanzimat reforms 44Justice and Development Party (Turkey; JDP)

302–3Justice Party (Turkey; JP) 318, 322

Kaarta, kingdomand Ah.mad Lobbo 281

and jihad of al-H. �ajj qUmar Taal 279Kaba, Fode 270Kabara, N�as.ir 642, 656Kabyle Berbers 117kal�am (theology) 190, 195Kamaluddin, Khwaja 689K�amil, Mus.t.af�a 101

and nationalism 100, 103, 268al-K�animı, al-H. �ajj Muh.ammad al-Amın b.

Muh.ammad 276–7Kano chronicle 272kanun (state law) 44, 45Karabagh area, and Azerbaijan 525, 539Kar�amat qAlı Jawnpurı 217–18Karbas.chı, 512Karimov, Islam (pres. Uzbekistan 1991–)

533, 538Kartosuwirjo, S.M. 613–14Karzai, Hamid 551, 556K�ash�anı, Ayat All�ah 488

Kashmir, jihad 576, 579Kat�apib qIzz al-Dın al-Qass�am 364

al-Katt�anı, Muh.ammad b. qAbd al-Kabır119, 120

Katt�anı order 119Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich 187

Kaum Muda reformists 243, 592–3, 612Kaum Tua traditionalists 243, 592–3, 612Kaw�akibı, qAbd al-Rah.m�an, Umm al-qur�a 151al-Kayl�anı, Sayyid qAbd al-Rah.m�an 338

Kazakhsand collectivisation of agriculture 528–9and language 201and reform 196, 197and Russian Revolution 521–2Russian rule 2, 186, 520Soviet rule 523and Uyghurs 684

Index

799






Kazakhstan 523, 524, 525economy 537independence 538state control of Islam 535

Kazan, khanate, and Russia 181, 184Keddie, Nikki 94Kemal, Kara 75Kemal, Mustafa see AtaturkKemal, Namık 22, 56Vatan yahud Silistre 51, 64

Kemal, Yasar 331Kerm�anı, Mırz�a Aq�a Kh�an 172

Khadıja bint Ish.�aq 146

Khalaf, Sal�ah. 349Khaldunı school 124Kh�alid, Amır 418Kh�alid, Mansur 410Kh�alid, Mevl�an�a see Baghd�adı; Mawl�an�a;

Kh�alidKh�alid ibn qAbd al-qAzız (r. 1975–82) 457Kh�alidı-Naqshbandı order 40–2, 51, 62, 64, 78,

190, 264, 306Khalıfa, Shaykh Muh.ammad 137Khalıfa ibn H. amad (shaykh of Qatar;

r. 1972–95) 468Khalıfa b. Saqıd (sultan of Zanzibar;

r. 1888–90) 289khalıfa (deputy) see caliphateal-Khalıfa, Sirr al-Kh�atim 406

Khalıl, Rah.mat All�ah (Kayranawi)150, 219

al-Khalılı, Im�am Muh.ammad ibn qAbd All�ah(Oman; r. 1920–54) 460–1

al-Khalılı, Saqıd 148al-Kh�alis. ı, Ayat All�ah 339

Khalq (People) 551Khalwatı Sufis 16, 20, 263Kh�amanıpı, Ayat All�ah 512–13, 514Kh�an, Sayyid Ah.madand British rule 221–3, 233–4and modernism 22, 218–19,

558, 562Kh�an, Wazır 219Khaznad�ar, Mus.t.af�a 122–3khar�aj (land tax) 86, 142Kh�arijı 144Khartoum 128

population 408

siege (1884) 130al-Kharus. ı, C. 138al-Kharusı, N�as.ir Abı Nabh�an 148

Kh�atamı, Muh.ammad 513–14khat.ıb (preacher) 294, 599

al-Khat.ıb, Ah.mad bin qAbd al-Ghaff�ar264

Khat.ıb al-Minankab�awı, Shaykh Ah.mad 265,598–9

Khatmı order 125, 131, 404, 405–6Khayr al-Dın Pasha (c.1823-1890) 122–4al-Khayrı, Rashıd 226Khil�afat movementIndian 237, 238, 341, 543, 560–1Turkish 238

Khivan khanate, Russian rule 2, 182,519, 522

Khomeini, �Ayat All�ah Ruhollahexile in Najaf 353, 499influence 364, 443and Iranian revolution 24, 358, 505,

507, 512and Iraq 367

leftist move 510–11and nationalism 508

opposition to the shah 494–5,498–9

and political divisions 511protest against USA 12

and repression of opposition 511

support for 504and theocracy 508–10

Khrushchev, Nikita 528, 539–40Khufı (Hufuye) order 263, 264, 672al-Khupı, Ayat All�ah Abupl-Q�asim

358

al-Khurı, Bish�ara 347khut.ba (Friday sermon) 296, 393kiai (rural religious teacher; Java) 254, 256,

260, 265al-Kibsı, Ah.mad 149

Kif�aya movement (Egypt) 401al-Kindı, qAbd All�ah B�a Kathır 291, 296Kishk, Shaykh qAbd al-H. amıd 393, 395Kiswahili language 285, 288, 630–1,

638–9Kitchener of Khartoum and Broome,

Herbert, 1st Earl 103knowledge, Islamicand Islamism 23

and modernism 22

neglect 7and printing 15and reform 16–17in sub-Saharan Africa 624and Sufism 25

knowledge, Western, spread 7–9Kobere, Chado ‘Kokewu’ 643

Index

800






Kokandkhanate 2, 246–7Russian conquest 182and Russian Revolution 519, 520

Konya, battle (1832) 33Koprulu, Fuad 313

Koraltan, Refik 313Kosovo, and Serbia 5, 660Kubrawı order 263, 667Kuchik Kh�an, Mırz�a 179Kucuk Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774) 32, 56,

158, 181kufr (unbelief) 144, 223, 275, 276, 277, 341kulle (seclusion) 629, 647al-Kur�anı, Ibr�ahım 17

al-Kurdı, Mah.mud 20Kurdish language 334Kurdistan, autonomy movement 485Kurdistan Democratic Party 368

Kurdistan Islamic Party 368

Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) 323,329, 332

KurdsAnatolian 306, 331and Armenians 55independent state 72, 311, 323insurgency 328–9, 332Iraqi 338revolt (1925) 310

Kursavi, Abdunnasir (qAbd al-Nas. ır al-Qurs.�awı) 188–9, 195

kurus (piastre) 60, 89Kut al-Amara, battles (1916, 1917) 70kutt�ab (Qurp�an school) 81, 102Kuwait 464–6and expatriate labour 479and Iraq 464

invasion 6, 362, 452, 458, 465–6, 706and Islamism 465, 466oil 464–5, 467and participatory government 460,

466, 467and Saudi Arabia 464and Shıqites 452and USA 6, 452, 465–6

Kyrgyz people, and Russian rule 518, 521Kyrgyzstan 523, 538

Lagu, Joseph 407

laity, increasing importance 25Lamin Drame, al-H. �ajj Mamadu 270, 273Lampson, Sir Miles 374Lan Dashun 246

land law, Ottoman (1858) 45, 49land ownership

Afghanistan 549

Egypt 86–7, 88, 89, 98, 385, 386, 394India 214–16, 221Iran 484, 493, 496Palestine 341South Yemen 476

Laos 242, 246Lapidus, Ira 676Lashkar Jhangwı (Jhangwı’s army) 579Lashkar T. ayyiba (Army of the pure) 579Latin America, Muslims in 27

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 73, 304–6,308, 417

Le Chatelier, A. 147League of Nations, and Ottoman Empire

336, 337League of Palestinian Students 349Lebanon 345–7

civil war (1958) 354civil war (1975) 357and community identity 47French control 72, 346–7and Iran 358

and Islamist militancy 357–60and Israel 357, 358, 359National Pact 347, 354nationalism, socialism and Islamism 353–7Ottoman rule 42sectarian violence 346, 354and Shihabism 354–5state formation 336

and Syria 360US troops in 5, 316see also Beirut; Syria

legal systems, in South-East Asia 241Legislative Assembly (Egypt) 103Lenin, V.I. 522Liberal Party (Sudan) 405Liberal Socialist Labour Party (Egypt) 391liberalism, economic 73Liberation Rally (Egypt) 381, 382Liberia, independence 625Libya

centralisation 437

independence 430–1international isolation 448–50Italian conquest 3, 68, 424post-independence political system 438

post-independence power struggles437–8

and reformism 20

Index

801






Libya (cont.)Revolutionary Command Council

(RCC) 438and Sanusiyya 54and Second World War 428support for MNLF 610

support for Polisario 441

and terrorism 448–9see also economy; Tripolitania

literacyArabia 139Egypt 92, 104Iran 174

Ottoman 48

South-East Asia 592, 616, 622Soviet Union 528

sub-Saharan Africa 636Turkish Republic 307

literatureEgyptian 377

Ottoman 52, 64, 78Soviet 527Sudanese 404Turkish 331

see also novelsLiverpool Muslim Institute 689Lloyd George, David 152

Lo, Cheikh Ndiguel 654Lockerbie bombing (1988) 449Lombok rebellion (1891–4) 241, 249, 264London Convention 87

loya jirga, Afghanistan 543, 546Loyal Association of Students 595Lucknowand Indian Mutiny 220, 221and reformism 219–20, 228

Lut.fı al-Sayyid, Ah.mad 100, 102Lyautey, Gen. Louis-Hubert 421–2, 423

M�ap al-qAynayn, Shaykh 120

M�a B�a Jaxu 270

Ma Bufang 671, 676Ma Debao 675–7Ma Hongkui 671Ma Hua-long 19, 263Ma Laichi 667Ma Liangji, H. �ajjı Muh.ammad Nusr 666

Ma Ling 675Ma Mingxin 17, 667Ma Qixi 667Ma Shenghua 246Ma Shouqian 669

Ma Texin 20

Ma Tong 674Ma Wanfu 262, 670, 671Ma Yinu 675

Ma Zhenliu 675

Ma Zhenwu, Shaykh 672

Maal, Baaba 654Macaulay, Thomas Babington 231

Macedoniaand Balkan wars 68and CUP 59, 305Muslim population 697

nationalism 55

MacGregor, C.M. 203–4Machar, Riek 413McMahon, Sir Henry 71Madanı, qAbb�ası 446Madanı, Mawl�an�a H. usayn Ah.mad 12, 566, 576,

577

madhhabs see schools of lawMadjid, Nurcholish 617

madrasasBangladesh 582

Central Asia 531, 532Egypt 81, 93, 105India 230–1Iran 497

Ottoman 46

Pakistan 576–7, 578, 579, 580Russia 184South Africa 294–5South Asia 15, 230–1South-East Asia 596

magazines, and women 63

al-Maghılı, Muh.ammad b. qAbd al-Karım 275

Maghreb see Algeria; Algiers; Morocco;Tunisia

mah.mal (cover of Kaqba) 141, 150Mahathir Mohamad (pres. Malaysia

1981–2003) 619, 620, 621Mahd�awı, Ayat All�ah 494

al-Mahdı qAbd All�ah 140, 148al-Mahdı, Sayyid qAbd al-Rah.m�an

404, 406al-Mahdı, al-H�adı, Im�am 407, 408al-Mahdı, Muh.ammad al-qAbb�ası 82al-Mahdı, S. adiq 406–7, 409, 410, 411MahdismAlgeria 124Arabia 147Java 259Sudan 20, 97, 402

Mahdiyya order 20Mahfouz, Nagib 397

Index

802






M�ahir, Ah.mad 375, 378M�ahir, qAlı 374, 375, 379Mah. joub, Muh.ammad Ah.mad 407

Mahjub, qAbd al-Kh�aliq 408al-Mah. jub, Rifqat 397Mahmud II (r. 1808–39)and centralisation 32, 36and culture 39–42and Eastern Question 32–4and finances 36and Muh.ammad qAlı 85reforms 35–7, 80and warlordism 35, 49

Mah.mud, Muftı 576, 577Mah.mud, Muh.ammad 375Mahmud, Sh�ah (prime minister Afghanistan

1946–53) 547, 549Mahmud Celaleddin Pasa 58Mahomed Ali 235, 236Maja, Kiai 254Majı b. Saqıd 286Maji-Maji rebellion (1905–7) 292majlis (parliament or council) 149, 175, 340, 458,

