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Organizational Behavior:

Stress Management

Organizational Behavior:

Stress Management

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What is Stress?

An adaptive response to a

situation that is perceived aschallenging or threatening to

the persons well-being.

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Stage 1

Alarm Reaction

Stage 2

Resistance

Stage 3

Exhaustion

Normal

Level of

Resistance

General Adaptation Syndrome

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StressStress

WorkWork

StressorsStressors

PhysicalPhysicalenvironmentenvironment

RoleRole--relatedrelated

InterpersonalInterpersonal

OrganizationalOrganizational

Stressors and Stress Outcomes

NonworkNonwork

StressorsStressors

IndividualIndividual

DifferencesDifferences

ConsequencesConsequences

of Stressof Stress

Physiological

Physiological

BehavioralBehavioral

PsychologicalPsychological

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Role-Related Stressors Role conflict

Interrole conflict Intrarole conflict Person-role conflict

Role ambiguity Uncertain duties, authority

Workload Too much/too little work

Task control Machine pacing Monitoring equipment No work schedule control

..

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Interpersonal Stressor:

Workplace Violence and Bullying

1- Workplace violence is a stressor to those who: Experience violence at work Observe violence at work Work in jobs with higher risk of violence

2-Workplace Bullying: Offensive, intimidating, or humiliating behavior that degrades,ridicules, or insults another person at work.

Workplace bullies tend to be people with higher authority

Workplace bullying is reduced through: Careful hiring 360-degree feedback Conflict resolution system

3- Sexual Harassment : Unwelcome conduct -- detrimental effect on workenvironment or job performance

Quid pro quo employment or job performance is conditional on unwanted sexual relations

Hostile work environment an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment

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Work-Nonwork Stressors

Time-based conflict

due to work schedule, commuting, travel

women still do second shift (mosthousework)

Strain -based conflict

work stress affects home, and vice versa

Role behavior conflict

incompatible work and nonwork roles

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AccountantAccountant

ArtistArtist

MechanicMechanic

ForesterForester

Low-Stress

Occupations

High-Stress

Occupations

Hospital managerHospital manager

Physician (GP)Physician (GP)

PsychologistPsychologist

School principalSchool principal

Police officerPolice officer

Tel. operatorTel. operator

U.S. and IranU.S. and Iran

PresidentPresident

Waiter/waitressWaiter/waitress

Stress and Occupations

Medium-Stress

Occupations

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Individual Differences in Stress

Perceive the situation differently Self-efficacy Locus of control Scarlet personality

Learned helplessness

Different threshold levels of resistance tostressor

Store of energy

Use different stress coping strategies

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Type A / Type B BehaviorPattern

Talks rapidly

Is devoted to work

Is highly competitive

Struggles to perform severaltasks

Has a strong sense of timeurgency

Is impatient with idleness

Loses temper easily

Interrupts others

Handles details patiently

Is less competitive with others

Contemplates issues carefully

Has a low concern about timelimitations

Doesn't feel guilty about relaxing

Has a relaxed approach to life

Works at a steady pace

Type A Behavior PatternType A Behavior Pattern Type B Behavior PatternType B Behavior Pattern

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Job Burnout Process

DepersonalizationDepersonalization

Reduced PersonalReduced Personal

AccomplishmentAccomplishment

Physiological,Physiological,

psychological,psychological,

and behavioraland behavioralconsequencesconsequences

EmotionalEmotionalExhaustionExhaustion

Interpersonal andInterpersonal and

RoleRole--Related StressorsRelated Stressors

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Family-Friendly and Work-Life

Initiatives

Flexible work time

Job sharing

Telecommuting

Personal leave

Childcare facilities .

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Other Stress Management

Practices Withdrawing from the stressor

Permanent -- transfer to better fit job Temporary -- work breaks, vacations

Changing stress perceptions Self-efficacy, self-leadership

Controlling stress consequences Fitness and lifestyle programs

Relaxation and meditation Employee counseling

Social support Emotional and informational