[6] age of empires_imperialism and the race of european superpowers

7/31/2019 [6] Age of Empires_Imperialism and the Race of European Superpowers

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[6] Age of Empires: Imperialism and

the Race of European Superpowers

in the World Order

Oleh:

Dr. Hj. Aelina Surya,

Dra.

Hikmawan Saefullah,

S.IP, MAIR (Hons).

DEPARTEMEN HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN


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The Peace of Westphalia (1648): as symbolic

peace/ treaty:

Konsolidasi otoritas (authority) dalam kerangka

entitas teritorial (nation-state).

Mengakhiri otoritas dan dominasi Kaisar/Raja dan

Paus (Pope)

Mengawali pemisahan urusan agama denganpolitik (separation of church and politics)

Menolak segala bentuk hegemoni

Westphalian Moment


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Territoriality

supreme authority within their territorial borders(sovereign)

Authorityno higher authority beyond these borders:principles of (equality)

LegitimacyInternal and external recognition of the right torule themselves (self-determination)

Key Elements of

the Sovereign State


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Konsep International Society sebagai club of statesyang hanya beranggotakan negara-negara Barat diEropa.

Eropa sebagai Christendom: Christian InternationalSociety (OHagan 2010):

Hugo Grotius: concept of a Christian International Societybased on religious commonality and reciprocity:

Respect for one anothers independence

Honour agreements and promises Agree to limitations in their use of force against one another

Cooperate in certain institutions: international law, balance ofpower, diplomacy and war

Cultural International Society


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Tiga Faktor yang mendorong Ekspansi Eropa keberbagai wilayah di dunia:

Ideational

Religion

Economic and Political

Commercial and political competition

Military

Security and military capability competition

The Expansion of European International

Society/Powers


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Edward Keene: Sejak perjanjian Westphalia

(1648), kelahiran dunia modern membawa

perubahan kepada tataran dunia internasional:

Bagi Eropa: kesetaraan (equality) antara negara-negara Eropa, bertujuan membentuk institusi dan

manajemen toleransi terhadap segala perbedaan.

Bagi non-Eropa: ketidaksetaraan (unequality) antara

bangsa Eropa dan non-Eropa, pembagian kedaulatan,

dan pembangunan peradaban (civilizing others)

The Evolution of International Society


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Capacity to guarantee basic rights

An organised political bureaucracy and

capacity for self-determination

Obey International Law

Capacity to fulfill the obligations of diplomacy,

and respect agreements Conforms with accepted norms and practices

(no slavery, polygamy, etc.)

The Standard of Civilization


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Paul Keal (2002): the problem of cultural

incommunserability:

Pengertian tentang perbedaan (difference)

Standard dan kriteria yang digunakan kaitannya

dengan mereka yang berbeda

Bentuk-bentuk interaksi dengan perbedaan atau

mereka yang berbeda

Masalah yang muncul


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Empires and Imperialism


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What is Empire?

Etimologi: Latin: Imperium: command,authority, rulership, power Edward Said:the practice, theory, and attitude of

dominance by a metropolitan centre ruling distantterritory

Michael Doyle (1986): Empires are relationships ofpolitical control imposed by some political societies

over the effective sovereignty of other politicalsocieties or effective control, whether formal orinformal, of a subordinated society by an imperialsociety

Age of Empires


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Hierarchy

- Imperium as a ruling sovereignty subordinatingother societies.

- Diversity within an extensive dominion- Authority focused in a single ruler

Expansiveness

- Capability to expand its power beyond itsoriginal boundaries.

Key Elements of Empire


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Military capability

Legislative and

administrative realm

Ideological or cultural

community

Romes legacy of

universalism and

exclusiveness

Dimensions of Empire


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What Drives a society towards empire?

What enables a society to obtain empire?

Identify the sources of power (military,

economy, political, ideological)?

Can we still use the concept of Empire in

current international relations?

Apa bedanya Empire dengan Imperialisme?

Group Discussion


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Scientific and intellectual Justification:

European Racist discourse

John Hobson (2004: 220):

Implicit Imperialism (abad ke-18 awal abad 19)

Explicit Imperialism (awal abad ke-18, baru

muncul setelah 1840)

Imperialisme


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The Scramble of Africa


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The Scramble of Africa


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Colonialisation of Africa by Europeans


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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade


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The Battle of Adwa (1896) Ethiopia Vs.

Italy


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Ethiopian Soldiers and the King of

Ethiopia (Menelik)


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Ethiopian Soldiers and the King of

Ethiopia (Menelik)


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What were the ideology of decolonialisation

and resistance to European empires?

What were the source of resistance?

Group Discussion


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9 Nov: Decolonisation and Resistance to European

Empires

Tutorial Academic Writing

Tutorial Presentasi Kelompok

16 Nov: Europe and the Two World Wars (PD I

1914-1918 & PD II 1939-1948)

Presentasi Kelompok Europe and the Cold War (1945 1989)

Tutorial Presentasi

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[6] age of empires_imperialism and the race of european superpowers

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