464, 469, 482, 509makhzan (‘state’) tribes 110, 114maktab (elementary school) 184, 186, 187, 196,

526, 530Malay language 241, 595, 607Malay statesBritish control 2, 250–1, 591, 596, 622non-Muslim immigrants 591and Sufism 264

sultans 248–9, 250–1, 261Malayaconstitution 1957 618

and reformism 593, 596–8Malaysiaand ethnicity 618–20, 622influence in Islamic world 27nation-making 618–21New Economic Policy (NEP) 619–20state and Islam 620–1

Malcolm, Sir John 159, 166Mali 283, 635M�alikı schoolArabia 137, 146Morocco 109

and reformism 146

West Africa 285, 641Malkom Kh�an, Mırz�a Naz. im al-Dawla

171, 174Malleson, Gen. Sir Wilfrid 521

mamluks (slaves) 79, 80, 88, 127

Mans.ur, Im�am 19

al-Mans.ur qAlı 140al-Mans.ur Muh.ammad (Yemen;

r. 1884–1904), 151manufacturing

Egypt 84, 87Iran 502

Ottoman Empire 49, 61–2Turkish Republic 320, 326

Maoism, in Afghanistan 551

Marcos, Ferdinand 610

marjaq (source of emulation) 164Lebanon 358

Marjani, Shihabeddin (Shih�ab al-Dın al-Marj�anı) 22, 189–90, 195

Maronite Christians, in Lebanon 337, 346,354, 355

marriageArabia 135, 152and polygyny 89and secularisation 67

and social change 63, 65South Yemen 476

martial lawEgypt 372, 378, 395, 396Indonesia 614Iran 483, 492, 506–7Pakistan 573

Philippines 610Turkish Republic 311, 322

Maqruf, Muh.ammad 291, 639Marwa, Muh.ammad (Mai Tatsine) 656Marxism 347, 350

Afghanistan 551, 554Iran 501, 504, 508Iraq 351–2Oman 462

Yemen 471

see also communismal-Mashhur, qAbd al-Rah.m�an 145

mashriq (eastern Islamic world)336, 357

Mashriqı, qInay�at All�ah 562

Masinaand centralisation 283

and al-H. �ajj qUmar Taal 280, 282as Islamicate state 270, 281–2jihad 270, 273, 274

masjid see mosquemasu sarauta (Nigeria) 627, 628Masyumi Party (Indonesia) 614,

615, 617M�aturıdı, and divine attributes 189

Index

803






Mauritaniaand France 121and Saharan war 440–2

Mawdudı, Mawl�an�a Sayyid Abupl Aql�apand caliphate of man 15, 239and Islamism 23, 24, 26, 27, 227–8, 562,

565–7, 572, 578, 585and Western knowledge 8

mawlawı 546mawlid al-nabı (birthday of the Prophet)

241, 260, 261, 288, 290–1, 292, 634May revolution (Sudan) 407–10al-Maz, qAbd al-Fad. ıl 404M�azandar�an (Iran) 482, 483Maz�arı, Muh.ammad qAlı 553Maz.harı order 264al-Mazruqı, Shaykh al-Amın b. qAlı

640, 653Mbeki, Thabo 414

Meccaconfessional groups 137Grand Mosque 457al-H. aram Mosque 599and Ottoman sultan 56

and reformism 150

and sharıfs 140status 141and Wahh�abism 144, 145, 261

Mecca letters affair (1908) 292Mecelle code 45mediaEgypt 386, 400globalisation 28

Ottoman-language 78and portrayal of Islam 706

Qatar 469and scriptualism 652, 655Soviet Russia 527Turkish Republic 330and women 50, 63

Medinaconfessional groups 137and Ottoman sultan 56

status 141and Wahh�abism 261

Medina school 16–17medrese see madrasaMehmed Ali Pasa see Muh.ammad qAlı PashaMehmed Resad (r. 1909–18) 66mekteb see maktabMenderes, Adnan (1889–1961) 313, 316,

317, 318menhuan (royal lineages)

merchantsArab 468

Arabian 452, 453Bukharan 194

Egyptian 87

Gulf states 464, 478Iranian 161, 170, 173, 174, 495, 504–5Qatari 453South-East Asian 604

sub-Saharan African 629

Tatar 186, 193Trucial states 469Turkish 308, 309

Messali al-H. ajj 420–1, 427, 433, 434Mevlevı order 306M’h.ammad qAlı 419middle class 78

Algeria 443Central Asia and Caucasus 526Egypt 376, 380, 383, 392Iran 488, 493and migration 703

Morocco 442

Ottoman 50–1, 59Pakistan 580

South-East Asia 593, 604, 616, 619sub-Saharan Africa 627, 645Syria 344

Tunisia 419, 445Midhat Pasa 45migration 700–2to Australia 695–7to Britain 687–90, 700and church–state relations 711–12and diversity 714–16and education 709–11to France 690–2, 700–1illegal 702and Islamic institutions 712–14and politics 707–9to Turkey 700to USA 693–4

migration, rural–urbanEgypt 379India 584Lebanon 355

Morocco 421–2North Africa 424, 439Saudi Arabia 456Sudan 408, 412Turkish Republic 320, 321, 322, 325

mila (custom; Zanzibar) 624Military Medical Academy (Ottoman) 58

Index

804






militiasAfghan 554, 556Lebanese 357Philippines 610Somalian 646

Sudanese 410, 412millenarianism, South-East Asia 256,

259, 267millets (non-Muslim communities) 47,

343

Milli Nizam Partisi see National Order PartyMilli Selamet Partisi see National Salvation

PartyMilliyetci Hareket Partisi (National Action

Party; Turkey) 319Minangkabau (West Sumatra), and Kaum

Muda reforms 598–601Mindon, King (Burma; r. 1853–78) 248Minh-Mang (emperor of Vietnam;

r. 1820–41) 247Minto, 4th Earl (viceroy of India) 234minzu (nationality) 681al-Mırgh�anı, Muh.ammad qUthm�an

125, 411al-Mırgh�anı, Sayyid qAlı 404, 406miri (state-owned land) 39, 45Mırz�a H. usayn Kh�an 170–1Mırz�a T�aqı Kh�an see Amır Kabırmissionaries, European, impact 53Mixed Law Code (Egypt; 1876) 91

Mizj�ajı family 17MMA see Mutah.h. ida Majlis qAmalMNLF see Moro National Liberation Frontmobility, social 105modernism 22, 51, 150and Afghanistan 542–4, 546, 547–8in Britain 689

conservative 77in Egypt 93, 98–100, 106, 267, 377, 594–5in India 22, 93, 558, 570–1in Iran 484

in Oman 463

in Pakistan 573–4in Russia 198, 199in Turkish Republic 301, 306–7, 310,

312, 315in Zanzibar 639–40see also al-Afgh�anı; Jadidism

modernityand individual rights 302and Iran 500

and Iraq 338

and Ottoman Empire 31, 62–4, 76–7

political impact 42and scripturalism 651–7and Tunisia 445Turkish 301, 335

Modi Mamadu Jahe 284monopolies

Egyptian 86

Ottoman 37, 39, 44Turkish 307–8, 330

Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms (1919) 558, 568Montenegro, and Balkan wars 68Moorish Science Temple 692, 694Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) 611Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

610–11Morocco

and qAbd al-Q�adir 114–15and Algiers 112–13European involvement in 118–21and France 2, 115, 119, 124, 417and growth of nationalism 425, 426, 427independence 431, 432and political participation 421–2Second World War 429

Free Schools 422, 425and Islamism 443–4, 448, 450post-independence political system 438,

447–8post-independence power struggles

436–7and reform 107, 108–10, 118, 119, 422–3, 448and Saharan war 440–2and Spain 3, 118, 119, 121, 417and growth of nationalism 426

and independence 432and political participation 422–3Second World War 428

succession 447–8Sufi orders 109, 110, 119, 125, 674see also economy

Moros (Philippines) 608, 609, 610–11Mosaddegh, Mohammad

imprisonment 492and National Front 486–90opposition to 488

overthrow 5, 490–2, 495support for 496, 500, 504and USA 489–91

mosquesahlı (privately funded) 393, 395, 397Australia 696Britain 689

Central Asia 526, 531, 532, 534

Index

805






mosques (cont.)China 664, 667, 671, 672, 676, 678, 684as community institutions 713–14France 692Iran 497, 505, 508, 510Malaysia 620Poland 697

South-East Asia 612USA 694

Motherland Party (MP; Turkey) 327Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique (MTI;

Tunisia) 444

Mouvement Islamique Armee (MIA;Algeria) 446

Mouvement National Algerien (MNA) 434Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertes

Democratiques (MTLD) 433Mozrasafan Foundation (Iran) 510MP see Motherland PartyMub�ar�ak, qAlı 89–90Mubarak, Hosni 395–8, 411, 412muftıEgypt 82France 691Mecca and Medina 137Russia 185

Mughal empire 2, 212, 213, 214, 215,221–2

in South-East Asia 248Muh.ammad (prophet)birthday 241, 260, 261, 288, 290–1,

292, 634as intercessor 232as model for Muslims 14, 228, 229

Muh.ammad IV, Sıdı 108, 125Muh.ammad V (Morocco; r. 1927–61) 425, 429,

431, 432–3, 436–7Muh.ammad VI (Morocco; r. 1999–) 448Muh.ammad (r. 1859–73) 119

Muhammad, Elijah 692, 695, 708Muh.ammad, Shaykh (Bahrain) 149Muh.ammad qAbd al-Muqın (Muh.ammad

qAwn) 140, 149Muh.ammad qAbd al-Rah.m�an Khalıfa 349Muh.ammad Ah.mad b. qAbd All�ah al-Mahdı

20, 129–31, 151Muh.ammad qAlı Mırz�a 156Muh.ammad qAlı (Indian Khil�afat leader) 561Muh.ammad qAlı Pasa (the Pasha) 33, 37,

79–86, 100and Arabia 17, 137army 35control of diseases 38

economic reforms 39, 84–6family 87–9as founder of modern Egypt 79and France 690and household government 80influence 166and politics 87–9and print culture 92reforms 80–2, 86–7state and religion 82–4and Sudan 127–8

Muh.ammad qAlı Sh�ah (r. 1907–9) 176Muh.ammad al-qAmrı, 146Muh.ammad Attahiru, Sultan 627

Muh.ammad qAwn see Muh.ammad q Abdal-Muqı n

Muh.ammad Bey (Tunisia; r. 1855–9) 122Muh.ammad Ism�aqıl 216, 229Muh.ammad al-K�animı 273Muh.ammad N�adir see N�adir Sh�ah,

Muh.ammadMuh.ammad S.�adiq Bey (1859–82) 122–3Muhammad Sadiq, Muftı 694Muh.ammad ibn S.�alih. 133Muh.ammad Sh�ah (r. 1834–48) 160–1, 162–6Muh.ammad al-Wazır 149Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College

(Aligarh) 224, 234, 236Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence

Association of Upper India 233Muhammadan Literary and Scientific Society

(India) 225Muhammadan Union 66

Muhammadiya 18, 601, 603–4, 615, 617al-Muh.d�ar, Ah.mad 140

Muqın, H. �ajjı 201mujaddid (renewer) 40Mujaddidı-Naqshbandı order 40, 41, 188,

189, 190muj�ahidınin Afghanistan 362, 397, 552, 553–4, 579in Iran 501, 504

Mujahir community, Pakistan 577, 578Mujibur Rahman, Shaykh (pres. Bangladesh

1971–5) 582mujtahidsIndia 219Iran 164, 173, 175, 176Iraq 338–9Lebanon 355

al-Mukht�ar, qUmar 423Mukht�arı order 640al-Mulk, Muhsin 234

Index

806






al-Mulk, Viq�ar 234mull�a 208, 514, 546Mumt.�az qAlı, Sayyid 225

Muns.if Bey (Tunisia) 429, 431al-Muqat.t.am 100–1al-Muqranı, Muh.ammad (Berber leader) 117mur�abaqa (landholding) 86mur�ah. ilın (militias; Sudan) 410Murıdı order 297, 640–1, 645, 654Mus.�ah. ib�an family 542Musavat Party 520, 522, 525al-Mus�awı, H. usayn 358

al-Mus�awı, Sayyid qAbb�as 359Muscat 139, 141, 149Muscovy, Muslim population 180–2Musharraf, Parvez 572, 575–6music 150, 715arabesk 325, 331gamelan 260Senegalese 654

