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6.6: Reproduction

Henry Behre

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6.6.1: Draw and label diagrams of the adult

male and female reproductive systems

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6.6.2: Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle,

including !" #follicle stimulating hormone$, %" #leuteni&ing

hormone$, estrogen and progesterone

FSH + LH: increase production/secretion of estrogen

by the follicle cells of the ovary

Estrogen: enters bloodstream + targets

endometrium tissue of the uterus,

resulting in increased blood vessels in the

endometrium

rogesterone: maintains thic!ened, highly vascular

endometrium

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6.6.': (nnotate a graph showing hormone levels in the

menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between

changes in hormone levels and ovulation,menstruation and the thic)ening of the endometrium

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6.6.*: %ist ' roles of

testosterone in males%" &etermines development of male

genitalia during embryonic

development

'" Ensures development of secondary

se( characteristics during puberty

)" *aintains the se( drive of malesthroughout their lifetime

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6.6.+: Outline the process of

in vitro fertili&ationoman receives FSH inections for -%. days to ensure

large number of raafian follicles

Sperm cells from male collected into container

Several eggs harvested surgically Harvested eggs mi(ed #ith sperm cells in separate

culture dishes

*icroscopes used to reveal #hich ova are fertili0ed

and #hether early development appears normal ' or ) healthy embryos are introduced do decrease

ris! of failure

1nused embryos can be fro0en and used later

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6.6.6: Discuss the ethical

issues associated with - For 23F

Enables couples other#ise unable to

have a familyenetic screening on embryos possible

to eliminate the chance of passing on

genetic diseasesill lead to further benefits in

reproductive biology

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6.6.6: Discuss the ethical

issues associated with - 4gainst 23F

Embryos that are cultured but not implanted

are fro0en/destroyed5omple( legal issues over fro0en embryos

#hen couples split up

enetic screening could allo# society to

customi0e children*ultiple births + problems #/ multiple births

more li!ely #ith 23F

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R-/0 orrect (nswer (3D4 

hich organ secretes FSH6

7vary

8estis

ituitary land

lacenta

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5ituitary land0

roduces FSH + LH

Stimulated by gonadotrophin from the

hypothalamus 9part of the femalesbrainstem;

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n which of the following structures

does meiosis ta)e place7 Epididymis

rostate gland

8estis

Seminal 3esicle

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8estis0

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"ow does fertili&ation differ

 from copulation7 Fertili0ation al#ays produces a 0ygote

7nly fertili0ation involves gametes

Fertili0ation is a conscious event

Fertili0ation can spread H23

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ertili&ation always produces a &ygote0

5opulation: the act of having se(ual

intercourse

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Do the levels of progesterone and !" increase or

remain low during the first few days of the menstrual

cycle7 

rogesterone and FSH both remain lo#

rogesterone remains lo# but FSH increases

rogesterone increases but FSH remains lo#rogesterone and FSH both increase

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/hat are the levels of the hormones estrogen,

 progesterone, %" and !" during the menstrual cycle

at the time of ovulation7 

Estrogen rogesterone LH FSH

4 High Lo# High High

B High High Lo# High

5 Lo# High High Lo#

& Lo# Lo# Lo# Lo#

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Estrogen rogesterone LH FSH

4; High Lo# High High

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"ow is in vitro fertili&ation different

 from natural fertili&ation in humans7  2n vitro fertili0ation involves artificial inection of

sperm into the uterus

2n vitro fertili0ation only involves one parent

2n vitro fertili0ation happens outside the body

2n vitro fertili0ation uses stem cells instead of eggs

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n vitro fertili&ation happens

outside the body0Sperm is not inected, only mi(ed #ith

egg in culture dish

2nvolves sperm provided by male andeggs surgically removed from female

9t#o parents;

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11.*: Reproduction Review0

9ore candy.

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During fertili&ation in humans, where do the

acrosome and the cortical reactions occur

most often7 4crosome reaction 5ortical reaction

4 3agina 1terus

B 1terus 7viduct

5 7viduct 1terus

& 7viduct 7viduct

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4crosome reaction 5ortical reaction

& 7viduct 7viduct

• Both are reactions that occur between the

sperm and the egg leading up to fertilization

• Sperm move to the Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

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/hat is the location and

 function of !ertoli cells7 Location Function

4 Seminiferous tubule Feeding developingsperm

B Seminiferous tubule Feeding interstitialcells

5 Epididymis Feeding developingsperm

& Epididymis Feeding interstitialcels

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Location Function

4 Seminiferous tubule Feeding developedsperm

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n the menstrual cycle in humans, which

hormone causes the wall of the follicle to

develop after ovulation and to secrete more progesterone7 

EstrogenFSH

LH

7(ytocin

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%" #%euteni&ing "ormone$

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/hich of the following are

 functions of the placenta7 %" as e(change

'" Stimulation of uterine contractions

)" Secretion of progesterone

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$ 1, ', and *

as e(change, secretion of

progesterone/estrogen

High level of progesterone + estrogenare needed throughout pregnancy

8he placenta and capillaries of the

mother e(change materials such asnutrients, #ater and gas

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/hat happens to the &ygote

immediately after fertili&ation7 2t remains in the uterus until placenta

develops

2t implants in the #all of the uterus2t divides by meiosis to form an embryo

2t divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst

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t divides by meiosis to form

a blastocyst4bout %.. cells large

Surrounding cell layer called the

trophoblast = helps form the fetalportion of the placenta

2nterior cells are the inner cell mass=

#ill become embryo bodyFluid=filled cavity

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/hy is human chorionic

 gonadotrophin #"$important in early

 pregnancy7 

2t is re>uired for e>ual cell divisions in the

gro#ing embryo2t stimulates the ovary to continue

production of estrogen and progesterone

2t increases the rate of cell division in the

embryo2t promotes gro#th of the inner cell mass

#ithin the embryo

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/hy is human chorionic

 gonadotrophin #"$important in early

 pregnancy7 

2t stimulates the ovary to continue productionof estrogen and progesterone

8hese t#o hormones are needed at high levelsthroughout pregnancy

H5 maintains the corpus luteum in the ovaryof the #oman after fertili0ation

5orpus luteum secretes estrogen andprogesterone longer than it #ould normally

Later in pregnancy, lacenta ta!es over

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