6-8% (previously 7-9% ) 1. source: new yorker magazine

Motivation and Emotion

6-8% (previously 7-9% )

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“It’s the only way I can get myself out of bed in the morning"

Source: New Yorker Magazine

A. Biological BasesB. Theories of MotivationC. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain

D. Social MotivesE. Theories of EmotionF. Stress

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Summary Outline

Evolutionary View Sources of Motivation: Biological factors Emotional factors Cognitive factors Social factors

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A. Biological Bases

Instinct Theory◦Evolutionary Approach◦Behavioral Predispositions

Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis)

Arousal TheoryIncentive Theory

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B. Theories of Motivation

Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes

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C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain

Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies)

◦Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) Lateral = Side

◦Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center

◦Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety)

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Biological signals

The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 1

Electrical Stimulation

Lesioning (Destruction)

Lateral Hypothalamus

“On switch”Ventromedial

Hypothalamus“Off switch”

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“On switch”

Rat eats

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

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Rat stops eating

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“On switch”

Rat doesn’t eat

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

“Off switch”

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Rat doesn’t stop eating

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“On switch”

Rat eatsTriggers “on”

switch

Rat doesn’t eatRemoves “on”

switchVentromedial


Rat stops eatingTriggers “off”

switch

Rat doesn’t stop eating

Removes “off” switch

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Signals from the Blood ◦ Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats)

Hormonal Regulation◦ Insulin (Hunger)◦ Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety)

Set Point Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese

Gene?) Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to

seek food but enjoys food when it is available Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are

powerful appetite suppressants

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Other Factors in Hunger and Satiety

External CuesSocial factorsCultural factorsEating Disorders◦Obesity◦Anorexia Nervosa◦Bulimia Nervosa

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Personal Factors in Hunger

Sexual Response CycleSex hormonesSocial-Cultural Factors in Sexuality

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Biology of Sex

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Achievement Motivation“How will you ever know whether you’re a flying squirrel if you don’t give it a shot?”

Achievement Motivation (McClelland)◦Fear of Failure◦(Fear of Success – Horner)

Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Belong (Fromm) Industrial Organizational Psychology

◦Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation◦Theory X / Theory Y◦Task / Social Leadership

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D. Social Motives

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Achievement Motivation

Defining Emotions, ◦Naming Emotions, ◦Categorizing Emotions

Components of Emotion ◦Cognitive: Subjective Feelings◦Physiological: Autonomic Arousal◦Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness

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E. Theories of Emotion

Limbic System (Amygdala)Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion

Role of Autonomic Nervous System

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Biology of Emotions

James-Lange◦Body response then Emotion Facial feedback hypothesis

Cannon-Bard◦Simultaneous Body response/Emotion

Schachter-Singer◦Body response/Cognitive Interpretation Misattribution of arousal Excitation transfer

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Theories of Emotion

I see a bear -> I tremble -> I am afraid Perception -> physical response ->

emotion

Emotions are a response to what is happening to the body

Value◦ – first attempt to explain the process◦ - includes an interpretation aspect

William James - Carl Lange

Theories of Emotion

Stimulus

Perception / Interpretation

Autonomic response

Emotional experience

James - Lange Theory

Cannon and Bard challenged James-Lange theory

Emotions do not come about as a response to physical responses◦ Emotions and physical responses occur at the same

time◦ I see a bear -> I am afraid and tremble

Value◦ Early scientific look at emotions◦ Advanced understanding of process

Problem◦ Doesn’t include interpretative part of the process

Walter Cannon - Philip Bard

Theories of Emotion

Cannon - Bard Theory

Stimulus

Autonomic Arousal

Perception / Interprettaion

EmotionalExperience

Theories of Emotion

Schachter-Singer Model

StimulusPerception

Interpretation

Stimulus

Context

Autonomic Arousal

Emotional Experience

Feedback

What is self-awareness good for?

It helps people recognize and manage fear, anger and other potentially destructive emotions.

Studies show that when people distance themselves from upsetting feelings, the rational parts of their brains (light green) tamp down emotional ones such as the amygdala—and they feel better

Thinking before you react

Facial Expressions (Ekman) Cross Cultural Differences in Emotional Experience

Evolutionary Basis of Emotion / Fundamental Emotions◦Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, Robert Plutchik

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Communicating Emotions

Nature of StressRole of AppraisalStressorsSources of Stress◦Frustration◦Conflict◦Change◦Pressure

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F. Stress

Social Support, Hardiness, Optimism Health Impairing Behavior

◦Smoking◦Poor Nutrition◦Lack of Exercise◦Alcohol and Drugs◦Unsafe Sex◦Lack of Sleep

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Factors Moderating Stress

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“She wears glass slippers? This kind of aggravation I don’t need”

Emotional: ◦Anger, Fear, Sadness

Physical Stress Responses: ◦Fight or Flight◦General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Behavioral: ◦Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive Coping, Indulgence

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Reactions to Stress

Impaired task performance Burnout Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Stress and Health Type A Behavior / Heart Disease Stress and the Immune System

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Effects of Stress:

6-8% (previously 7-9% ) 1. source: new yorker magazine

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