Muslim Brotherhood 443, 463China see YihewaniEgypt 23, 348–9, 376, 378, 379, 380, 386, 388and assassination attempt on Nasser 381under Mubarak 399and Sadat 24, 392–3and Wafd 376, 396

Iraq 352, 353Jordan 349–50, 361–2Kuwait 465Palestine 342, 348, 363–4Saudi Arabia 458Sudan 407, 408, 409, 410Syria 344–5, 350–1, 360–1Transjordan 342, 344Yemen 478

Muslim Brothers, Nigeria 648, 657Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) 714Muslim Educational Trust (England) 713Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (Pakistan;

1961) 22Muslim League 564, 566Lahore Resolution 569

and Muslim separatism 236, 237, 567–8,569–70

Muslim Party of Democratic Action(Bosnia) 698

Muslim World League 456, 458Mut.aharı, Murtaz.a 15, 500Mutah.h. ida Majlis qAmal (United Action

Front; MMA) 576, 580al-Mutawakkil Ah.mad (Yemen; r. 1809–16) 140al-Mutawakkil Muh.sin (Yemen) 148

Muz.affar al-Dın Sh�ah (r. 1896–1907) 174–6Mwinyi, qAlı H. as�an 650–1Mysore, British control 213mysticism see neo-Sufism; SufismMz�alı, Muh.ammad 443

al-Nabh�anı, Taqı al-Dın 348, 349Nabiev, Rahmon 538

Nablus (Palestine), economic growth 50

Nabulsı, Sulaiman 350

N�adir Sh�ah (r. 1736–47) 154, 155N�adir Sh�ah, Muh.ammad Mus.�ah. ib�an

(Afghanistan; r. 1929–33), 545Nadwı, Mawl�an�a Abupl-H. asan qAlı 585Nadwı tradition 558, 563al-Nahd.a see H. izb al-Nahd.aNahdatul qUlam�ap (NU) 593, 605–6,

615, 617al-Nah.h.�as, Mus.t.af�a 374, 375, 377–8, 380, 387Nahz.at-ı Jaw�an�ani Musalm�an (Muslim Youth

Movement) 552al-N�apinı, Ayat All�ah Mırz�a Muh.ammad

H. usayn Gharawı 339Naivasha Accords (2005) 402, 412, 413,

414–15, 416Najd 134–5, 141

and Ithn�a qAsharı Shıqites 136and Saqudı state 455tribes 135, 455and Wahh�abism 143, 145

Najıb, Muh.ammad 378, 381Najibullah 554

Nanawtwı, Muh.ammad Q�asim 226

NAP see Milliyetci Hareket PartisiNapoleon Bonaparte

invasion of Egypt 33, 79, 690and Iran 157

Napoleon III, and Algeria 116Naqshbandı Sufism 16

Africa 20–1Arabia 147China 17, 19–20, 667, 672, 679India 216New Sect 17, 19and reformism 18, 19South-East Asia 262–3, 265, 267Turkish Republic 306, 311, 327in the West 703see also qAbd al-Gh�anı; Kh�alidı-Naqshbandı

order; Mujaddidı-Naqshbandı order;Sirhindhi

Nar�aqı, Mull�a Ah.mad 164

nas.�ar�a (Christians) 143

Index

807






N�as.ir al-Dın, rebellion 270, 272, 273N�asir al-Dın Sh�ah (r. 1848–96)assassination 174

social change and revolt 169–72social revolution and failure of reform

166–9Nas.r All�ah, Prince 210, 211, 542Nas.r All�ah, Sayyid H. asan 359

N�as.ir Bey 419al-Nasser, Gamal Abd (pres. Egypt 1954–70)

349, 350, 354and Arab socialism 350, 353, 354, 475and Arab states 383–4, 389assassination attempt 381foreign policies 382–4and Free Officers 381and Israel 384legacies 389–90reforms and revolutions 384–7succession to 390–2and Suez Canal 382–3and Yemen 472–3

Nassoro Bachu 653

Nasution, Harun 26, 617Nation of Islam (USA) 692, 695, 708, 710National Action Bloc (Morocco) 426, 427National Action Charter (Egypt) 385–6National Action Party see Milliyetci Hareket

PartisiNational Congress Party (Tripolitania) 437National Democratic Alliance (NDA; Sudan)

410–11, 413National Democratic Front (NDF; Yemen) 476National Democratic Front for the Liberation

of Oman and the Arabian Gulf 462National Democratic Party (Egypt) 391,

394, 401national economy movement, Turkey 73–5National Front, Iranian 486–90, 493–4,

495, 504National Islamic Front (NIF; Sudan)

410, 411National Liberation Front (NLF; South

Yemen) 475National Manifesto (Egypt) 95, 96National Muhammadan Association (India)

234–5National Order Party (NOP; Turkey) 319,

321, 322National Pact (Lebanon; 1943) 347, 354National Pact (Misak-ı Milli; Turkey)

303–4National Pact (Tunisia) 444

National Progressive Unionist Party(Egypt) 391

National Reform Party (Morocco) 426National Revolutionary Front (Barisan

Revolusi Nasional; Thailand) 607National Salvation Party (NSP; Turkey)

24, 322National Security Council (Turkey) 318, 321,

324–5National Struggle (1919-22; Turkey) 66,

68, 73National Union (Egypt) 382, 385National Unionist Party (NUP; Sudan)

405–6National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan 554nationalismAfghan 210

Algerian 420, 421, 426–30Arab 347, 352Bahrain 466, 467Jordan 5, 349Kuwaiti 465Lebanese 5, 354and Ottoman Empire 68Palestinian 152, 342, 343, 344, 379Qatari 468Saudi Arabian 456

Sudanese 415Syrian 351

Yemeni 451, 472–3, 474–5Armenian 47, 54Balkan 43–4, 55Bangladeshi 581, 582, 584Chechen 539–41Chinese 659–60, 669, 673,

678–80and CUP 67–8East Pakistan 574

Egyptian 22, 100–4, 403, 404Greek 33Indian 564

composite 566–7, 585Hindu 586–7, 588, 589religious 565, 567–8

Indonesian 22, 604–6, 622Iranian 170, 172, 175, 176, 485–92, 508Islamic 268Kashmiri 588Kurdish 329

Malay 598Moroccan 425, 429Pashtun 545–9in Russia 198

Index

808






and secularism 22

in sub-Saharan Africa 643–51Sudanese 403, 404Tanzanian 649

Tunisian 419, 424, 425–6Turkish 59, 68, 303–4, 312, 319, 323Zanzibari 649–50

Nationalist Front coalitions, TurkishRepublic 323

Nationalist (Wat.anı) Party (Egypt) 101,102–3

NATOand Bosnia 698and Kosovo 660

Turkish membership 315–16navy, Egyptian 81

al-Nawawı, Muh.ammad 264–5Nazarbaev, Nursultan (pres. Kazakhstan

1990–) 538NDF see National Democratic Front (NDF;

Yemen)Ndour, Youssou 654

NDP see National Democratic Party(Egypt)

Neo-Dustur (Tunisia) 426, 427, 429, 431, 432–3,436, 440, 444

neo-Sufism, in South-East Asia 262–4Netherlandsand First World War 267Muslims in 708, 710–11, 713policies in South-East Asia 2, 249,

253–7, 591see also Dutch East India Company; Dutch

East IndiesNew Order (Ottoman Empire) 32, 34New Zealand, Muslims in 686, 704newspapers and journals 151Egypt 92–3, 99, 100, 396Hui Chinese 669India 223, 229, 561Iran 168, 171, 173, 176, 506, 512, 513Ottoman 48, 146Russian Muslim 193

South-East Asia 267, 592, 595–6, 599Soviet Russia 527Sudan 404, 408, 410Tunisia 425–6

ngoma (dance) 288, 649niai (pious women) 242, 254Niass, qAbd All�ah 641

Niass, Ibr�ahım 641, 642Nicholas I, Tsar, and Iran 159

Nicholas II, Tsar 177

Nid�ayi Khalq (Voice of the people)547, 549

Nien rebellion (1851–68) 244Nigeria

Biafra crisis 648British control 3, 647independence 646–8Islam in 21, 642–3and Islamism 644, 648legal systems 628Muslim population 646–7, 658northern 627–9, 642, 655–7southern 642–3Sufism 647, 655–6and text-based Islam 655–7

Nile Valley, British control 2Nimeiri, Jaqfar (pres. Sudan 1969–85) 410,

411–12Nimtz, A.H. 290Niyazov, Saparmurat (pres. Turkmenistan

1991–2006) 535, 538niz.�am (values and standards) 23niz.�amı 46niz.amn�ama (administrative regulations)

45, 542nizamname (regulations) 45Nizam-ı Cedid see New OrderNizib, battle (1839) 33, 37nomads

Afghanistan 544

Central Asia and Caucasus 528Saudi Arabia 453–4, 456–7

non-MuslimsAfghanistan 546

Egypt 394Ottoman Empire 64, 67, 69population 50, 62status 44, 47Turkish Republic 305–6, 309, 315

NOP see National Order PartyNorman, Herman 482

North Africa 107–33, 417–50Algerian War 433–5end of colonialism 430–3European control 421–4and European imperialism 54, 124–6,

128–9, 417and France 2, 112, 113–15, 116–18, 119,

121–4and growth of nationalism 424–8Islamic resistance 124–6and Islamism 442–50and political participation 417–18

Index

809






North Africa (cont.)post-independence economic and political

disillusion 438–40power struggles in new nations 435–8and reform 107–10, 118, 119, 121–2,

123–6revival movements 13and Second World War 428–30tribal revolts 111–12see also Algeria; Morocco; Tripolitania;

TunisiaNorth America, Muslims in 27, 686,

692–5, 701North Yemenoverthrow of im�am 451, 473–4and South Yemen 476

and Zaydı imamate 54, 151, 451,471

north-east Africa 107–33, 471Northern Elements Progressive Union

(NEPU; Nigeria) 647Northern People’s Congress (NPC; Nigeria)

647–8novelsEgypt 397Ottoman Empire 51–2Turkish 331

by women 63, 76–8NSP see National Salvation PartyNU see Nahdatul qUlam�apNuqm�anı, Shiblı Muh.ammad 237

numerology 147, 624al-Nuqr�ashı, Mah.mud 375, 378Nur, qAyman 401

Nur movement 312Nursi, Said, Bediuzzaman 15, 19, 64,

311–12, 314Nus.ayrıs, in Turkish Republic 306Nyerere, Julius 649, 650

OECD (Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development) 316

oilAbu Dhabi 469Algeria 439, 440, 442Bahrain 466, 467Baku 194

Central Asia 537and economic crisis of 1970s 323, 701and Gulf economies 452–3, 464, 478Iran 174, 178, 481, 484, 485–7, 491–2,

502, 507Kuwait 464–5, 467

Libya 437, 449Oman 461, 462price rise (1973) 9Qatar 468Saudi Arabia 17, 456, 460Sudan 402, 409, 415Trucial states 469Yemen 474, 477

oil economies, 355, 363, 452–3; see alsoSaudi Arabia

Oman 134–5, 460–4Al Bu Saqıdı sultans 139, 451armed forces 462Basic Law 463

and Ben�adir ports 132and Britain 143, 451, 460–2Buraymı oasis dispute 461–2Dhuf�ar rebellion 462–3and East African coastal towns 286, 287and Ib�ad. ıs 139, 451, 460–2importance to Muslims 134and Islamism 463

oil 461, 462revenues 141Saqıd dynasty 139, 453and Saudi Arabia 461–2temporal and religious power 148tribes 135and Wahh�abıs 142, 144

Oman Revolutionary Movement 462OPEC (Organisation of Oil Exporting

Countries) 9oppositionAfghanistan 547

Algeria 425Bahrain 468

Central Asia 535Egypt 95, 386, 391, 396, 399Indonesia 617Iran 483–4, 494–5, 500–1, 504,

507, 511Libya 448, 449Morocco 438, 448Ottoman Empire 42, 48, 58–60, 66Pakistan 574

Saudi Arabia 460South Yemen 475

Sudan 407, 408, 410–11Tunisia 443, 445Turkish Republic 310, 331political parties 302–3, 310, 311,

313, 316provincial families 310–11

Index

810






religious 311–12rural 312

Yemen 472

Oran 110, 112, 113, 117Orenburg, Muslim Spiritual Assembly 185–6,

187, 199Organisation de l’Armee Secrete (OAS;

Algeria) 434–5Organisation Speciale (OS;

Algeria) 433Oslo agreements (1993) 364Ottoman Bank 55, 60Ottoman Empireabolition of caliphate 3and Arabia 141, 142, 151, 451and Bukhara 201centralisation 32–42, 53, 77constitutional revolution 66–8debt 307declining power 1–2deposition of sultans 44and Eastern Question 32–4, 42–4, 52–5,

68–71emigration from 693

faith adherence 38, 62final crisis 66–78and H. ij�az 137and Iran 178

and Islamic revival 40–2and Mecca and Medina 137–8and modernism 22

and modernity 31as multinational 31reforms of Selim III and Mahmud II

34–7and republican Turkey 26and Russia 34, 37, 85, 199, 305society and economy under Selim III and

Mahmud II 37–9and South-East Asia 266–7state finances 36, 49, 52–3, 60, 74territorial losses1870s 43, 44, 52Balkans 56, 62, 68, 69and Britain 85, 236First World War 71–3, 303,

336, 560and Tunisia 121and Yemen 150

see also Arab revolt; army; Balkans;bankruptcy; constitution, Ottoman,1876; culture; economy; Egypt; FirstWorld War; Morocco; North Africa;

population; Tanzimat period; TurkishRepublic

Ottoman Imperial Bank (OIB) 74

Ottoman Special Organisation 74

Ottoman–Italian War (1911–12) 152Ottoman–Russian War (1768–74) 32Ottoman–Russian War (1828–9) 38Ottoman–Russian War (1877–8) see Russo-

Turkish WarOttomanism 47, 59, 102Owen, Roger 98Ocalan, Abdullah 332

Ozal, Turgut 327and corruption 328

and economy 328and EU 328

Padri wars (1803–41) 17, 254–5, 261, 263,594, 598

Pahang War (1891–5) 250–1, 266Pahlavi dynasty 481–5, 510Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza 485

dictatorship 494, 495, 496–8, 500, 506, 509and economic development 492and Mosaddegh 488–9and National Front 493and opposition 494–5, 500–1, 504–5overthrow 501, 504, 507and qulam�a p 497–8wealth 502

Pahlavi, Reza Sh�ah see Reza Sh�ah PahlaviPakistan

and Afghanistan 549, 550, 553–4, 575anti-Ah.madiyya riots 573civil war (1971) 574, 581constitution1956 572, 5731962 573

and Indian Muslim separatism 567–71as Islamic state 22, 565, 571–80militancy 579, 580military rule 575–6and modernism 573–4Objectives Resolution 572

and separatism 578

and Shıqism 579

and Soviet expansionism 4

see also Islamism; KashmirPakistan Muslim League (PML) 564, 575Pakistan Resolution 567

PalestineArab revolt 341–2, 378and British mandate 72, 336, 340–2

Index

811






Palestine (cont.)and Egypt 378, 379, 380, 398, 401and First World War 71intif�ad.a of 1987 363–4intif�ad.a of 2000 364and Islamist politics 363–5as Jewish national home 72, 340, 343, 347and Jordan 348–50, 389Supreme Muslim Council 340–2Wailing Wall riots (1929) 341

Palestine Legislative Council (PLC) 365Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 363and Jordan 361, 389in Lebanon 357, 358

Palestinian National Authority (PNA) 364Palestinians, and the West 6al-Palimb�anı, qAbd al-S. amad 263

Pamuk, Orhan 331, 335pan-Islamism 28, 56, 100Afghanistan 210

Egypt 102, 103, 595India 560and modernism 22, 98, 172Ottoman Empire 150, 688Palestine 342Russia 199SouthEast Asia 256, 266–7

Pan-Malaysia Islamic Party (PAS) 608,620–1

pan-Turkism 200–2pandita 241, 252pangulu 242, 254, 255, 260Parcham (Banner) party 551Paris, Anglo-Persian Treaty (1857) 170parliamentIranian 175, 176, 177Ottoman, and Young Turks 59Russian 198–9

Parti de la Justice et du Developpement(Morocco) 448

Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA) 427,429, 433

parties, politicalAlgeria 443, 551Bangladesh 583

Central Asia 535–6Egypt 381, 391, 396Indonesia 615, 618Iran 485, 496, 506Iraq 352–3Morocco 426, 448Ottoman 67

Pakistan 571, 572–3, 574–5, 576

Russian Muslim 198

single-party rule 310, 317, 438sub-Saharan Africa 643, 644, 647Sudan 403, 405–6, 407, 410, 411Tunisia 440, 443, 445, 450Turkish Republic 302–3, 310, 311, 313, 318,

319, 324Islamist 321, 326, 329, 333

in the West 707–9Parwayz, Ghul�am Ah.mad 570–1PAS see Pan-Malaysia Islamic PartyPashtu language 548Pashtunist�an 549, 550Pashtuns 207, 208–9and civil war 544, 545and communist government 554and Islamism 576

and JUI 577, 578nationalism 545–9and non-Pashtuns 551, 556and rise of Taliban 554, 556see also B�arakzay dynasty

pasa 79, 87, 375, 385Patani, Ahmad 607Patani United Liberation Organisation

(PULO) 607–8Patani/Pattani province (Thailand)

606–8patronageAfghanistan 209, 556Egypt 88, 375and literature 48

Paul, Tsar 156P�ayinda Kh�an, Sard�ar 204PDA see Public Debt Administrationpearl fishing 452, 464, 469, 478, 695Pentagon, 11 September attacks 6

People’s Democratic Party (Sudan) 406People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan

(PDPA) 551–2People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen see

South YemenPeople’s Socialist Party (South Yemen) 475Persian Gulf, British influence in 2

Persian language 168, 201, 214, 548pesantren, Java 15, 242, 265, 615Peter the Great, Tsar 157, 185Peyrouton, Marcel 426Philippinesand Christianity 252, 253and Islam 241, 251–3, 606, 622Muslim minorities 608–11non-Muslim immigrants 591

Index

812






and reformism 252, 593, 610US control 253, 591, 608, 609

philosophy, Western 10

Pickens, Claude 668pietism, Sufi 190–1pietyother-worldly 41, 559this-worldly 13–14, 232

Pır of Ch�armin�ai 583pır (spiritual teacher) 210, 583piracyNorth Africa 110, 111South-East Asia 257

PKK see Kurdistan Workers’ Partyplays, Tanzimat period 51–2poetryArabia 146sub-Saharan Africa 633

Pol Pot regime 612, 613Poland, Muslim population 697

Polisario, and Western Sahara 441

politicsAfghanistan 205, 546Bahrain 467–8China 679–80Egypt 87–9, 95–6, 396, 401and Muh.ammad qAlı family 87–9,

95–6India 232–9, 558–63, 568–71Iran 161, 173Iraq 339–40Kurdish 329

Kuwait 465Lebanon 345–7, 354and Muslim immigrants 707–9Nigeria 648Oman 463

Ottoman Empiremilitary involvement 60patriotism 47, 52religious involvement 67and women 26

Pakistan 571–80of personality 48Qatar 469and Russian Muslims 198–9in South-East Asia 241, 256,

261, 268Syria 344–5Turkish Republiccoalition governments 323, 326, 328,

329, 333and corruption 328, 332

Islamist 319, 321, 322, 326, 327, 334military involvement 316–18, 321–2,324–5, 329, 332, 333, 334

popular participation 319

and religion 306, 315, 329–30and violence 321, 323, 328–9see also Islam, and resistance, jihad,Mahdism, nationalism, opposition,separatism

polygamy, opposition to 237–8,476, 530

polygyny 89Afghanistan 549

Egypt 104South-East Asia 258

pondok (Qurp�anic schools) 251, 265,597

Poole, Elijah 695

Popular Defence Forces (PDF; Sudan) 412Popular Front for the Liberation of the

Occupied Arabian Gulf 462population

Aden 474

Algeria 435, 436Cambodia 612Egypt 86, 91, 373Gulf states 479India 213, 567, 584Iran 179

Lebanon 355

Malaysia 597Morocco 422

Ottoman Empire 37, 50First World War losses,303, 336

and household size 63non-Muslim 50, 62and religion 62

Sudan 408

Turkish Republic 305, 306rural 314urban 314, 320, 325

United Arab Emirates 470Yemen 477

populismLebanon 346

Pakistan 574

Turkey 318, 328, 332Portugal

and East Africa 286and South-East Asia 242

prayers, congregational 144primogeniture, in Iran 156

Index

813






print culture 8–9Afghanistan 210

Arabia 145–6Egypt 92, 99India 217, 219, 230Ottoman Empire 15, 16, 42, 48, 63South-East Asia 258sub-Saharan Africa 636

priyayi elites 242, 254, 257, 259, 260, 601professions 398, 399protectionism, Turkish 308, 318, 320proto-bourgeoisie, Ottoman 46, 48, 50, 63, 78provinces, Ottoman administration 36, 46–7,

56, 66Provincial Administration Law (1913;

Ottoman Empire) 66provisionism 38

PSD see Socialist Dustur PartyPublic Debt Administration (PDA) 53, 61public sphereEgypt 92–4, 99, 393India 232–9Kuwait 465Saudi Arabia 457sub-Saharan Africa 637Tunisia 439Turkish Republic 330

PULO see Patani United LiberationOrganisation

PunjabBritish rule 213Muslim population 213

and politics 576purdah, in India 226

Qaqayt.ı dynasty 145qab�apil (tribes) 135Q�abus ibn Saqıd, Sultan (Oman; r. 1970–)

462–4q�ad. ıs (judges)Afghanistan 208

South-East Asia 255, 257, 261, 596–7, 607and Wahh�abism 144, 147

al-Q�adirı, Muh.yı pl-Dın 113, 115Q�adirı order 40, 41, 113, 635Arabia 147China 263, 667East Africa 286, 288–90, 291, 292, 639India 216Iraq 338

and S.�alih. ı order 133Somalia 132, 133, 638Sudan 411

Turkish Republic 306in the West 703West Africa 270, 278, 282, 640, 642

Q�adirı wa Naqshbandı order, in South-EastAsia 264

al-Q�aqida (al-Q�aqida al-Sulbah) 5–6in Afghanistan 553, 554, 557in Iraq 370

and Muslim brotherhood 28

origins 24and China 660and Saudi Arabia 459and South Asia 580and South-East Asia 608see also 11 September 2001

q�apids 117, 119–20Morocco 119, 120

Q�aj�ar dynasty 154, 155–6, 174; see also Aq�aMuh.ammad Sh�ah; Fath. qAlı Sh�ah;Muz.affar al-Dın Sh�ah; N�asir al-DınSh�ah

Qandah�arı, Mawlawı M. Sarwar Asif 211Qaram�anlı, Yusuf 111Qaram�anlı dynasty 110, 111–12, 121qasba (small town) 213, 215, 218al-Qas. ım 134–5, 138, 141, 146, 147, 151Q�asim, qAbd al-Karım (prime minister Iraq

1958-63) 351, 352–3al-Qass�am, Shaykh qIzz al-Dın 342

Qatarand Al Th�anı 146, 468–9and Britain 468

and expatriate labour 479independence 468and oil revenues 468and participatory government 460and Saudi Arabia 464and United Arab Emirates 470

Qaw�am, Ah.mad 489Qays bin Ah.mad 139

Qing dynasty (China) 244, 245, 246, 263, 668,680–1

quietismLebanon 355

Palestine 364Quilliam, Abdullah 689

Qum rebellion (Iran) 499Qurp�anin Afghanistan 546

and challenge of the West 10in China 674–5, 676and literalism 261

recitation 294

Index

814






and reform 189, 227, 420in Soviet Union 531

in sub-Saharan Africa 651–7translation 15, 20, 229–30, 592,

612, 653al-Qurs.�awı, qAbd al-Nas. ır see KursaviQut.b, Sayyid 26, 364, 377, 388,

392, 443and caliphate of man 15

and Crusades 13and Western knowledge 8

Rabbani, Burhanuddun (pres. Afghanistan1992–6/2001) 544, 553

r�abit.a (meditative concentration) 41Raffles, Thomas Stamford 253–4Rafsanj�anı, H�ashimı (pres. Iran

1989–97) 512Rahardjo, Dawam 617

Rah.mat qAlı, Chawdhrı 569railwaysAfrica 628Egypt 90, 91India 221, 232Ottoman 56, 58, 60–1Sudan 403

Turkish 307

see also H. ij�az railwayrajas 248, 255Ram Chander 219Rama I (Thailand; r. 1782–1809) 248Rama II (Thailand; r. 1809–24) 248Ramadhipati (king of Cambodia; r. 1642-58)

611–12Ramiya, Shaykh (Yah.ya b. qAbd All�ah) 639al-Rantısı, qAbd al-qAzız 363Raps al-Khayma 470al-Rashıd, Ibr�ahım 21, 126R�ashid ibn Saqıd, Shaykh (Dubai;

r. 1958–90) 470Rashıdıs 126, 451, 453Rashtı, Sayyid K�azim 164–5Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS;

National Volunteers Corps) 587Rassemblement Constitutionnel

Democratique (RCD; Tunisia) 445Rassemblement National Democratique

(RND; Algeria) 447Rasulev, Zaynullah (Zayn All�ah b. H. abıb

All�ah b. Rasul) 190rationalism, and Islam 98

Rawlinson, Sir Henry 171al-Razı, Fakhr al-Dın 265

RCD see Rassemblement Constitutionnel De;mocratique

Red Armyin Caucasus 522in Central Asia 521

Red Crescent medical mission 236

Red Hand organisation (Tunisia) 431Refah Partisi see Welfare Partyreform

Afghanistan 210–11, 542–3, 549Algeria 422Bahrain 466–7Cambodia 612China 662, 670–8, 679Dutch East Indies 598–606East Africa 286–7Egypt 16, 119, 377, 379, 384–7, 391–2India 26, 216–18, 565, 571, 586Indonesia 255, 613–18Iran 154, 160, 493, 512–14and Islamic scholarship 16–17Morocco 107, 108–10, 118, 119,

422–3, 448North Africa 107–10, 116, 132opposition to 195–6Ottoman Empire 44–9, 67Philippines 252, 593, 610Russia 187–91, 195–6and scholarship 16–17, 21, 99South Africa 295South-East Asia 17–18, 242–3, 255, 257, 258,

267–8, 592–3, 594–6Malaya 596–8

South Yemen 475–6sub-Saharan Africa 651–7Tunisia 121–2, 123–6, 439Turkish Republic 306–7, 317, 321, 334and qulam�ap 17–22, 23, 25, 146, 197,

264–5West Africa 297–8see also Islamism; Jadidism; Kh�alidı-

Naqshbandı order; modernism; neo-Sufism; Wahh�abism

Reform Decree (1856; Ottoman Empire)45, 47

refugees, Muslim 50, 78, 305, 570in Istanbul 44in the West 701–2

Regie des tabacs 53, 61regionalism, in Nigeria 648Renan, Ernest 174Republic of Yemen 471

Republican Brothers (Sudan) 406

Index

815






Republican People’s Party (RPP; Turkey)309, 333

and civil society 319and DP 313

and Islamist parties 322and military interventions 322and opposition 310, 313revival in 1970s 319, 322

Resid Pasa, Mustafa 42and Gulhane decree 37

Reuter, Julius de 170–2revival 13–25in Arabia 138and education 15

in Egypt 84and fanaticism 15

in India 191, 217–18, 561–2,562–3, 565

and modern states 11and neo-Sufism 262–4in Ottoman Empire 40–2and reformism 17–21, 188and role of women 26

in sub-Saharan Africa 623, 657–8this-worldly piety 13–14and Western domination 1

Revolutionary Command Council (RCC;Sudan) 407

Reza Sh�ah Pahlaviabdication 485

rise to power 482–4and Second World War 485and secularism 22

and the veil 26, 484wealth 484

Rid.�a, Muh.ammad Rashıd 99, 151, 153, 341, 595,600, 677

Ridw�an, Fath. ı 375Rif�aqı order 295Rifangı, Muh.ammad 262

rightsAfghanistan 551

Egypt 396Iran 504

Kurdish 329

South Yemen 476

Sudan 410, 411–12Turkish Republic 302, 317, 330, 333

rizqa (endowment) 83Robinson, David 271Romaniaindependence 43Muslim population 697

Rommel, Erwin 377, 378Roosevelt, Kermit 490–1Rowlatt Act (1919) 558RPP see Republican People’s PartyRudelson, Justin Jon 681

rukiyya (spirit exorcism) 656–7Rumelia, Ottoman control 3Rus’, Muslim population 180

Rushdie, Salman 706, 708Russia 180–202annexation of Crimea 32and China 680and Crimean War 43diversity of Muslim communities

180–4, 188diversity of reform 195–7and ethnic and national identities 197–202fall of the monarchy 518, 519in First World War 69, 70and France 158indemnity payments to 52

and Iran 3, 156–60, 168, 170, 177–8, 481and Muslim reform 187–91Muslims as national community 198and Ottoman Empire 34, 37, 85, 199, 305and practice of Islam 184–7revolution (1906) 59, 186, 198Revolution (1917) 70, 178, 520–2and Turkish Republic 304see also Caucasus; Central Asia; Jadidism;

Soviet UnionRussian Federationand Chechnia 539–41and Tajikistan 538–9

Russian language 527Russian Orthodoxy, and Islam 185, 187Russo-Persian War, First 157–60Russo-Turkish War (1877–8) 44, 52, 54, 57,

305–6rusdiye (upper elementary school) 46, 57

Sabah, and Britain 251

Sabahaddin Bey 58, 66al-Sabila, Battle (1929) 454Saqd al-Din, qAdn�an 360, 361al-Sadat, Anwar (pres. Egypt 1970–81)assassination 24, 395and Islamism 24, 392–5and Israel 393–4Law of Shame 394, 395and Nasserist state 390–2open-door policies 391–2and political parties 391

Index

816






al-Sadat, qIsmat 395al-S�ad�at, Shaykh 106

Saddam Hussein (pres. Iraq 1979–2003)downfall 459–60invasion of Kuwait 6, 452and Iran–Iraq war 366–7and Shıqism 366, 368

S. adıq, Sayyid Muh.ammad Taqı 355Saqdist party (Egypt) 375, 376, 378al-S. adr, Ayat All�ah H. asan 338

al-S. adr, Ayat All�ah Muh.ammad B�aqir 351–2,353, 356, 359

al-S. adr, Ayat All�ah Muh.ammad S.�adiq 368

al-S. adr, Ayat All�ah S. adr al-Dın 356

al-S. adr, Muqtad.�a 369

al-S. adr, Sayyid Mus�a 355–8, 360Safavid dynasty 154, 162, 163S.�afı Pashtuns, tribal revolt (1947–9) 549S. ah.wa (awkening) 458Saqıd (Muscat) 139Saqıd, Bargh�ash (Zanzibar; r. 1870–88) 139,

289, 631Saqıd, Faqıh 147

Saqıd, Sultan (Oman; r. 1932–70) 460, 461–3Saqıd, Thuwaynı (Oman; r. 1856–66) 141Saqıd ibn Maktum, Shaykh (Dubai;

r. 1912–58) 469Saqıd ibn Nur (Seydou Nourou Taal)

629, 641Saqıd b. Sult.�an (Oman; r. 1806–56) 286Saqıd H. aww�a 360, 361Saqıd Pasa (Egypt; r. 1854–63) 83, 88education 90

foreign debts 94and Suez Canal 91and taxation 86

Saikal, Amin 549

Saint, Lucien 419

saintsdecline in importance 25, 655and intercession 14, 16, 226, 228,

232, 638venerationin China 671, 684in India 228, 232in Morocco 109

in Ottoman Empire 14in South-East Asia 261, 263in Turkish Republic 307in Yemen 144, 145

Salafı movement 443Algeria 422–3China 674–8

Egypt 93, 99Indonesia 617Morocco 119, 422–3Somalia 646Yemen 478

Sal�am, Salım qAlı 346Sal�ama, H. �afiz. 397Sal�amat, Hashim 610

s.al�at (ritual prayer) 630, 637, 641Saleeby, Najeeb 609

al-S.�alih. , qAlı qAbd All�ah 473, 477, 478S.�alih. ı order 21, 126, 132–3, 638Salım All�ah, Nawab 234–5Salım Rubayq qAlı (Salmayn) 475al-Sall�al, qAbd All�ah 473

Salm�an, Shaykh (Bahrain; r. 1942–61) 466–7Salonica 62, 73Samanhudı, H. �ajjı 604Samıp, K�az. im 514

Samin, Surantika 259al-Samm�an, Shaykh Muh.ammad 17, 20, 263Samm�anı order 20, 129, 263Samori Toure, empire 270, 271, 283S. anq�ap, Ottoman claim to 140

S. anq�ap, Treaty of (1934) 471santri (Java) 243, 254, 260Sanuq, Yaqqub 92al-Sanusı, qAbd All�ah 119

al-Sanusı, Muh.ammad b. qAlı 125and Idrısiyya 20

Sanusı orderEgypt 84, 423North Africa 54, 125, 152Tripolitania 423, 430

Sanusı family (Libya) 437–8Sarawak, and Islam 241

sard�ar (commander) 206, 210Sarekat Dagang Islam (Union of Islamic

Merchants) 604Sarekat Islam (SI) 265, 600, 604–5Sarıkamıs, battle (1914–15) 69Saqud, King (r. 1953–64)

and Fays.al 455–6and Wahh�abı state 138, 139

Saudi Arabia 453–60and Afghanistan 458

and annual pilgrimage 454, 457–8and Bangladesh 582

Basic Law (1992) 458–9and Egypt 81, 383expansion 139, 451expatriate workforce 455, 456, 479foreign policies 456

Index

817






Saudi Arabia (cont.)and Iran 457–8and Kuwait 464nomadic tribes 453–4, 456–7and oil industry 455, 456–7, 460and Oman 461–2, 463and Qatar 468and reforms 459regions 455and S. ah.wa shaykhs 458, 459and Shıqites 452, 457, 459state revenues 454, 455, 456–7and terrorism 459

and USA 6, 451, 452, 455, 456, 458–9and Wahh�abism 17, 81, 137, 138, 144, 453–4,

456, 458world influence 28and Yemen 471–2, 473, 477see also economy

SAVAK (Iranian secret intelligence industry)492, 493, 496, 497, 499, 506

sayyid (title) 142, 145, 152, 175, 214, 242, 252, 254,258, 264, 339

scholarshipArabia 145–8East Africa 288, 292India 227, 230and reform 16–17, 21, 99, 109Russia 190South Africa 295–6South-East Asia 242, 258and qulam�ap 26and West African jihads 273–4and women 146

schoolsagricultural 61, 81foreign 53, 57military 46, 57professional 57Qurp�an 636, 709religious see kutt�ab; madrasasstate 46, 54, 57, 89, 92, 98, 330, 355and Wahh�abism 261

schools of lawArabia 138–9and fanaticism 125

India 223and reformism 107, 108and Wahh�abism 144

Schwarzkopf, Gen. H. Norman 490

science, Western 10, 22, 83in India 219, 220, 223, 238in South-East Asia 268, 603

scripturalism 651–7China 668–71, 674–5, 677Nigeria 655–7Senegal 653–4South Africa 654–5Tanzania 653

Second World Warand Afghanistan 548

and Egypt 374, 377–8, 379and India 569and Iran 485

and North Africa 428–30and Soviet Union 531

and Sudan 404–5and Turkish Republic

309, 316sectarianismAfghanistan 205, 553–5Bahrain 466–8Egypt 261, 394Indonesia 613–14Iraq 340

Lebanon 346–7, 354–5, 357Palestine 340, 341Philippines 610Syria 360in the West 703

secularismAfghanistan 550

Algeria 422, 433, 450Arabia 152Balkans 698Bangladesh 581, 582Central Asia and Caucasus 541Egypt 396, 397, 400, 401India 565, 585–6Indonesia 614Iran 22, 173, 175, 484, 488, 498Iraq 339

Lebanon 355, 358Ottoman Empire 67Pakistan 572, 573, 575,

576, 580Palestine 342Sudan 406, 407, 414Tunisia 444Turkey 22, 301, 307, 311–12in the West 711–12, 714West Africa 645West Asia 336–7, 347, 350

Security Pact (Tunisia) 122Segu (Bambara state) 279–80,

281, 282

Index

818






Selim III (r. 1789–1807)army 80and centralisation 32

and culture 39–42and Eastern Question 32–4and Muh.ammad qAlı 79and New Order 32, 34, 80overthrow 34

and patronage 48reforms 34–5and society and economy 37–9

Semaun 605

SenegalFrench control 3, 283, 629, 640, 641independence 644–5jihad of al-H. �ajj qUmar Taal 279Quatre Communes 269, 296, 298, 644and Sufism 640–2, 644–5, 653–4and text-based Islam 653–4

Senegambiaand France 279, 692and jihads 270, 271, 279and slave-raiding 272

Senghor, Leopold 644, 645separatism 11

Balkans 33, 50, 55Bangladesh 581

China 659, 660, 682India 232–9, 564–5, 567–71, 584Pakistan 578

Thailand 606–8USA 695

11 September 2001, terror attacks 6, 25, 401,459, 554, 576, 660, 706

Serbia 5, 33, 68Sevres Treaty (1920) 72Seydou Nourou Taal see Saqıd ibn Nural-Shaqbı, Qah. t.�an (pres. South Yemen) 475Sh�adhilı order 264, 286, 288, 291, 635,

639, 703Sh�afiqı schoolArabia 137, 142, 148East Africa 285South Africa 294South-East Asia 242, 251, 265, 606,

609, 612South Yemen 472

shah (king)Sh�ah qAbd al-qAzız 212–13, 216,

218, 220Sh�ah qAlam II (Mughal emperor) 213Shah B�anu case 587–8, 589Sh�ah Ism�aqıl 216, 217

Sh�ah Walı All�ah (al-Dihlawı) 16, 17, 216, 223,226, 228, 229

shah�ada (declaration of faith) 414Shakhbut ibn Sult.�an, Shaykh (Abu Dhabi; r.

1928-66) 469

Sh�amil, Im�am 19, 191al-Shanaw�anı, Muh.ammad 82Sharaf al-Dın, al-H�adı 149Shaqr�awı, Hud�a 373

sharıqaAfghanistan 542, 546, 551Balkans 697Bangladesh 582

Britain 707

China 243, 246–7Egypt 82, 84, 388, 393, 397, 398India 216, 566, 569Iraq 353

and Islamism 23

Malay states 251Morocco 119

and neo-Sufism 262

Ottoman Empire 44and reformist movements 20South-East Asia 242, 255, 256, 264,

597, 607Soviet Union 526, 530–1sub-Saharan Africa 625, 628, 646Sudan 128, 405, 409, 410–11, 414West Asia 347

Sharıqat All�ah, H. �ajjı 18, 218Shariat Application Act (India; 1937) 559, 569Sharıqat-M�ad�arı, Ayat All�ah 494, 497Sharıqatı, qAlı 7, 12, 15, 500–1sharıf/ashr�af (noble) 109, 139, 140, 214, 242,

252, 609Sharıf, Muh.ammad 89–90Sharif, Nawaz 575Sharjah 470

Shat.t.�arı order 242, 263, 264al-Shawk�anı, Muh.ammad 138, 143, 148Shawqı, Muh.ammad qAlı 404shaykh (head of Sufi order) 41, 64, 100, 256,

264, 265, 339, 394, 403, 458, 461, 470,633

shaykh al-Azhar 82shaykh al-Isl�am 246, 251, 258Shaykhı movement 164–5Shi Kunbing, H. �ajjı 666Shıqa/Shıqites

Afghanistan 205, 208, 543, 553–4Arabia 136, 137, 138, 455Bahrain 466, 467–8

Index

819






Shıqa/Shıqites (cont.)China 663India 214, 217, 219, 226Iran 24, 26, 27, 163–6, 452, 499Iraq 26, 338–40, 351–3, 460Ithn�a qAsharı 455Lebanon 26, 345, 346, 353–4, 357–60militant 357–60Pakistan 579, 580Russia 184Saudi Arabia 452, 457, 459South-East Asia 242Turkish Republic 306USA 693

in the West 703Zanzibar 631, 640

Shih�ab, Gen. (pres. Lebanon 1958–64)354–5

Shinn�awı, Muh.ammad Bey 87al-Shiq�aqı, Fath. ı 364Shır qAlı, Amır (r. 1868–79) 206Shır�azı, Ayat All�ah Mah.all�atı 494al-Shır�azı, Ayat All�ah Mırz�a Muh.ammad

Taqı 338Shır�azı, H. ajjı Mırz�a H. asan 173

Shır�azı, Sayyid qAlı Muh.ammad see B�abShır�azı elites, East African 287, 288shirk (idolatry) 362, 657Shukrı, Ibr�ahım 376

Shur�a-yi Naz.�ar 554Shuster, Morgan 177

SI see Sarekat Islamal-Sib�aqı, Mus.t.af�a 345, 350–1, 352Siby, S�alih. 635S. iddıq H. asan, nawab of Bhopal 227S. id.qı, Ism�aqıl 374, 375, 376silk industry, Ottoman 62

SinaiEgyptian control 384Israeli control 383, 391

SindBritish rule 213, 216Muslim population 214

al-Sindhı, Muh.ammad H. ay�at 17Sindhı, qUbayd All�ah 561

Singapore 250, 257and education 596

and Malaysia 620and Muslim minorities 606and printing 258and renewal 594, 595–6

Sip�ah Muh.ammad 579

Sip�ah S. ah.aba P�akist�an 579

sipahi cavalry 35Sir�aj al-Dın, Fup�ad 375, 391al-Sir�ajı, Ah.mad qAlı 149Sirhindı, Ah.mad 16, 18, 19, 20, 40al-Sist�anı, Ayat All�ah qAlı 369–70Six Day War (1967) 384, 387, 443, 473slaveryAfghanistan 543

Arabia 142East Africa 286, 288Egypt 81, 104and Qurp�an 10

sub-Saharan Africa 627, 628–9, 632Sudan 128, 410, 412in USA 692

West Africa 272, 283–4Slovakia, Muslim population 697

Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan 256–7, 265, 267,592, 607

Social Reform Society (Kuwait) 465socialismArab 350, 353, 354, 385–7and culture 526–8Iranian 500, 501, 504Islamic 574state 347, 408in sub-Saharan Africa 645, 650Sudanese 407, 408

Socialist Dustur Party (PSD; Tunisia) 440, 443,444, 445

Socialist Labour Party (Egypt) 396societychallenges from the West 10–13Egyptian 387–9, 392–5Iranian 161, 162–73Malay 597–8Ottoman 50–1, 62–4, 74–5, 78Pakistani 571–80in Soviet Central Asia and Caucasus

528–32Turkish Republic 302–3, 306, 307, 324, 325–6,

330–1Society of Muslims (Egypt) 392Society of National Renaissance

(Egypt) 377Society for the Revival of the Nation

(Egypt) 102Sokoto, caliphate 21, 270, 627and Bornu 274, 276–7British control 3, 283, 298and jihad 274–7, 297and slave-raiding 283–4

Somali Youth League 645

Index

820






Somalia 131–2, 638and qAbd All�ah H. asan 132–3and Egypt 131and Ethiopia 132, 133, 645, 646independence 645–6and Islamism 644

reformism 107

resistance movement 133and S.�alih. ı order 126, 638, 646and Sufism 634, 645, 646Transitional Federal Government

646

Somaliland 21, 638, 645–6Soustelle, Jacques 433South AfricaCape Muslim community 292–7,

298, 654im�ams 293–4and Islamism 655

Muslim citizens’ rights movements 269Muslim population 293, 654and text-based Islam 654–5and Western domination 292

South Arabian League 474, 476South Asia 212–39, 558–90and reformism 18–19and qulam�ap 25see also India

South-East Asiaassociation and assimilation 243

and Christian missions 253, 256, 257,591–2

Dutch conquests in 2, 591Dutch Islamic policy 253–7, 594heterodoxy and reform 240–3millenarianism and Javanism

259–61Muslim diversity 593–4, 621–2Muslim population 240

Muslims as minorities 606–13and neo-Sufism 262–4and Ottoman Empire 266–7and pan-Islamism 266–7and reform 17–18, 242–3, 255, 257, 258, 267–8,

592–3, 594–6and qulam�ap 25, 264–5and Wahh�abism 261–2, 267see also China

South Sulawesi, and Samm�aniyya 263South Yemen 474–7and Britain 152, 451, 471independence 471, 475and Marxism 471

and North Yemen 476

and oil 477and Oman 462

reforms 475–6Soviet Union

and Afghanistan 545–6, 549–50, 551invasion (1979) 5, 24, 362,552–4

collapse 9, 24, 557and Egypt 5, 382, 385, 389, 390expansionism 4–5indigenisation policy 525–6and Iran 483, 485, 491and Islam 530–2and Second World War 531spiritual directorates 531,

532, 534and Sufism 25

and Turkish Republic 312, 328see also Caucasus; Central Asia; Russia

Spainchurch–state relations 712and Morocco 3, 118, 119, 121, 417,

422–3, 428and North Africa 107and Philippines 251–2, 608and South-East Asia 242and Spanish Sahara 440

Spiritual Assembly, Muslim 185–6,187, 199

Stack, Sir Lee 374, 375, 403, 404Stalin, Joseph 312, 491

and industrialisation 529

and Islam 530–2state, Islamist see Afghanistan; Iran; Pakistanstate, modern

development 7–11, 92, 452–3formation 27, 108, 302, 571, 643–51Islamicate 269, 270, 275, 278, 281and Islamism 25

and modernism 22

and religion 82–4, 163, 208–9, 336, 397–8, 415,449, 711–12

single-party 310, 317, 438state socialism 347, 408statism

Afghanistan 549

Egypt 383, 385, 392Steeg, Theodore 423steppes

and reform 196, 197Russian control 181, 183, 185–6

Stolypin, Petr 198

Index

821






Sublime PorteTanzimat period 42

Translation Office 36and Yıldız palace 55

sub-Saharan Africa 269–98, 623–58economies 626–7and European colonialism 623,

625–32and Islamism 633–58legal systems 628Muslim diversity 637Muslim expansion 623, 632–43nationalism and new states 643–51and scripturalism 651–7see also East Africa; South Africa; West

AfricaSudan 402–16Anglo-Egyptian condominium 2, 131,

402–5civil wars 402, 407, 409–11, 413–14constitution 407

and Egypt 81, 374, 412and First World War 403independence 404–7, 416and Islamism 409, 410–14, 415Legislative Assembly 405Mahdist rebellion 97

Mahdiyya period 129–31, 151, 402and Nile unity movement 404, 405north–south divisions 402, 403, 405, 406,

407, 409–10, 413Peace Agreement 402, 412, 413,

414–15Penal Code (1991) 411–12population diversity 402, 405, 413and reformism 20

September Laws 409Turkiyya period 127–9

Sudan African National Union(SANU) 406

Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) 406,407, 408

Sudanese People’s Liberation Army (SPLA)408, 409, 412, 413, 414

Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement(SPLM) 409–10, 411, 413–14

Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU) 407Suez Canal 150, 688British defence 378, 381concession 95, 97, 103construction 2, 91financing 94nationalisation 5, 382–3

SufismAfghanistan 205

Arabia 147–8Bangladesh 582, 583and Berber tribes 109Central Asia 533China 667–78, 682, 684decline in influence 25, 106East Africa 286–7, 288–9, 292Europe 691India 215, 216, 217, 218, 223, 226,

227, 228and innovation 651

Iran 162

Morocco 109, 110, 119, 125and other-worldly piety 14and resistance movements 124, 132–3and revival and reform 16, 17–22, 25, 107,

132, 195, 264–5, 286–7, 657rituals 288–9Russia 190–1Saudi Arabia 459and scripturalism 652

South Africa 295South-East Asia 240, 242, 261, 264–5, 268,

599

sub-Saharan Africa 632–6, 638, 639, 644–5,646, 653–4

in the West 703West Africa 270, 629, 640–2, 647, 655–6and women 634–5, 639see also Kh�alidı; Naqshbandı; neo-Sufism;

Q�adirı; Tij�anı orderSuharto, and New Order 615–18Sukarno, Achmed, and nationalism 22, 605,

606, 614–15Sukarnoputri Megawati 26Sulawesi, and Netherland East Indies 591Sulaym�an, Sultan Mawl�ay (Morocco)

119, 125Sulaym�an qAbd All�ah 144, 146al-S. ulh. , Riy�ad. 346sultan, Ottomanabolition 304

and caliphate 33, 56, 266deposition 55, 66prerogatives 45, 55, 58

Sult.�an Jah�an (Begum of Bhopal) 226Sult.�an, S�alim 149

Sumatra, and Ottoman Empire 266; see alsoWest Sumatra

Sun Yat-sen 668

Sunna 49, 99, 262, 277, 377, 595, 599, 653, 655

Index

822






Sunnı IslamAfghanistan 208

Bahrain 466, 467China 662India 214Iraq 338, 339, 351, 353Lebanon 345–7, 354, 355Ottoman Empire 54Pakistan 579, 580Palestine 340Turkish Republic 306in the West 693, 703Zanzibar 631see also Islam

Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolutionin Iraq (SCIRI) 367

Supreme Islamic Shıqı Council (Lebanon)356–7

Surakarta principality 253, 254, 601, 602surau (rural schools) 263, 265Surush, qAbd al-Karım 512

Sutan Maharadja, Datuk 599Swahili language 285, 288, 630–1, 638–9,

640, 649Sweden, Muslims in 710–11Sy, M�alik 641Sykes, Abdulwahid 649

Sykes–Picot Agreement(1916) 72

Sylla, Yaqqub 630syncretismSouth-East Asia 240, 243, 254, 593, 601, 603,

612, 615, 677Sudan 402

in the West 715Syria 344–5and Arab nationalism 68

Baqthist movement 22, 351,360–1, 383

and community identity 47constitution 360

Egyptian control 81, 85French control 72, 337, 344and Islamist militancy 360–1and Islamist politics 360–1and Israel 391and Jordan 361

and Lebanon 360

and Mehmet Ali 33and Muslim Brotherhood 350–1,

360–1resistance to US hegemony 5and Soviet Union 5

state formation 336

and Sykes–Picot Agreement 72and United Arab Republic 350, 354, 383see also Lebanon

Safak, Elif 331seriat see sharıqaSeyh Said, rebellion 311, 312seyhulislam 67

Taqaiyunıs 218Taal, Seydou Nourou see Saqıd ibn NurTaal al-Futı, al-H. �ajj qUmar 20, 21, 273, 274,

277–80, 282, 629, 641Taba dispute 101, 102T. ab�at.ab�apı 175Tablıghı Jam�aqat (Preaching society) 15, 18, 27,

536, 559, 583, 612, 655T. �ah�a, qAlı qUsman Muh.ammad 414, 415T. aha H. usayn 106, 379T�ahir bin Jal�al al-Dın al-Azharı, Shaykh

Muh.ammad 595

T. �ahir H. usayn 145

Tah.rık-i Ah.r�ar (Movement of the free;India) 559

Tah.rık-i Hijrat (Migration movement) 559Tah.rık-i Kh�aks�ar (Movement of the

devoted) 562al-T. aht.�awı, Shaykh Rif�aqa R�afiq 83, 84,

93–4T. �apif, Treaty of (1934) 471–2T. �apif Accords (1989) 359Taiping rebellion (1850-64) 244, 246Tajikistan 523

economy 536Islamist opposition 535–6in Russian Federation 538–9state control of Islam 535

and Sunnı Islam 663

Tajikslanguages 661, 663and Shıqism 663

and Uzbeks 524takfır (declaration of unbelief) 144, 275–6,

277

T. al�al ibn qAbd al-qAzız 456T. alaq�anı, Ayat All�ah 494

Talat Bey (Talat Pasa) 59, 67T. alqat H. arb 380Taliban

in Afghanistan 553, 554–5, 556–7, 576,580, 706

and Deobandı school 19, 576–7and Uyghurs 682–3

Index

823






Taliban (cont.)and Uzbekistan 536

and ‘War on Terror’ 6and women 26

al-Tamımı, qAbd al-Razz�aq 149

al-Tamımı al-Khalılı, Shaykh Ah.mad 82

TanganyikaBritish control 638–9conversions to Islam 290, 292

Tanganyikan African National Union(TANU) 649, 650

TANU see Tanganyikan African NationalUnion

Tanzaniaindependence 649–51Muslim population 657

and socialism 650

and text-based Islam 653

Tanzimat period (1839–76) 32–42and culture 47–8, 51–2Eastern Question 42–4and economy 49–50in North Africa 121, 122, 128reformism 44–9and society 50–1see also constitution, Ottoman; Gulhane

Decree; Reform Decree (1856)taqlıd (imitation) 163, 190, 227, 238, 599,

606

Tarbiya-yi At.f�al (benevolent society) 194, 201t.arbush, and turban 150

t.arıqa (Sufi brotherhood) 270, 286, 306, 321,633–5, 703

T. arıqa-yi Muh.ammadı (The Brotherhood ofMuhammad) 14, 18, 217

T. arzı, Mah.mud 210–11, 542tas.awwuf see SufismTashkent soviet 520Tatars 182conversion to Christianity 185, 186Crimean 183, 191–3and language 201and Muslims as national community 198,

199, 200, 202in Poland 697

and reform 187–90, 191–3, 196and Russian revolution 520

tawassul 145, 724, see also intercessionTawfıq Pasa (Egypt; r. 1879–92) 88, 95–6, 100tawh. ıd (unicity of God) 144, 217, 218, 223taxationAfghanistan 209, 210, 548Arabia 142

Central Asia 517China 246Egypt 81, 83, 95, 385and First World War 73, 74India 214Iran 168, 485Morocco 442

North Africa 110, 111, 121–2Ottoman 44, 46, 59tax-farming 35, 44, 46

South-East Asia 254, 600Sudan 409

Turkish Republic 308, 309Taymur ibn Fays.al, Sultan

(Oman; r. 1913–32) 460Tayyiba Begam 226

Tehran 155, 176, 177Tekin, Latife 331tekke (dervish lodge) 41telegraph system 151, 170, 221, 232telephone network, Turkish Republic 330terrorismChechnia 536Libya 448–9Morocco 450

Saudi Arabia 45911 September 2001 attacks 6, 25, 401,

660, 706Tunisia 445, 450‘War on Terror’ 6

Tetuan, Spanish control 118, 121textile industry, Egypt 85Thaqalbı, qAbd al-qAzız 418, 426Th�anwı, Ashraf qAlı 231Thailandand Buddhism 3, 242, 607and H. anafı Islam 246

and Malay states 248–9, 251, 261, 607and Muslim minorities 606–8, 622

Thawalib organisation 600–1theocracy, in Iran 481, 508–10, 513, 515Thrace 68, 69Tihr�anı, S. adiqı 498at-Tij�anı, Ah.mad 20, 282Tij�anı order 125and reformism 20

in Turkish Republic 315in the West 703in West Africa 270, 271, 278–9, 282, 297, 635,

641, 642, 654Tij�anı-Ibr�ahımı order 641, 642al-Tilmiss�anı, qUmar 392, 395Timbuktu, and Masina 280, 281, 282

Index

824






Titu Mır 217Tjokroaminoto, qUmar Saqıd 604Tlemcen 112, 114revolt (1803–5) 110–11

tolerance, religiousRussia 185South-East Asia 243Soviet Union 530, 531

Torres, qAbd al-Khal�aq 426, 428tortureAlgeria 434Chechnia 541Tunisia 445

Toure, Cheikh 641–2, 644, 654tourismEgypt 397, 398, 411Morocco 442

Yemen 478

tradeArabia 134, 143East Africa 285, 292Egypt 90–1international 73, 87Iran 170, 174Morocco 448

Ottoman Empire 49, 61trans-Sahara 111, 125Turkish Republic 307, 308

trade unionsAden 474

Bahrain 467

Iran 485, 502, 506Transcaucasiaand modernism 194, 196, 198Russian control 181, 184and Spiritual Assembly 186and Turkism 200

Transjordan 342–4, 454tribes, Arabian 135

Tripoli, Ottoman recapture 121Tripolitaniaand Italy 3, 68, 417, 423–4and Qaram�anlı dynasty

111–12, 121and Sanusı resistance 125–7see also Libya

Trucial states 469, 470oil 469reforms 469and Saudi Arabia 464and United Arab Emirates 470

Truman, Harry S. 487, 491Tsitsianov, Prince 157

Tu-Duc of Vietnam (r. 1848–83) 247Tuan Guru 294

Tuanku Nan Tua 263Tudeh Party (Iran) 490, 492, 495al-T. ufaylı, Shaykh Subh. ı 359Tukuloor empire 270, 271

and jihads of al-H. �ajj qUmar Taal 278Tunis, population 38

Tunis, regency 111, 112Tunisia

and France 121–4, 417, 690and growth of nationalism 424, 425–6,427–8

and independence 431–3and political participation 418–21and Second World War 429

and Islamism 450

loss of Ottoman control 2, 52, 54and modernity 445and Ottoman Empire 121political dissent 439–40post-independence power struggles 436and reforms 121–2, 123–6, 439terrorist attacks 445

Tunisian Communist Party 419al-Tur�abı, H. asan 407, 408, 409, 410–12Turkes, Alapslan 319

Turkestan (Russian Province)ASSR 523

and culture 526and Jadidism 194, 197and language 201and reformism 198, 199and Russian revolution 519–20and Russian rule 182–3, 187

Turkı, Fays.al (Oman; r. 1888–1913) 141Turkic languages 199, 201, 314, 523,

527, 661Turkic peoples see UyghursTurkish language 73, 700Turkish Republic 301

boundaries 304, 311and Britain 304

and centralisation 306, 310, 313Civil Code 307constitution of 1960 317, 321, 331constitution of 1980 324coup of 1960 303, 316–17, 319coup of 1980 324–5, 326culture 331and diversity 306, 330effects of First World War 305and Europe 321

Index

825






Turkish Republic (cont.)and EU membership 301, 302, 303, 328, 330,

333, 334–5Islam as unifying factor 305and Islamism 24, 301, 315, 319, 321, 322, 326martial law 322

nation-building 303–12national integration 312–16National Security Council 318, 321,

324–5one-party rule 310, 317Penal Code 307, 334reforms 3, 19, 26, 306–7, 317, 321role of Islam 306, 314and Russia 304secularism 22, 301, 307, 311–12and Sevres Treaty 72and Soviet expansionism 4

see also army, Turkish; Cyprus; OttomanEmpire; politics

Turkism 200–2Turkistan (the region) 206

Afghan 545, 547, 549and Afghanistan 206, 209see also East Turkistan

Turkiye _Isci Partisi (Turkish Workers’Party) 319

al-Turkm�anı, Niy�azquli b. Sh�ahniy�az 188Turkmenchai, Treaty of (1828) 160Turkmenistaneconomy 536, 537independence 538state control of Islam 535

Turkomansand Russian Revolution 521

Russian rule 2, 519, 520Twelver Shıqites see Ithn�a qAsharıTWP see Turkiye _Isci PartisiTyabjı, Badr al-Dın 225

qUbayd, Makram 375, 378qUbayd All�ah b. Niy�azqulı 189qUjm�an tribe 135qUk�ash�a, Tharwat 388qulam�ap/q�alimAfghanistan 205, 210, 211, 552Bangladesh 582, 583Bukhara 189–90, 194decline in influence 25East Africa 152Egypt 79, 83, 392, 395, 399and reform 93, 397and Sufism 106

India 212, 215, 228–9, 237, 558and Ahl-i H. adıth movement 228, 558and Deoband movement 558–9,

564, 577and reformism 219, 220, 562and secularism 585

and struggle for Pakistan 568–9Iran 155, 159, 162–6, 173, 174, 175, 177, 481, 482,

484, 488, 490, 494, 495, 497–8, 500–1,505, 509, 512–13

in modern states 7Morocco 109, 120Oman 460, 461Ottoman Empireand education 46

and reformism 17–22, 23, 25and revivalism 14, 15

Pakistan 571

Palestine 341and reformism 17–22, 23, 25, 146, 197,

264–5Russia 184, 186, 187, 197South-East AsiaDutch East Indies 256, 263, 594, 598,

605–6Java 242, 260, 602Malaysia 248, 621West Sumatra 598

sub-Saharan Africa 623, 624, 629, 630, 635,637, 639–40, 648

Sufi 264–5Syria 360Tatar 190, 195and temporal power 148Tunisia 124Turkish Republic 306

ulema see qulam�apqUmar, Mull�a Muh.ammad 577Umm Kulthum 386, 388umma (Islamic community) 345, 360, 594, 662,

688, 716Umma Party (Egypt) 102–3Umma Party (Sudan) 404, 405–7,

410, 411Union Culturelle Musulmane 641, 644Union Democratique du Manifeste Algerien

(UDMA) 433–4Union du Maghrib Arabe (UMA) 441Union Generale des Travailleurs Tunisiens

(UGTT) 429, 431, 440Union of Islamic Courts (Somalia) 646Union Nationale des Forces Populaires

(UNFP; Morocco) 437, 438, 448

Index

826






Union Populaire Algerienne 427Union Progressiste Senegalaise

(UPS) 644Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires (USFP;

Morocco) 448United Arab Emirates 470, 479United Arab Republic 350, 351, 354, 383, 387,

390, 472United Malays National Organisation

(UMNO) 619, 621United Nationsand Cambodia 613and Iran 487

and Israel 384and Libya 430, 449and Somalia 646and Suez crisis 382, 383and Tunisia 431and Western Sahara 441

United Negro Improvement Association 695

United Provinces (UP; India)and Muslim separatism 232–7, 568‘Old’ and ‘Young’ Parties 235–6

universitiesAfghanistan 552

Egypt 103, 386, 393Indonesia 616Iranian 484, 495–6, 511, 514Kuwait 465North Africa 123Ottoman 57

Palestinian 363

Turkish Republic 330Unrepresented Nations’ and Peoples’

Organisation (UNPO) 683qUr�abı, Ah.mad 95

qUr�abı Revolution 90, 95–6urbanisationCentral Asia and Caucasus 541India 580Lebanon 346

sub-Saharan Africa 626–7, 636–7Syria 344Turkish Republic 302, 318, 325, 331Western influence 7

Urdu language 214, 217, 219, 223, 224,229, 232

USAchurch and state in 711

demonisation 12

and Egypt 382, 386, 388, 394and Gulf states 451, 464hegemony 5–6, 79

and Iran 177–8, 487, 489, 493,497, 504

and Iraq 459–60, 665and Jordan 362

and Kuwait 465–6and Lebanon 5, 316and Libya 437, 449Marshall Aid Programme 313and Morocco 448

Muslims in 686, 703, 708–9, 710, 712and Philippines 253, 608, 609and al-Q�aqida 24and Saudi Arabia 6, 451, 455, 456,

458–9and Sudan 412, 414support for Israel 6and Turkish Republic 312–13, 315–16, 334‘War on Terror’ 6, 554, 555, 576, 660

USFP see Union Socialiste des ForcesPopulaires

qushr (tax) 142qUsman dan Fodio 21, 273, 275–6, 277,

627, 647Usulıs 163–4al-qUtaybı, Juhaym�an 457

qUthm�an bin qAqıl bin Yah.y�a, Sayyid265, 268

Uyghurs (China) 3, 246–7, 659, 660and Chinese citizenship 680–1and Chinese sovereignty 681–5and Han Chinese 681, 682and Hui 664, 684internal divisions 682and Islamism 684–5political activism 679

population 661

and separatism 682–5Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic 523

cult of Timur 533Uzbekistan

economy 536independence 538independent 533and Islamist politics 536state control of Islam 535

Uzbeksin Afghanistan 203

Russian rule 521Soviet rule 523, 524

values, transreligious 715–16van der Capellen, G. 254van Vollenhoven, Cornelis 257

Index

827






veil/veiling 393, 400, 629ban on 26, 330, 484, 530, 544, 616enforced 26

opposition to 647

vezir (minister) 42, 64Vietnamand Cham 241, 247–8, 249and Confucianism 247

Muslim minorities 606and rival cultures 242and syncretism 241

vilayet (province) 47, 56violence, politicalAzerbaijan 539

Bahrain 467

Central Asia 536Egypt 378, 394, 396, 397–8India 587, 588Indonesia 617Java 605Kuwait 465Lebanon 346, 354Malaysia 619Nigeria 657Pakistan 580

Philippines 610, 611Saudi Arabia 459Syria 360–1Thailand 608

Turkish Republic 321, 323, 328–9Yemen 478

Virtue Party (Turkey; VP) 330, 333Volga Basin Muslims see Tatarsvon der Goltz, Colmar, and Ottoman army

57, 66VP see Virtue Party

Wachia rebellion (1850) 256Wade, Abdoulaye 645Wadud, Amina 716Wafdfragmentation 375, 378, 379and Muslim Brotherhood 376, 396as nationalist movement 22, 375as political party 377–9, 391, 396

Wafdist Vanguard 375

wah.dat al-wujud (unity of being) 14Wah.dat-i Isl�amı (Islamic Unity;

Afghanistan) 553Wahh�abism 41

Arabia 137, 138, 139, 143–5, 149, 453–4, 456, 458Bangladesh 582

Central Asia 534

China 667, 670, 671, 675, 682, 684Egypt 81, 84India 217, 218Oman 142

Pakistan 580

and reformism 17, 20, 107, 109,143–5

South-East Asia 261–2, 267and temporal power 148West Africa 273

W�ahidı, Allama 494Wailing Wall riots (1929) 341Wapısı, Bah�ap al-Dın 19

walı (saint) 633, 634Wan Ali (Malay rebel) 250waqf (religious endowment)Balkans 698Central Asia and Caucasus 526,

530, 531China 667Egypt 83, 388Palestine 340and role of women 146

Russia 184, 187sub-Saharan Africa 631Syria 344Tunisia 123see also evkaf

warlordism 32, 33and Mahmud II 35, 49

Wat.an (Homeland) 547, 549Wazır H. asan 235–6Wazz�anı order 109, 119, 125Welfare Party (WP; Turkey) 326, 330Westeconomic influence 6–7independence from 4

and informal imperialism 90–2Islam in 686–716and Islamic revival and reform 1, 25and modernism 22

and North African states 107–8and protest 12–13speed of Western dominance 1–3

West AfricaBritish conquests 3, 283, 298,

627–9European conquests 270and France 2, 279, 282–3, 284,

296–7, 626and jihad 269–85, 297Muslim population 284

and reformism 20, 297–8

Index

828






West Asia 371authoritarianism and Islamism 357–70imperialism and state creation 337–47independent states 347–57and Islamism 337, 347and secularism 336–7see also Iraq; Jordan; Lebanon; Palestine;

SyriaWest Bankand Israel 363, 384and Jordan 348, 349–50

West Sumatraand Kaum Muda reforms 598–601Padri wars (1803–41) 17, 254–5, 261, 594, 598and Sufi orders 264

Western Sahara, and Morocco 440–2Wetu Telu (Three times) Islam 602–3White Flag League (Sudan) 403wil�ayat-i faq�ıh Ar. al-faq�ıh 358, 367,

509

Wil�ayat qAlı 217Wilkinson, J.C. 152Wısh Zalmiy�an (Awakened youth) 547, 549Woking mosque 689womenAfghanistan 550, 551in agriculture 75, 98Central Asia 529–30East Africa 649and education 26, 50, 83, 104effects of First World War 75and gender norms 52, 63, 134–5and Iranian revolution 508–9and Jadidism 192

Pakistan 575

and politics 26, 463, 466, 467, 469in public sphere 237–8, 330, 393, 420,

439, 457, 465and Qurp�an 10

and reformism 396, 448, 476Saudi Arabia 459and scholarship 146

and social change 104South-East Asia 599sub-Saharan Africa 628, 629, 647, 653and Sufism 634–5, 639in the West 716as writers 76–7see also headscarf; marriage; veil

Woodhouse, Christopher Montague 490working classand Iranian revolution 505–7politicisation 62

World Assembly of Muslim Youth 458

World Bank 9and Iran 492

and Sudan 408

World Muslim League 28world system, Islamic, and Western

domination 1, 27World Trade Center, 11 September

attacks 6World Trade Organisation 9

World Uyghur Youth Congress(WUYC) 659

WP see Welfare Party

Xidaotang movement 268Xinjiang region

and Taliban 682–3and Uyghurs 680, 681, 684–5

Yah.y�a, Im�am (Yemen; r. 1904–48) 151, 152, 153,471–2

Yang Huaizhong 673Yaqqub Beg 246–7, 266, 680, 682Y�asın, qAbd al-Sal�am 443–4Y�asın, Ah.mad 363

Yemen 134–5, 140, 471–8civil war 473and Egypt 81, 383–4, 387, 472–3and Hadramawt 266independence 3, 475and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 477and Islamism 477

and Mahdism 147

migrant workers 473, 474, 477, 479and oil 471and Ottoman Empire 150, 471participatory government 460Republic of Yemen 471

and Saudi Arabia 471–2tribes 135unification 477

and Wahh�abism 143, 144see also North Yemen; South Yemen

Yemen Arab Republic see North YemenYemeni Reform Grouping 477Yemeni Socialist Party 475, 476, 477–8Yeni Turkiye Partisi (New Turkey

Party) 318Yihewani, in China 262, 670–8yixueyuan (Islamic schools; China) 664Yıldız palace, as centre of government 55Yogyakarta principality 253, 254, 601, 602Young Algerian movement 418, 691

Index

829






Young Egypt movement 375–6Young Malay group 599

Young Men’s Muslim Association(YMMA: Jamqiyyat al-Shubb�anal-Muslimın) 342

Young Ottomans 48, 51, 58–9, 171Young Tunisian movement 418, 676Young Turk Revolution 66–8, 76, 151Young Turksand Arabia 152and Islam 68, 312as opposition 58–60and reformism 67

Yu Zhengui, H. �ajjı 666Yugoslavia, Muslim population 697, 698Yusuf Agah 48

Yusuf, Mawl�ay (Morocco; r. 1912–27) 120Yusufı, qAbd al-Rah.m�an 448

Yusufı Khalwatiyya 263

al-Zabidı, Muh.ammad Murtad.�a 17Zaghlul, Saqd 94, 100, 373, 374, 375al-Zahh�ar, Muh.ammad 363

Z�ahidı, Gen. 492Z. �ahir Sh�ah, Muh.ammad (Afghanistan;

r. 1933–73) 547, 550–1Zak�ap All�ah 225

zak�at (alms tax) 208, 255, 264, 409Z. �akir Party (Bangladesh) 583al-Zakzakı, Ibr�ahım 648, 657Zand, Karım Kh�an (r. 1751–79) 154Zanj�anı, Ayat All�ah 494

Zanzibar 139as British protectorate 286, 631–2

European influence in 2, 630–2and Islamism 653

judicial systems 631and modernism 639–40Omani sultan 630–1and Q�adirı 289and text-based Islam 653

see also TanzaniaZanzibar National Party (ZNP) 649–50z�awiyasin Britain 689

in France 691Z�awiyya, in Morocco 425

Zaydı imamate 54, 136, 138, 140, 142, 148, 451,471

and resistance 151, 478and Sufism 147

Z�ayid ibn Sult.�an, Shaykh (Abu Dhabi; r. 1966–2004) 469, 470

Zaytuna Mosque/University 124, 420, 431Zeroual, Lamine (al-Amın Zarw�al) 447Zia, Khaleda 26Zia ul-Rahman, Gen. (pres. Bangladesh

1975–82) 582Zia ul-Haq, Gen. Muhammad (pres. Pakistan

1977–88), and Islamism 24, 572, 574–5,579–80

zikri see dhikrzikri ya dufu 288, 290zikri ya kukohoa 288, 289Zionism 340, 342, 343Z. iy�a, Sayyid 482–3Zubayr Pasha 129Zungur, Saqad 655

Index

830






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